In November 1967, in a speech commemorating the 50th anniversary of the " October Revolution ", it mentioned that the Soviet Union had built a developed socialist country .
The statement of a developed socialist country has filled people's minds with imagination, and has cast a layer of mystery for the former Soviet Union (later known as the Soviet Union). As a former socialist superpower, the Soviet Union has been in a short period of time. The construction of socialist industrialization has been completed, becoming a pole that can compete with the United States.
The Romanov dynasty era, Russia experienced the baptism of the second industrial revolution . By the beginning of the 20th century, Russia's industrial output value had already ranked fifth in the world, but its per capita output was far behind that of the developed ones at that time. Capitalist State . Even so, Russia still established a certain industrial foundation. However, with the influence of wars such as the October Revolution and the Russian Civil War, at the beginning of the establishment of the Soviet Union, most of the industrial infrastructure was destroyed in the war, and what was handed over to Lenin was A devastated country.
Initially, the primary purpose of the Soviet Union's socialist industrialization construction was to restore the national economy. Therefore, in the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China, Lenin began to implement the leasing system , a national capitalism, and rented out important domestic enterprises to Western countries, thus obtaining the latest Technical equipment, for this reason, the Soviet government established a special agency, the Leasing and Concession Committee, to manage the Leasing and Concession-related matters. At that time, the lessees were mainly capitalist countries such as the United States, Britain, Germany, and Japan, and the scope of the lease was mainly concentrated. In both minerals and forests. However, later, due to foreign capital undermining Soviet laws and contracts, they did not invest according to contracts and carried out predatory operations, and did not use advanced technology and technology in production. Around 1930, the Soviet government gradually abolished the concession business.
followed by the establishment of joint ventures. During the recovery period of the national economy and the early stages of industrialization, the Soviet government established enterprises and companies jointly operated by state funds and foreign capital, and in this way it absorbs foreign capital and learns advanced foreign management experience. In joint ventures, the Soviet government shall not hold less than 51% of the shares and foreign shares shall not hold more than 49%, so the company's voice is still in the hands of the Soviet government. At that time, the countries participating in the joint venture were Britain, Germany, Norway , Netherlands and other countries. The business scope of the enterprises was mainly concentrated in the timber, transportation, trade, construction and other industries. However, later the two parties had differences in the management and operation of the company, which prevented the joint venture from developing. The Soviet government gradually abolished the joint venture in the early stages of industrialization.
Then there was a large number of advanced foreign technologies and equipment introduced. From 1930 to 1945, the Soviet government took advantage of the opportunity of the economic crisis of capitalist countries, , and introduced a large number of advanced technologies and equipment from Western countries, and established them in major industrial sectors. A large number of backbone enterprises, Stalin once said that about two-thirds of the large enterprises in the Soviet Union were helped to build them by the United States. The characteristics of the technology introduced by the Soviet Union were large scale, large quantity and wide range, covering almost all departments of economic and military production.
From the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China, the new economic policy to the eighth five-year plan in 1967, in just 47 years, the Soviet leaders announced the construction of a developed socialist country, although the Soviet Union later revised this statement. , but from a certain perspective, the Soviet Union was able to make this statement, which also shows that the Soviet Union's industrial development has indeed reached a certain level.
1967, the total coal production of the Soviet Union was 595 million tons, with an average per capita output of 4.6 tons. The United States' coal production during the same period was 512.45 million tons, with an average per capita output of 2.6 tons, with a total output of 82.55 million tons, which is equivalent to the entire UK in 1967. With 46% of annual output, the Soviet Union's total coal output exceeded the developed capitalist countries this year and ranked first in the world. In 1960, coal had already accounted for more than half of Soviet energy consumption and became the energy pillar of its industrial development.
The Soviet Union has rich natural resources, which is also his confidence in exchanging resources for investment and technology.With the construction of socialist industrialization, the Soviet Union has been exploring new technologies for coal utilization, among which the one that has made great progress is coal liquefaction technology . The Soviet coal liquefaction technology began in the 1960s. This technology was to break coal into powder, add heavy oil to mix and form coal slurry, and then place the coal slurry at 390℃-420℃ and 100 atmospheres. After adding a quantitative molybdenum-containing catalyst, it is placed in a specific reactor for catalytic hydrogenation reaction, and finally obtains a brown-black mixed oil. After this oil is separated and processed, one-third of the gasoline and Two-thirds of diesel.
However, according to the data, under the technical conditions at that time, 6 tons of coal were processed to obtain 1 ton of mixed oil, of which only 2 tons of coal were used for liquefaction, and 3 tons of coal in the remaining four cholesterols were used for Electrolyzed water to make hydrogen and 1 ton of coal are used for power generation in factories. Although this technology seems a bit outdated today and its utilization rate is not very high, combined with the era background of reducing oil dependence and strengthening coal utilization in the Soviet industrial development at that time, this technology is indeed a good choice.
In 1967, the Soviet Union's crude oil production was 288 million tons, while the United States' output in the same year was 434.57 million tons. The Soviet Union's crude oil production accounted for only 66% of the United States, but this output ranks second in the world. Oil can be said to have run through the entire history of the Soviet Union. At the beginning of the establishment of the Soviet Union, in order to curb this new regime, Western countries slaughtered the Turkish army, causing oil production at that time to almost face suspension. During the period of World War II, in order to gain time to prepare for war, Stalin signed the "Soviet-German Non-Aggression Treaty" with Germany, and at the same time exported oil to Germany, obtaining income to be invested in Soviet production. In 1963, the Soviet Union imported more grains than exports. In the early 1980s, the Soviet Union had become the world's largest grain importer, which undoubtedly increased the economic pressure of the Soviet Union. Fortunately, the Tyumen Oilfield of Western Siberia in the 1960s Production began, and during the first oil crisis, oil exports made huge profits for the Soviet Union, and Soviet crude oil production surpassed the United States for the first time in 1975.
In 1966, the Soviet Union's natural gas production was 142.96 billion cubic meters, while the United States' production in the same year was 487.26 billion cubic meters. The Soviet Union's production was 29.3% of the United States, but the Soviet Union is still the second largest producer of natural gas in the world. Large-scale mining of natural gas has also driven the development of related industries. By 1987, the Soviet Union had built about 19.6 kilometers of gas pipelines, 460 compressors, stations and 280 gas treatment plants, and natural gas can be supplied nationwide. Even during the period when Soviet oil production fell, the proportion of natural gas power generation rose, eventually surpassing oil. However, there are also problems in the natural gas industry with extensive industrial development in the Soviet Union. According to statistics, in 1985, about 10% of the natural gas was consumed in the entire chain of natural gas production to end users, and in the industrial production of the entire country, The extra loss is about 30 billion cubic meters. At the same time, natural gas exports have also become another pillar industry in Soviet energy exports. Starting from 1968, the Soviet Union's natural gas exports were to Western Europe region. By 1978, natural gas ranked second among the major export projects of the Soviet Union.
In 1967, the Soviet Union's steel production was 102.224 million tons, while the United States' production in this year was 115.406 million tons, 13.182 million tons more than the Soviet Union's steel production, but the Soviet Union's steel production still ranks second in the world. The centralized production of the Soviet steel industry reached a very high level. By around 1975, about 80% of the total steel and iron produced in the Soviet Union, and 56% of the steel were directly produced by enterprises with a production capacity of more than 5 million tons. Production. Although the Soviet steel industry has a high degree of centralized production, this phenomenon is not very obvious to improve efficiency, because efficiency is also easily affected by other factors of steel plants, such as the cost of fuel and raw materials, the variety of products, etc. It is determined by market factors. The impact of centralized production of steel plants on benefits is mainly reflected in the steel plants, such as workers' wages, equipment depreciation and losses in the production process, which can account for up to 25% of the production cost. .
. The developed capitalist countries had stopped the construction of large steel factories in the 7th and 80s. For example, the number of steel joint enterprises in the United States decreased from 38 in the 1980s to 23 in 1992, of which 10 large factories produced an average of 10 large factories. The capacity has dropped from 5.2 million tons/year to 4.5 million tons/year. However, these developed countries have built some factories with smaller production capacity at the same time to produce high-quality steel.
Energy output can only show one angle of national industrial development, and applying these raw materials to technology to manufacturing can show the height of a country's industrial development.
In 1967, the Soviet Union's automobile production (commercial and passenger cars totaled) was 948,000. The United States' automobile production in the same year was 8.976 million. The Soviet Union's automobile production accounted for only a fraction of the United States, and it was also compared with Britain, France and Germany in the same year. There are few countries such as Japan and Italy, and their automobile production ranks seventh in the world. The automobile industry can be said to represent a country's industrial development level, but the Soviet automobile industry started late and was affected by war in the early years. This achievement was also due to its perfect industrial system.
Before the October Revolution, Tsarist Russia had only a small automobile assembly factory, and cars could only be produced by assembling imported parts. In 1929, the Soviet Union decided to vigorously develop the automobile industry and sent people to the United States, Britain, France, Germany and other countries for field visits. In 1930, the Gorky Automobile Factory was established from the United States, with the complete industrial chain from products to production equipment. Most of the equipment in the factory was provided by the United States, and some were also imported from Britain, France, Italy and other countries, with an annual production capacity of 300,000 vehicles can produce cars, trucks and passenger cars. In 1932, the Gorky Automobile Factory began to produce the Gas series cars, and began to develop military off-road vehicles during the World War II . The development of the automobile industry also provided guarantee for the Soviet Union's victory in World War II.
In addition to traditional industrial development, the Soviet Union has also been vigorously developing high-tech industries. During the Cold War, the Soviet intelligence agencies had been exploring Western intelligence in science and technology. In 1970, the KGB also specially established the "Science and Technology Council" to investigate scientific and technological intelligence. An "X-ray" group under the "Science and Technology Council" has obtained thousands of Western technology and product samples since 1970, with a large number of them. From this, it can be confirmed that the Soviet military and civilian departments have always been there. In the study of advanced Western technologies, the United States' technology has been providing technical support for the Soviet Union's national defense construction and national defense, including high-tech fields such as radar , computers, machine tools and semiconductors. Despite this, the Soviet Union still lags behind the West in terms of high-tech, and the most important sign is that the Soviet Union does not have its own domestic supercomputers.
However, the degree of industrialization development cannot be used as a standard for measuring the living standards of the people. 1973 was the year when the Soviet Union GDP accounted for the highest proportion of the United States. At that time, the Soviet Union's GDP was US$617.8 billion, while the United States' GDP was US$142.85 billion, which was approximately equivalent to that of the Soviet Union. The gap between the 43% of the United States is still very large. Even so, the Soviet Union was still the second largest economy in the world at that time. However, the Soviet Union's economic development was seriously unbalanced. In the process of socialist modernization, the Soviet Union has always focused on heavy industry. The development of light industry and agriculture was seriously lagging behind. People often had to queue up to buy daily necessities, which led to residents' living standards and Compared with developed countries, there is still a big gap.
may have taken this into consideration. The later Soviet government corrected the statement that "the Soviet Union has built a developed socialist country ". The 27th National Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1986 pointed out that the Soviet Union was in the stage of advancing towards developed socialism. , abandoned the "theory of the establishment of developed socialism" proposed by Brezhnev.
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