"As the spokesperson of the 'Fifth Column', Gorbachev buried the Soviet Union with his own hands!"
In 2010, Ohipov, a researcher at the Russian Social Science Bureau, regarded Gorbachev as the person responsible for the disintegration of the Soviet Union. Real murderer."
This cryptic remark spread like wildfire, and many Russians echoed it:
" The seven years Gorbachev was in power was the final period when the Communist Party of the Soviet Union declined and the Soviet Union disintegrated. "
"During this period, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union encountered many difficulties and crises, and the political life within the party was also very chaotic. Gorbachev cannot escape the blame!"
Perhaps he was happy to add insult to injury. In 2011, the U.S. Security Council announced Top-secret files on the disintegration of the Soviet Union, and the contents gave a blow to many people who wanted to revive the Soviet Union!
It turns out that this semi-public document records a secret phone call between US President George H.W. Bush and Gorbachev. The two called each other affectionately but their status was clear - in his words, Gorbachev showed his humbleness.
So, what exactly did Bush Sr. and Gorbachev say? Was the collapse of the Soviet Union a "script" that had already been written during Gorbachev's term?
(Gorbachev)
1. The tit-for-tat confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union actually had secret phone calls?
Late one night in May 1991, a transoceanic phone call that changed the fate of the Soviet Union rang in the Kremlin. The declassified files released by the United States did not record the expressions of Bush Sr. and Gorbachev at that time, but From the ambiguous names of the two, it can be seen that the two are in a good mood.
"Dear George" - this was the first sentence of the two people, and it was also Gorbachev's name for Bush;
Afterwards, the two did not even exchange greetings, and Gorbachev quickly wanted to talk to him. Bush was aware of his "efforts" in the Soviet Union, just like a "little employee" trying to survive.
Bush Sr. seemed to have long been accustomed to Mikhail Gorbachev 's coy manner. After listening to his ramblings, he said happily:
"I understand, Mikhail! You and the nine participating countries I will not hesitate to praise you for signing the new treaty!”
This incident actually occurred on April 23 of that year.
(Gorbachev)
On that day, Gorbachev and Yeltsin signed the "9+1 Joint Statement" with the nine participating countries.
The "9+1 Joint Statement" stipulates that the President of the Soviet Union and the leaders of the union republics can decide on national affairs on their own.
More importantly, the "9+1 Joint Declaration" recognized the new alliance as an alliance of sovereign republics and emphasized that the treaty of the Union Republic must be approved by all contracting states before it takes effect.
This shows that the authority of the Constitution has been overturned - the provisions of the two chambers of the Soviet to decide major Soviet affairs have been cancelled, the relationship between the Soviet Union and the federal republics has been transformed from a federation to a confederacy , the rights of the Central Committee of the Soviet Communist Party have been further weakened, Fundamentally changed the socialist nature of the Soviet Union.
After that, the "August 19 Incident" broke out, breaking the mutual restriction situation between the three major forces formed by the Soviet Union in the late 1980s.
And this is just a small "performance" of Gorbachev.
It seems not difficult to pry through the published declassified files. From the day Gorbachev took over the Kremlin , "employee" Gorbachev has been implementing the execution of the "boss" the President of the United States. command.
(Gorbachev)
In March 1985, Gorbachev was elected as the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, and thus began a six-year reform that "reformed more and more bad".
Gorbachev quickly showed his loyalty to the Americans - at the plenary session held in April of that year, Gorbachev said disdainfully:
"The original social development model can no longer adapt to the current situation of the Soviet Union The development of China requires fundamental changes!”
At the same time, the dust-laden ideas such as “expanding business autonomy”, “carrying out liberalization reforms” and “peaceful development” appeared in the newspapers.
However, Gorbachev felt that this was not enough, and he set his sights on the party's administrative agencies as one of the pillars of the country.
Gorbachev undoubtedly found a good cover:
Before he took office, Khrushchev criticized:
"Under the Stalin model, the party's administrative agencies are bloated, inefficient, and bureaucratic" ism prevailed. "
In order to solve these problems, Khrushchev took a series of measures to carry out reforms, but the party's leading cadres always solved existing problems by adding new institutions.
(Gorbachev)
Therefore, the number of administrative agencies is still growing.
To borrow the words of a researcher from the Russian Academy of Social Sciences:
"For Gorbachev, using the name of rectifying the 'intra-party administrative agencies' to do evil secretly is undoubtedly the best way to hide his eyes from others."
Gorbachev The husband said, “I have abandoned the Soviet Union’s past practice of nepotism. Criticizing the unreasonable cadre appointment and promotion system that has existed in the Soviet administrative system since Stalin's time, he "denied that Marxism is a revolutionary and complete theoretical system, and only extracted some content that he thought was useful." ."
attacks Marxism, which is obviously shaking the foundation of the Soviet Union!
After that, Gorbachev intensified:
On the one hand, he attacked the socialist theories of Marx and Lenin as no longer in line with the development of Soviet society. On the other hand, he used the slogan of "absorbing all advanced ideas" and claimed that Christian teachings about human beings The value proposition is spot on.
(Khrushchev)
It’s no wonder that the Russian Academy of Social Sciences calls him the “spokesperson of the Western world”!
In addition, after Khrushchev, Gorbachev continued to actively advocate the theory of "national state".
Under the guidance of this idea, the Soviet Union not only amplified the mistakes that occurred in the process of exploring socialism, but also regarded the dictatorship of the proletariat as the root cause of the separation of the people from politics.
Putin once said regretfully:
"This wrong idea gradually took over the dominant position in the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, causing ideological confusion within the party. A large number of party members lost faith and quit the party one after another."
Since then, the Soviet Union has fallen into A serious crisis of political trust led to a significant increase in social instability and disharmony in the Soviet Union.
2. Digging the grave of the Soviet Union with one’s own hands: The Soviet Union declined under Gorbachev
After Gorbachev criticized Marxism, the Soviet people’s complete disappointment with reforms evolved from individual behavior to collective behavior, and collective social protests Behaviors fluctuate with each other. Not only do ethnic conflicts continue, workers go on strike repeatedly, but the entire society is emotionally charged.
First of all, the national issue became the trigger for the collapse of the Soviet Union.
(Gorbachev)
In the Soviet Union, ethnic conflicts have always existed. However, Gorbachev did not realize the seriousness of the ethnic problem when he came to power.
Soviet historians even believed that he "deliberately ignored national issues and deliberately moved closer to the West."
This is because Gorbachev once said with great righteousness:
"We have solved the national problem. The friendship between the people of all ethnic groups in the Soviet Union is one of the greatest achievements of the October Revolution ."
However, the reality is not like this. The wrong reform policies implemented by Gorbachev have made the ethnic issues and conflicts in the Soviet Union more and more acute.
Until 1990, ethnic conflicts intensified, from the Baltic States, the South Caucasus to Ukraine and the Russian Federation.
A typical incident of these nationalizations is the "Almaty incident" that broke out in December 1986:
"In the eyes of the Kazakhs, their relationship with Moscow is no longer the relationship between the local branch of the CPSU and the Central Committee of the CPSU. It is the relationship between Kazakh Communists and Russian Communists, and the relationship between Kazakhs and Russians."
However, under Gorbachev's instruction, "Pravda" commented on the Almaty incident only that:
This was a manifestation of "national seclusion and national arrogance" and did not address the issue of national conflicts. , make an in-depth analysis of the political trust crisis
( Gorbachev)
At the same time, with the increasing calls for independence in the participating countries, not only Russian nationalism continues to strengthen, but the concept of "national equality" has also become increasingly acute.
National conflicts with Gorbachev have become increasingly acute. Chov’s inaction is closely related, and Yeltsin even said: “Gorbachev is the person directly responsible for (the national issue)! "
But Gorbachev's "laziness" goes far beyond that. He seems to have forgotten his original intention and the people.
As an organization of the working class, the Communist Party should represent the fundamental interests of the working class.
However, Gorbach Geoff's reforms did not He won the trust of the working class and was eventually replaced by the radicals headed by Yeltsin. Yeltsin and others were dubbed the "reputation" of the representatives of the interests of the working class.
Since 1989, the radical reformists have continued to incite coal miners strikes. Make trouble, or organize collective demonstrations by workers. ml5
The first coal miners' strike in the same year mainly included the Kuzbass coal miners' strike, the Donbass coal miners' strike, the Vorkuta coal miners' strike, etc. This strike was the largest in the Soviet Union since the 1920s. A total of more than 500,000 miners participated in the strike
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(Yeltsin)
The large-scale coal miners' strike "marked the shaking of the organizational system of the Soviet Communist Party-government-social groups-labor collectives led by the Communist Party in the past."
The political impact of this strike is mainly reflected in. two aspects :
First, the miners established their own independent trade unions, the Soviet Communist Party faced a crisis of political trust, and the influence of the radicals increased; second, it opened the prelude to the miners' political strike in 1991.
The purpose of the 1989 miners' strike was mostly just for the purpose. Improve one's economic situation , it was just an economic strike, not a political strike.
However, most of the promises of the Soviet government were not fulfilled. As a result, during the 1991 strike, the miners' focus shifted to the political system, believing that only by changing the current political system could it be achieved. Improve your financial situation htm. l5
At the same time, the radicals used this to strengthen their own power, taking advantage of the miners' distrust of the Soviet Communist Party, and through mass media propaganda and active contact with the miners, they gained the trust and support of the miners and other workers
(Soviet Union). )
The Soviet Communist Party, official trade unions, and business managers lost control of the miners during the 1991 strike, and Gorbachev quickly lost the trust of the people.
"The government's prestige has dropped to a new low. …Less than 8% expressed confidence in Gorbachev’s Council of Ministers. "
In short, workers are extremely dissatisfied with reality and extremely distrustful of the party and the government, which shows that the party and the country are facing a serious crisis of political trust.
In this way, national issues and workers' issues attack from both sides, which not only severely damages the Soviet economy, but also completely ground shattered the people's faith
During the Gorbachev period, the people's original political beliefs completely collapsed, which led to the people's ideological demands for changes in the existing social system. The entire social and political sentiments were radicalized:
First, the people It is required not only to imitate the development model of Western countries, For example, "the 1990 sociological survey data shows that 32% of people advocate imitating the American model, 32% advocate imitating the Japanese model, 17% advocate imitating the German model, 11% advocate imitating the Swedish model, and only 4% People advocate the Chinese way";
(National emblem of the Soviet Union )
Second, the people's support for Gorbachev and Yeltsin has also undergone a complete change. According to three "Man of the Year" surveys from 1988 to 1990, Gorbachev's support dropped from 55% to 19%, while Yeltsin's approval rating rose from 4% to 32%.
Third, passionate behaviors caused by social emotions continue. Since 1990, a series of political symbols and political markers symbolizing communism have been destroyed. For example, a series of statues and monuments of Lenin and other social and political activists were torn down overnight. Or be smashed, October Revolution memorial buildings, Patriotic War monuments, etc. are related to Soviet history Other monuments and soldier tombs have been damaged to varying degrees, and even the Soviet flag, Congress and national anthem have been ridiculed and insulted;
a series of historical events symbolizing the Soviet socialist revolution and construction achievements, and streets named after historical figures , there has been an upsurge in name changes in cities, such as Cherny on the Kama River to restore its old name.
In short, during the Gorbachev period, public sentiment continued to intensify and the collapse of the Soviet Union accelerated - which played into the hands of the Americans and Gorbachev.
(Bush Sr.)
At the same time, this "American spokesperson" is not only committed to "Anne", but has also been showing goodwill to the Western world, as if the disintegration of the Soviet Union was a script jointly designed by him and the Americans.
3. Gorbachev’s overtures: Spokesperson of the United States?
After the end of World War II, the United States and the Soviet Union were in a long-term confrontation. In order to compete for world dominance, the Soviet Union vigorously supported military construction. The long-term arms race not only brought down the Soviet economy, but also brought many unstable factors to the peaceful development of the world.
When Gorbachev was in power, he believed that "if the Soviet Union's domestic reforms are to continue to advance, a more relaxed international environment must be created."
At the International Conference on Non-nuclear Weapons, Gorbachev pointed out:
"Under today's circumstances, the Soviet Union's domestic reforms are more dependent on foreign policy than ever before. Because of this, the Soviet Union needs to adjust its relationship with the United States in order to Social development creates a good international environment. "
This is the first time that the Soviet "giant" has bowed to the United States.
In March 1985, Gorbachev once again emphasized that the threats facing mankind were unprecedented and that all countries should immediately stop arms races, especially nuclear races; countries should reach agreements on the basis of peace and not force each other to accept their opinions. .
The following year, Gorbachev believed that the current era is still in the transition stage from capitalism to socialism and communism. This transitional era is also the "nuclear age."
In this era, both the United States and the Soviet Union possess nuclear weapons . Once the two countries conflict and a nuclear war breaks out in the world, mankind will be destroyed. There is never a winner in a global nuclear conflict. Therefore, countries should not Launching a nuclear war to achieve any political or economic purpose; in the nuclear age, no country can be absolutely safe, and the common problems facing mankind require the joint efforts of people of all countries.
Based on this reality, Gorbachev asked the Soviet Union not only to reformulate its foreign policy guidelines, but also to strengthen ties with other countries.
In the 27th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Gorbachev emphasized the long-term nature of the transition period and the need to use peaceful means to resolve conflicts between countries.
In 1986, at the Reykjavik Conference, the United States and the Soviet Union exchanged views on the elimination of intermediate-range missiles and the reduction of offensive strategic weapons.
(The disintegration of the Soviet Union)
Gorbachev made a famous statement: "The development of the Soviet Union needs the support of the United States, and the development of the United States also needs the support of the Soviet Union" - the Soviet Union thoroughly admitted that it was far from an absolute hegemon.
From then on, Gorbachev firmly believed in improving relations between the United States and the Soviet Union in order to eventually establish friendly diplomatic relations.
In December of the following year, Gorbachev made a report on his visit to the United States. The report pointed out that the meeting and exchanges between the leaders of the United States and the Soviet Union were very important, and that American leaders also worked for the benefit of their country and people.
Therefore, it is possible to find common interests between both parties to reduce friction in long-term exchanges.
It was this report that kicked off the private conversation between him and George H.W. Bush.
It seems that, internationally, the relationship between the Soviet Union and the United States is getting better and better.But this conceals the domestic turmoil in the Soviet Union - the national issues, workers' issues, and social contradictions mentioned above have never been resolved and have intensified.
This crisis lasted until 1991.
(Soviet poster)
On the morning of April 24 of that year, Gorbachev discussed with a think tank the question of the survival of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Most of the participants proposed dissolving the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and advocated Gorbachev's resignation as General Secretary. position.
Gorbachev initially strongly opposed this opinion, but due to the situation, he issued a public statement resigning as General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
However, Gorbachev counterattacked at the last minute!
He pointed out in the statement that the inaction of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the Political Bureau was the fundamental reason for the failure of the Soviet socialist reform .
Therefore, Gorbachev announced that the CPSU would cease its activities in all state institutions.
Among other things, he dissolved the Central Committee and allowed each union republic to determine its own path of development.
Gorbachev's series of reforms showed that the Communist Party of the Soviet Union had completely lost its ruling position , which also caused changes in the social systems of Eastern European countries. Politically, each member country implemented a parliamentary system and encouraged a multi-party system. ; Economically, it denied public ownership and implemented privatization reforms.
However, each franchised country blindly carried out reforms regardless of its own national conditions, resulting in a significant decline in social productivity, a large gap between the social unemployment rate and the employment rate, and large-scale economic reforms led to inflation in society.
(Gorbachev)
Under the increasing international and domestic pressure of fiscal deficit and international balance of payments deficit , Gorbachev finally announced the termination of the exercise of the Soviet presidential power on December 25, 1991. The world's first socialist country completely disintegrated.
This seems to be a "win-win" result for Gorbachev and the United States.
Conclusion:
Many historians believe that Gorbachev has had an affair with the United States for a long time!
In the past, researchers believed that it was his weakness in character that prevented him from turning the tide in the extremely chaotic political life within the Soviet Communist Party.
Kazakhstan President Nazarbayev once commented:
"Gorbachev has a weak character and is indecisive. He is unable to make quick and powerful decisions when encountering things. He always hesitates. Yu, thinking left and right, hesitated. "
" He spent three days fishing and two days drying nets, wavering from side to side, unable to provide effective guidance to the local party organizations and unable to establish true absolute authority within the party. "
However, today's academic circles have a different view. "Western spokesperson" has become Gorbachev's latest label:
"Gorbachev deliberately acted arbitrarily within the party and engaged in a power struggle that prompted the Communist Party of the Soviet Union to The deterioration of domestic political life.”
"Gorbachev pretended to be weak and self-righteous, unable to listen to the opinions and suggestions of others, and deliberately missed several appropriate opportunities to improve the political life of the party."
With the declassification of US files, this statement Undoubtedly corroborated.
Today, Gorbachev has passed away suddenly, but it is foreseeable that the debate about him will still be endless, and the "final conclusion" is still far away.
Reference materials:
[Russian] V. Bolkin. Gorbachev's Meditations [M]. Beijing: Central Compilation and Compilation Press, 1996.
[Russian] Arbatov. Soviet Politics Insider: Insiders Witness [M]. Beijing: Xinhua Publishing House, 1998.
[English] Rachel Walker. Six years that shocked the world - How Gorbachev’s reforms ruined the Soviet Union [M]. Beijing: Reform Publishing Society, 1999.
[Russian] N. Ryzhkov. The Tragedy of a Great Power - The Causes and Consequences of the Disintegration of the Soviet Union [M]. Beijing: Xinhua Publishing House, 2010.
[Russian] N. Ryzhkov. The Ten Years of Great Turmoil [M]. Beijing: Central Compiler Publishing House, 1998.
[Po] Peter Shtopka. Trust - a sociological theory [M]. Translated by Cheng Shengli, Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 2005.
[Russian] Andrei Grachev. The Mystery of Gorbachev[M]. Translated by Shu Tao, Beijing: Central Compilation and Publishing, 2005.
[Russian] Roy Medvedev. The Last Year of the Soviet Union[M]. Beijing: Social Sciences Literature Press, 2005.
[Russian] Yakovlev. A Glass of Bitter Wine-Russian Boer Shivism and Reform Movement[M].Xu Translated by Kui et al., Beijing: Xinhua Publishing House, 1998.
[Russian] Nikolai Ryzhkov. The History of Betrayal--Secret Records of Soviet Reform [M]. Translated by Gao Hongshan, Han Shengmin, et al., Changchun: Jilin People's Publishing House Society, 1993.
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