Western science and technology civilization comes from the contributions of ancient China. Why does , headed by Western countries led by the United States, crazy "to encircle" China in technology? Thanks to China all over the world. Why does Western countries are not friendly to China?
Zheng He statue
1433, Zheng He led the team of more than 27,000 people for the last time.
began from 1405 to 1433. Zheng He sailed seven times. The fleet across the Western Pacific and Indian Ocean, reaching more than 30 countries and regions, including Java, Sumatra, Sulu, Pahang, etc. East Africa, Red Sea.
This is the last beckon of the Ming Dynasty and the world. The flowers and applause along the way have witnessed the prosperity and prosperity of this Oriental country, and brought the "Emperor's Hurbing" punch to various countries, leaving the greatest " The four major inventions "-The papermaking, printing, compass, gunpowder.
compass (compass) and gunpowder, as the peak of ancient Chinese technology, passed on to Europe through the commercial activities of Arab and Indian merchants, and became the weapon , which has a geographical discovery and colonial expansion, which deeply changed the world.
is a pity that the technical weapon is used as a tool for talking about aspects and powsing by the governors of the Daming Dynasty. It has not converted into a strong productive forces to open up territory and enrich the people. Instead, it was played by European adventurers and colonists and became a tool to invade China and conquer the world.
Zheng He Xiangshu
Before Zheng He Yuanhai sailed, people lived on each other and independent land. No one knew whether the earth was square or round. Everyone on the mainland thought they lived their lives. In the center of the world. Of course,
Of course, in the hearts of the East Emperor, the dynasty is still high, and is barbaric outside China.
Arabia and India businessmen and Europe, Europe, Asia, and Africa continued to continue business exchanges, and the scope of activities was basically limited to the Indian Ocean coast.
is based on the book "From Dan Drug to Gun" by Professor Omuri University in the United States:
Westerners have been treasured by the gunpowder and compass that are introduced in China. Weapon -Guns and Ocean Navigation — PIFO is indispensable and important equipment .
gunpowder and guidelines are targeted at the Western Great Sailor -Geographical Discovery -colonial plunder America, Asia, etc. have played a very important role. It can be said that compass and guns have become important equipment for opening up and geographical discovery.
today can achieve such brilliant achievements. The world should thank China for their inventions, at least respect for this ancient country. If
has no compass, the sailboat will not be available, and it is impossible for global sailing, and it is impossible to discover the new continent such as the Americas. If there are no guns made by gunpowder, it is impossible to have military colonial occupation and plunder trade. The people drifted across the sea to defeat tens of thousands of people, hundreds of thousands of people, and even millions of people.
is a pity, history cannot be assumed, but can only reflect.
Ancient compass (compass)
is the greatest motivation to pursue economic benefits as long as humans live in this world. As long as the interests are large enough, no matter how dangerous, someone will do it. This is the principle of our ancestor that " is wealth dying, birds are dying" .
14 and 15th century, because there is no refrigerator, Europeans preserve food mainly relied on the oriental spices produced in China and India. The demand for spices is very urgent, the demand is very large, the price is very high, and the profit is rich.
Previously, the east's silk, porcelain, spices and tea trade were monopolized by Arab businessmen. In 1252,
, Genghis Khan's grandson of Genghis Khan worshiped his brother Mongolian Khan's order to launch the Western Expedition, destroying the Arab Empire's capital Baghdad in 1258.
1260 captured the Syrian Grand Malaysia, and there were more than 600 years of the Arab Empire.
Arab Empire rose after the death of the Ottoman Empire. The position of the Ottoman Empire is extremely important. It is on the key land channels of Europe to Asia. It belongs to the throat . In addition, there is no commercial road to Europe.
At this time, the Ottoman Empire raised prices, controlled trade routes, and "eat alone", becoming the biggest obstacle to commercial exchanges between the East and the West. The Europeans failed to open the passage to the East after many military wars on land.
In order to achieve huge commercial interests, the restless Europeans urgently needed to open up new trade routes. It was no longer possible to open up trade routes on land. The Europeans turned their hopes for East-West trade to the ocean.
The compass and thermal weapon modified by the Europeans have come into use, giving them confidence and courage.
Portuguese Republic
In the process of national development, in addition to the times and opportunities, the strategic choices and ideal aspirations of the rulers are also critical and can play a leading role.
Prince Henry of Portugal saw the book "Geographical Guide" by the ancient Greek astronomer Ptolemy when he was 12 years old, which planted the seeds of curiosity and exploration in his heart.
When "curiosity" is combined with the pursuit of economic interests, huge energy will burst out.
1415, Prince Henry founded the world's first navigation school, built an observatory, improved the compass, produced guns and trained talents for ocean navigation.
1In 1415, Prince Henry went to Ceuta, which is close to Morocco. In just one day, Ceuta was captured. Portugal controlled the main transportation routes between the Mediterranean and the Atlantic Ocean.
Portugal, having tasted the sweetness, began its crazy colonial expansion.
In 1443, the army led by Prince Henry passed through Cape Bohador on the coast of West Africa.
1460, the coastline of the west coast of Africa occupied by Portugal reached 4,000 kilometers.
In July 1487, the Portuguese sailing fleet arrived at the southernmost tip of Africa - the "Cape of Good Hope."
1In May 1498, the Portuguese fleet arrived at the Port of Calicut in India and obtained the spices that dreamed of.
Under the fierce attack of strong ships and cannons, more than 150 strongholds from the Atlantic Ocean to the Indian Ocean were occupied by Portugal, monopolizing the merchant shipping routes of half the world.
Portugal's spice trade volume rose rapidly from 220,000 pounds to 2.3 million pounds, becoming the largest maritime trade power at that time.
The Portuguese traveled south along the west coast of Africa, a steady stream of gold, ivory and African pepper poured into Lisbon, filling the Portuguese treasury.
Spanish Republic
Countries, like individuals, have "commonality" in their behavior, and what they do will have an impact and driving effect.
Spain is close to Portugal. They are a pair of "enemies" in history. While Portugal was expanding its territory and carrying out colonial activities to strengthen its strength, Spain, as its neighbor, was no longer calm and became extremely jealous. It began the process of learning from Portugal, exploration and colonial expansion.
The Spanish rulers even used economic interests to mobilize the enthusiasm of the navigators , and came from behind, surpassing Portugal in strength and ability.
1On January 2, 1492, the Queen of Spain summoned Columbus, a Genoese.
After negotiation and bargaining with Columbus, the two parties reached an agreement on April 17, 1492:
Columbus was appointed as the commander-in-chief of the place of discovery, and he could obtain 1/10 of all the wealth and goods obtained from the place of discovery, and he was exempted from taxes; for Columbus could receive 1/8 of the profits from future ships sailing to this territory.
The book "1492: The Beginning of the World" defines the year Columbus set out as the first year of globalization.
1On October 12, 1492, Columbus's fleet arrived at the Bahamas Islands in North America. This was a New World that Europeans had never known - the Americas , and classified it as a "possessed territory" of Spain.
According to statistics, 1502 From 1660 to 1660, Spain obtained a total of approximately 118,600 tons of silver and 200 tons of gold from the American continent.
Spain, which had first tasted the results of the war, also embarked on the road of voyage-colonial occupation-colonial plunder.
On September 20, 1519, another Spanish adventurer, Magellan, took 5 ships and 265 crew members to embark on the first voyage around the earth in human history.
In September 1521, the fleet arrived in the Philippines. Magellan was killed by the local indigenous people in the battle for colonial occupation, but in the end it was the Spanish hundreds of sailors who defeated millions of indigenous troops and occupied the Philippines.
A steady stream of gold, ivory and spices flowed into their treasury along the new routes opened by the Portuguese and Spanish.
If you connect the colonies occupied by Portugal and Spain, their territory covers almost the entire world. Therefore, Spain is also known as the first "Empire on which the Sun Never Sets."
Zhu Yuanzhang
This history is worthy of study, research and reflection by each of us. Openness and innovation are the only way for a country to develop and become strong.
As early as the Qin and Han Dynasties, a large number of merchants sold Chinese silk and porcelain to Europe via the Silk Road.
During the Tang and Song Dynasties, foreign trade was very prosperous, and the imperial court set up a special management agency "Shishi Ship Division" for management.
The prosperous foreign trade created prosperous imperial eras such as the "Qin and Han Dynasties" and the "Tang Dynasty".
For thousands of years from the Qin and Han dynasties to the Qing Dynasty, ancient Eastern China has been a beacon and a model for learning around the world, attracting "worship from all nations."
During the Ming Dynasty, in order to maintain their dynastic rule, the rulers began to implement the sea ban policy, restricting foreign trade and exchanges, until the complete "isolation of the country" was implemented.
In the fourth year of Hongwu (1371), Ming Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang began to issue a series of edicts and implement a maritime ban policy.
In the 14th year of Hongwu (1381), Zhu Yuanzhang "prohibited private communication with overseas countries" on the grounds of the invasion of Japanese pirates, and continued the ancestral motto "No one is allowed to enter the sea."
After Emperor Mu Zong of the Ming Dynasty came to the throne, he was forced by financial pressure and issued an edict: "Open the market for shipping, and private traders will become public traders." It was known as the "Longqing Switch" in history. Soon after, Yuegang in Zhangzhou, Fujian Province was opened, and a governor's rate office was set up in Yuegang to be responsible for trade management and tax collection.
Historical records: At the beginning of Longqing Dynasty, the court received hundreds of thousands of taels of tax revenue from Yuegang alone. However, the procedures required for trade are complicated, and even the number and specifications of ships are limited. "There is a limit of 44 ships in each of the east and west oceans." When
was opened and closed in Longqing, trade with Japan was also prohibited. Any violators would be punished with "traveling to Japan."
From the time Zhu Yuanzhang promulgated the sea ban in the fourth year of Hongwu (1371) to the "Longqing Switch" (1567), for nearly 200 years, the Ming Dynasty implemented a conservative sea ban policy.
During the Qing Dynasty's and Qianlong periods, a closed-door policy was adopted, completely closing the door to foreign exchanges and trade.
At this time, Portugal and Spain used improved papermaking, compasses and gunpowder to create countless new maps, navigation instruments and artillery, and started ocean navigation adventures.
plundering wealth, seizing colonies, and crazy primitive accumulation of capital, China in the East gradually closed its door at this time.
The maritime ban policy of the Ming Dynasty and the isolation policy of the Qing Dynasty made the East absent from this important era and ignorant of everything happening in the outside world.
This mistake has been wrong for 500 years. When the great powers such as the United Kingdom and the United States used strong ships and cannons to open the door of China, China slowly woke up.
makes people sigh, sigh, and reflect.
Today, 500 years later, when we reflect on this period of history, we can see that the development of Western science and technology came from the contribution of ancient China , and China's four major inventions promoted the development of the world.
If we follow the logic of development, should not be the United States, nor Japan, but China, leading the world's progress .
But we took advantage of it and missed it for 500 years.
I hope that this lesson will not happen again. The prosperity of countries needs to be open, not closed.
Thank you for reading it patiently. If you like it, please like and comment. Thank you very much.
Reference:
[1] CITIC Publishing House 2019 edition of "From Pills to Guns".
[2] Restall's book Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest.
[3] Jared. Diamond's Guns, Germs, and Steel.
[4] Dalio released "The Great Cycle of the Past 500 Years" on May 22, 2020.
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