Last issue we talked about the origin of the imperial examination system , the founding of in the Sui Dynasty , the improvement of in the Tang Dynasty , and the reform of in the Song Dynasty . Today we will continue to explain.
Yuan Dynasty Zhonglu
Since 1234 AD, northern China under the rule of the Mongol Yuan regime has experienced an eighty-year period of abolition and suspension of the imperial examination, which is the longest interruption in the history of the imperial examination in China.
1 Yuan Renzong In the second year of Yanyou (1315), the first Yuanchao imperial examination of opened. Due to ethnic discrimination, Han is treated "specially" in terms of examination subjects, difficulty, number of admissions, etc., and the post assignments after admission are also divided into good or bad. The extremely unfair way of seeking official positions in the Yuan Dynasty, the upper class used nobles and the lower class used clerks and , which violated the national conditions at that time, and society could not be stable for a long time.
The Ming and Qing Dynasties
1367 AD, Ming Dynasty was established. The ruler of the empire Zhu Yuanzhang was born in poverty and knew the importance of scholars to national governance. In the third year of Hongwu (1370), he was awarded a scholar and stipulated that "Chinese and foreign civil servants will advance from the imperial examination, and those who are not imperial examinations should not be given official positions."
Anyone who is familiar with the history of the Ming Dynasty knows that Comrade Zhu is a person with a strong spirit of reform and innovation. He believes that he did not have real talent to win the imperial examinations, so he immediately stopped the exam, and this suspension lasted for ten years. In the fifteenth year of Hongwu (1382), Zhu Yuanzhang resumed the imperial examination and promulgated the "Imperial Examination Encyclopedia", which basically determined the imperial examination regulations for the next 250 years of the Ming Dynasty. Qing Dynasty The imperial examination system is in line with the Ming Dynasty. Here we will focus on the imperial examination system of the Ming Dynasty.
In order to better understand the imperial examination system of the Ming Dynasty, the author intends to explain it to you in another way.
The Ming Dynasty exam is divided into three levels. The first level is college entrance examination . The examiners are collectively called Tongsheng. Don’t think that they are all children coming to take the exam. There are also Tongsheng in his seventies and eighties. The scope of the exam is the prefectures and counties, and the person who passes the exam is the "scholar" we are all familiar with. Don’t think that scholars are easy to take. The exam is divided into six levels. Only those who have passed the first and second levels can be eligible to take the higher level exam.
OK. Now you have become a scholar and have got rid of the status of a civilian from now on. You are also an intellectual. You have certain privileges, such as the exemption of one person from labor service, and you can not kneel down when you see the county magistrate. However, he is not an official, he is still far from it.
It is so difficult to be a scholar. But in order to become an official, comrades still need to work hard. The next level exam of
is called the provincial examination. Don’t get me wrong. The provincial examination here does not refer to the village examination, but the provincial examination. The provincial examination cannot be tested just by wanting it. It only takes one time every three years. Generally in August, the provincial examination will be set and there will be a quota limit. Those who pass the exam at this level are called Juren. Juren is extremely awesome and are qualified to be an official. The reason why
is said to be qualified is because this level cannot guarantee that you will become an official, just like today's college students do not include allocation.
Then how can a juren become an official? It’s very simple. When an official dies, you have a chance.
So if you attend a memorial service of an official in the Ming Dynasty and see some people poking their heads at the door, showing joy, if you don’t have a grudge with this family, you are usually a juren.
Now everyone knows why Fan Jin will go crazy after passing the exam, and you may also be crazy if you change it. The person who won the first place in this exam is called Xie Yuan. This is the first of the three consecutive hits.
OK, you have passed the imperial examination and finally left the provincial capital. Now you are heading towards the capital. In order to become an official, you will rush forward! Now you are a juren, and finally left the provincial capital, and now you set out towards the capital, and to rush forward in order to enter the system!
Now you are already a juren. Then please pack your bags and prepare your pen, ink, paper and inkstone. Next February, you will welcome the real postgraduate entrance examination in your life - test .
This exam is only for those who have obtained the qualification of a juren. In other words, your opponent will be the elites of other provinces. The court will select 300 people among you (there may be changes), but be careful, these 300 people will be It is not what we often call Jinshi, they are just tribute students . If you want to become a Jinshi, you have to pass another level.
The first place in the exam is Huiyuan, which is the second yuan in the three yuan.
Let’s talk about the next level before the next level, let’s introduce the examination room for the imperial examination. The examination room at that time was not the bright classroom today, and there were parents waiting for you with watermelon outside. The examination room for the Ming Dynasty exam was called the Gongyuan. In fact, from the perspective of its environmental structure, it can be called a prison cell.
There are tens of thousands of rooms in the Gongyuan (you can estimate the admission rate), all of which are single rooms. Some people may think that a single room is good. So let me introduce what kind of room this is. This kind of room is called a room with a length of five feet, a width of four feet, and a height of eight feet.
You can feel it as soon as you cool down. This is almost a cage. Candidates must search their bodies before entering, and they can only bring books and lamps in. Each person must search their bodies before entering. After entering, the number door was closed and locked immediately. The candidates answered the questions inside and rested in the evening. However, because the room was too small, the candidates could only curl up and sleep, which was so uncomfortable.
However, it is not easy to write a brilliant article with strong perseverance in such a difficult environment, under that lonely lamp, in unbearable loneliness, with the ideal of serving the country (or becoming an official), with strong perseverance, with strong perseverance. .
The last test faced by the elites who passed the examination is the palace examination, in which they will face the rulers of this empire. The examination method is asked by the emperor and the candidates answer, and the content is mainly about strategy questions. These poor candidates dare not and cannot look up. They just answered the questions tremblingly and then quit and waited for their own destiny.
The emperor and ministers will divide the levels according to the performance of the candidates. There are three people in the first class: there are only three people in the first class, called Jinshi and , namely the top scorer, the second scorer, and the third scorer, which is well known to us; there are several people in the second class, It is called the Jinshi origin; the number of people in the three classes is called the Jinshi origin of .
and the top scorer is the third of the three yuan.
If you are here and you are still on the list, then congratulations, you will be assigned an official position. But don't expect too high. The official positions assigned at this time are not high. After so much suffering, you may get only an eighth-rank county magistrate. He is still far from the county magistrate, but no matter what, he finally entered the system. Inside.
The imperial examination is not only a way to obtain an official position, but also a way for scholars to pursue honor. For them, the top scorer is their goal. Although there is no first in literature, the first is what everyone wants.
Although it is rare to be the top scorer, there will be every exam. Another type of title is what every scholar thinks about day and night. Those who win this title will become legendary characters and be admired by thousands of people. The title of
is a three-yuan winning streak. Specifically, it is a three-yuan title of Jieyuan, Huiyuan and Zhuangyuan. This is a really difficult action. We must ensure that the province will be the first in the exam, and then the national exam will be the first in the imperial examination. In the end, the emperor will still be the first in the palace examination. This requires that candidates only have good knowledge. They must react quickly and be handsome in order to win this title. So those who received this title were not just blue smoke coming from the ancestral tomb, but simply blasting fire.
There was only one such person in the history of the Ming Dynasty, and there were only fourteen people in the entire history of the imperial examination.
Order of being an official
After passing the imperial examination, let’s learn about the rules of the officialdom.
We list five officials to explain this issue. The positions of these five are: A is the Minister of War (third rank), B is the Doctor of the Ministry of Rites (fifth rank), C is the Minister of Justice (fifth rank), and D is Han Lin The bachelor of the lecturer of the Academy (from the fifth rank), and Wu is the Senate of the General Secretary (from the fourth rank).
Among them, A, B, C and D are both Jinshi, and Wu is a Juren. They met in the lobby of the Ministry of War and sat down according to the order after they were divided into official positions. Naturally, they had to start from their background. At this time, Wu will definitely withdraw first. Why?
Because he is smart enough! Although his official position ranks second among the five, he is talking about the Jinshi. You have never even participated in the palace examination, so why bother to join in the fun? This is similar to asking about your education now. You are from , Peking University, , and he is from Tsinghua University. What about you? It can't be said that he graduated from a certain local vocational college. Going up at this time is like asking for trouble. Moreover, these people who came from Jinshi like to talk about things when they passed the imperial examination. As soon as they opened their mouths, they thought about how I was dealing with and in the palace examination, etc. This is the first step to meeting, and they are in the form.
The following is the second step, explaining qualifications. Since you are all Jinshi, it’s easy to discuss. The next question is when will you become Jinshi? After a while, A was from the sixteenth year of Hongwu, B was from the nineteenth year of D, D was from the twenty-two years of C, and C was the oldest in Hongwu, which is similar to meeting today and asking someone: Which one are you Graduated from class? Oh, it’s my senior brother, I’m not respectful. At that time, it was not possible to solve the problem by saying a few words. At this time, the three of them had to salute C. This is the rule.
The third step is to compare rankings. Even if they are all Jinshi, there is a problem of excellent rankings. A said: I am from the same Jinshi as the third grade; B laughed: I am from the second grade Jinshi; C also laughed: I am the fifteenth place in the second grade. If Ding said at this time: I am Shujishi. Those who were
immediately stopped laughing and had to stand up and salute obediently, because Shujishi was really a big deal.
Among all Jinshis, only three people in the first and third grades can directly enter Hanlin Academy, and select elite exams from the second and third grades to become Shujishi. Their responsibilities are to explain classics and historical books to the emperor and help the emperor draft edicts, similar to Yu Bikanzi, secretary , has great power. After all, everyone knows the three sets of
. They will take care of them in the future and take good care of their brothers when they have time. The imperial examination forces will be arranged in order to form a powerful political force.
The imperial examination system is the fairest form of talent selection that may be adopted in the feudal era. It expanded the social level of the feudal states to introduce talents, absorbed a large number of people from middle and lower classes into the ruling class, shaken the clan system, and promote cultural develop. However, the rulers changed the content of the exam and made the imperial examination a shackle that bound the thoughts of intellectuals. The nepotism of the teachers formed a clique in the officialdom, causing darkness in the officialdom and social chaos.
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