In 1115 AD, Wanyan Aguda established the Jin Dynasty. This dynasty established by Jurchen has been through nine emperors and has lasted for nearly 120 years.
As the group closest to the ruler , the concubines were widely involved in the political rule of Jin Dynasty , which played a role in that cannot be ignored in the political situation of the Jin Dynasty.
The tradition of the concubines participating in politics can be traced back to pre-Qin period , and was grown up based on the establishment of the monarchical system.
The institutional norms of the participation of concubines in the Jin Dynasty refer to the political system of Sui and Tang and Liao and Song , and also has the national characteristics of the Jurchen people.
The system of the Jin Dynasty's harem participating in politics is a product of 's central political system reform , and is a measure for rulers to strengthen imperial power. From a historical perspective, there is a certain necessity of .
At the same time, the participation of the harem had a positive and negative effect on the Jin Dynasty politics , which is worthy of dialectical viewing.
1. The origin of political participation of concubines
1. Pre-Qin period
0 Since ancient times, Chinese rulers have always enjoyed the "privileges" of polygamy , and the huge harem is even a manifestation of its powerful power.
In ancient times, the ruler's wife was called post-, and the ruler's concubine and the wife of the princes were called Lady .
, and the number of people in the so-called "harem" increased from the twelve women in the Xia Dynasty to the thirty-nine women in the Shang Dynasty, and to the nd Zhou Dynasty, the number of people increased to 120. It can be seen that the increase in the number of people in the harem, is synchronized with the trend of in which the harem power is enhanced.
"Book of Rites·Huangyi" says: "In ancient times, the emperor established six palaces, , the third wife, , the ninth concubine, the twenty-seventh generation wife, and the eighty-one imperial wife."
harem , the hierarchy is clearly , the hierarchy is divided into hierarchy, and the hierarchy is divided into hierarchy."
harem Very clear: "One is the queen, two is the third wife, three is the ninth concubine, four is the twenty-seventh generation wife, five is the eighty-one wife, a total of 121 people."
This reflects the ancient emperor's harem is a huge group of , and system has initially taken the standard color , which is almost similar to the prototype of the pyramid of the imperial official position.
2, Qin Dynasty Harem system
Qin Dynasty swept away the six kingdoms, unified the Central Plains, and established the first unified centralized system in history feudal dynasty.
With the establishment of the centralized system, the monarchy has also become increasingly stronger. In order to maintain the emperor's authority, the rulers, while strengthening the mutual restraint and balance between officials, also used the art of checks and balances in their harem.
Qin Shihuang Empress, a system of concubines composed of the empress dowager, the queen, wife, good man, Eight sons, seven sons, long envoys, and few envoys in the harem. The number of personnel has also expanded rapidly, reaching an unprecedented scale.
As is well-known in "Afang Palace Fu" , Qin Shihuang built the magnificent Afang Palace , just to include all the three thousand beauties in the harem to enjoy themselves.
3. The harem system after Qin
After expanding from the scale of the Qin harem to a management system that requires institutionalization and standardization, the favored "high-ranking and powerful" people in the harem gradually participated in political decision-making.
As the emperor's wife, the queen is responsible for 's many matters in the harem, and has the highest power of in the harem.
In addition, she also needs to lead concubines at all levels to educate women's morality, and jointly strive to make the royal inner garden a model for families in the feudal society of "family and the world".
As the mother of a country, the queen herself should also become a role model for many housewives in the world, always regulate her words and deeds, show her motherly etiquette and set an example for women in the world.
After the Jurchen regime entered the Central Plains, it was inevitable that it would be affected by the system of concubines in the Central Plains dynasty. The system of concubines in the Jin Dynasty system of concubines went through the process of actively developing from nothing to something, from initial creation to gradually improving.
4. The national characteristics of the Jin Dynasty
In addition to drawing on the model of participating in politics in the harems of the previous dynasties, the political participation of the Jin Dynasty harem inherited the national tradition of the Jurchen people .
The Jin Dynasty has strong strength and vast territory. The area ruled by the Jin Dynasty was mixed with many ethnic groups such as Jurchens, Han, Bohai , Khitan , Goryeo, etc. Therefore, its political system reflects the distinctive nationality of .
Before the founding of the Jin Dynasty, it experienced a long-term evolution process of transition from maternal clan society to patriarchal clan society, and women have a higher status in society.
Long-term fishing, hunting and nomadic life, as well as continuous battles among tribes, have created brave and good at fighting Jurchen women.
The harem system of the Jin Dynasty not only inherited the harem system of the Central Plains dynasty, but also combined it with the original traditional marriage customs of the Jurchen nation, forming a feudal dynasty harem system with both Han cultural characteristics and Jurchen culture characteristics.
2. Concubines indirectly participate in politics through the emperor
Concubines in politics have existed in ancient China. So, how did the concubines of the Jin Dynasty participate in the politics of concubines?
1. Command military activities
The women of the Jurchens have been brave and good at fighting since ancient times. Most of the concubines of the Jin Dynasty were wise and wise, and they were quite insightful about state affairs. According to historical records, during the Jingzu period, Empress Zhaosu often commanded military activities and had extremely high political power.
Whether it is the decision of political affairs and prison lawsuits, or the guidance of Shizu brothers to use troops, or even in supervising farming labor, Empress Zhaosu has rewarded and punished me appropriately.
There are many empresses like the Jin Dynasty, and like the Empress Jingxuan of Suzong Pucha family , he was also so self-restrained and diligent, setting an example for all officials of the court.
Historical books say: "Taizu will raise his troops and report to the descendants. The leader of your country's family will do what you think you can. I am old and will not cause me any worries, and you will not be like this."
This not only reflects the Empress Jingxuan's political status and military authority in Taizu's heart also demonstrated Empress Jingxuan's loyalty to the emperor. She participated in politics not to covet Taizu's power, but to assist the national politics.
The queen at the beginning of the founding of the Jin Dynasty was almost the same, and she worked hard day and night for the rise of the country.
There are four queens who were posthumously named by Taizu Wanyan Aguda, namely Empress Shengmu, Empress Guangyi, Empress Qinxian and Empress Xuanxian.
"Dajin Ji Li" evaluates Taizu Empress Guangyi Pei Manshi said: "Jianyu military strategy, all the plans are successful. After all the ages, there is only one person."
's praise also shows from the perspective of the empress 's superb stunning appearance. The strategy of military use and its extraordinary influence in the army.
2. Admonition and spur the emperor
In addition, the concubines also played a certain role in stabilizing the current situation. Jin Aizong 's mother Wang avoided a bloody incident through admonition to her son.
In the early days of Jin Aizong's ascension, his political rule was still unstable. King Jing Shouchun was accused of making mistakes and was imprisoned and decided to decide. Aizong informed the Empress Dowager Wang of Cisheng Palace.
After hearing this, Wang just sighed lightly and comforted him mercy : "You stop with a brother, but why do you want to harm him with slander? Chapter Zong Killing Bo and Uncle forever, and the imperial heir was extinct again. What is the purpose of trying to be effective? I am forgiven and sent to see me. If I don’t move, I will not see you."
It was precisely such a firm and decisive attitude that made Emperor Aizong change his idea of severely punishing King Jing . Later, King Jing did not disappoint him and did not make any move beyond the rules.
The emperor's "small family" is also a mirror of the national power. The rise and fall of the harem system from one perspective, reflects the prosperity and defeat of the Jin Dynasty.
3. The court affairs are erotic and court affairs
The participation of concubines in politics is not only beneficial but harmless. The Chenfei Zheng's during the Zhangzong period is a typical example of "beauty and beauty". She is the great-granddaughter of Prince of Huayuan, Zheng Juzhong, and was originally Zhaoyi of the Chaozhou.
When Jin Zhangzong ascended the throne, the political rule of the Jin Dynasty had already gone toward decline. The Mongolian army and the Song army were ready to overthrow the regime. The frequent food shortages and frequent natural disasters also made the people live in vain.
Zheng was very favored after Zhang Zong ascended the throne. The beauty's embrace became a fragrant land for Zhang Zong to escape reality and ignore the government.
Historical records: "The Lord may be drunk at the time, but he may not be able to see the court in the daytime. The Yellow Case Committee of the Three Provinces ordered the ruling, and Zhaoyi may be sitting on his knee to surrender the imperial edict. He is smart and charming, kind and humorous. He offers treasures in the Yuan Dynasty. He was so impressed by the emperor, and the empress dowager thought that he ordered the emperor to change his surname to the concubine Chen. "
Jin Zhangzong was so stupid that he was so outrageous that all officials were outrageous. He regarded state affairs as a joke. Not only did he often not review memorials, In the review, Zheng's sat on his knee and had fun .
After being favored, Zheng became more and more arrogant and lawless.
Later, Zheng Chenfei even intervened in to block the army from reporting , only reporting small joys but not major worries. Even the fall of Huining and Pingluan fortresses, Zhang Zong was blinded by Zheng Chenfei and did not know anything about it.
Jin Zhangzong is stupid and unruly, and he is becoming more and more numb in his enjoyment day after day, forgetting his responsibility as the king of a country.
When he learned that the country's power had declined to such a serious point, he insulted his concubine, believing that the decline of the country was defeated by women.
Although Zheng was extremely guilty, if he had not turned a blind eye to state affairs, how could Zheng deceive the emperor and hide it?
3. The historical role of political participation of the concubines of the Jin Dynasty
1. Assisting the achievement of the imperial career
0. The concubines of the Jin Dynasty often actively participate in political affairs and provide advice, assisting the achievement of the imperial career, here, I have to mention Jin Shizong's mother Empress Zhenyi .
Empress Zhenyi is named Li, and she is a Liaoyang . She not only helped Taizu govern the country as mentioned above, but also played a crucial auxiliary role in her son Jin Shizong ascended the throne .
Li's It is good to teach his children and has strict requirements on Jin Shizong. She has required Wanyan Yong since she was a child, and all his clothes, food and utensils were clean.
Li's careful cultivation was not in vain. When he grew up, Wanyan Yong's character was impeccable and highly praised. Historical records record him: "He is harmonious with his relatives, and Zhou is poor, and the royal family respects him very much. Later, he is smart and sharp, and has a firm determination. , look neat and speak without making any mistakes.”
In addition, the Li family also used its mother's advantages to win over the large forces of the Bohai family in Liaoyang and Bohai family , providing convenience for the successful ascension of Jin Shizong of the throne and laying a solid foundation for stabilizing his rule.
In the Jin Dynasty at that time, Zhang Xuanzheng was a hot figure with a strong family power, and Li happened to be a distant relative with Zhang Xuanzheng's wife Gao.
She used the subtle interpersonal relationships to win over Zhang Xuanzheng's clan and recruited Zhang Xuanzheng's daughter to Wanyan Yong, further strengthening her relationship with Zhang Xuanzheng's clan.
Then, the Li family continued to gather various aristocratic families in the Liaoyang Bohai Sea, quietly formed a Liaoyang Bohai political group, confronted the Hailing Dynasty, and embarked on the road to overthrow the Hailing Dynasty.
After six years of careful accumulation and step-by-step strategy, Wanyan Yong took advantage of his brother Wanyan Liang's army to attack the Song Dynasty, and established himself as emperor in Liaoyang and became Emperor Shizong.
He finally fulfilled the instructions of his mother, Empress Zhenyi, and successfully ascended the throne of emperor in , Dajin .
Li's mission has been completed. In order to avoid being inherited by the clan and to prevent her son's dominance from being shaken, she made the choice to retire successfully.
She put down her identity as the queen mother and her pleasure in the world. She became a monk in Liaoyang and became a nun , and her Dharma name is Master Tonghui Yuanming.
2. Promoting the Feudalization of the Jurchens
From a macro historical perspective, the political participation of the concubines of the Jin Dynasty also promoted the feudalization of the Jurchens . What's going on?
Since the productivity level is different from the development process of production relations , for ethnic minority regimes, their feudalization process is synchronized with the process of "Sinicization".
When the Jin Dynasty was established, a large number of women from the ethnic groups such as Han , Khitan , Goryeo , Xi , Bohai , etc. were plundered from Northern Song , Han , Khitan , among which, Han 1 Han 1 and Khitan women were included. Most of them. After they entered the Jinting, they also brought the cultural customs of their own nation into the Jin Dynasty culture in a subtle way.
In addition to the subtle and implicit influence, a considerable number of foreign women became emperor concubines through , which played a direct influence on in order to promote the feudalization process of the Jurchen court.
After the Jin Dynasty moved the capital to Zhongdu, the number of non-Juchen queens and concubines increased significantly. During this period, there were only 8 Jurchen concubines, accounting for 28.6% of the total number of concubines. There were 20 non-Juch concubines, accounting for 71 of the total number of concubines. %.
A large number of non-Juchen concubines brought to Jinting advanced Bohai and Han culture , which played an important role in promoting the feudalization process of Jinting.
Conclusion
In Chinese history, the tradition of concubines participating in politics has been a long history.
After the founding of the Jin Dynasty, with the war to destroy Liao and Song, more and more ethnic groups such as the Han and Khitans were integrated into , which had a great impact on the model of harem participation in politics.
The participation of the concubines in the Jin Dynasty in politics mainly includes two aspects: disrupting the current situation and and helping to govern the country.
From a general historical perspective, the political participation of the concubines of the Jin Dynasty not only had a certain impact on 's dynasty and , but also promoted the feudalization process of the Jurchen tribe of . The impact on the political situation of the Jin Dynasty cannot be ignored.
References:
1, Wang Shu. Research on the political participation of the concubines of the Jin Dynasty [J]. Journal of Ningxia University (Humanities and Social Sciences Edition), 2016, 38(05):51-55.
2, Yang Xue. Research on the concubines of the Jin Dynasty [J]. Journal of Ningxia University (Humanities and Social Sciences Edition), 2016, 38(05):51-55.
2, Yang Xue. Research on the concubines of the Jin Dynasty [ D]. Shandong University, 2013.
3. Wang Xuping. Research on the political life of women in the Jin Dynasty [D]. Northwest Normal University, 2011.
4. Zhang Hong. Research on the harem system of the Jin Dynasty [D]. Jilin University, 2010.
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