The Ming Dynasty troops outside Shanhaiguan, led by Pingxi Bo Wu Sangui and Liaodong Governor Li Yutian, withdrew into the pass, and surrendered to the Dashun regime together with Shanhaiguan Commander-in-Chief Gao Yiyi.

1644 (Jiashen year) March 19, Li Zicheng's Dashun army captured Beijing. Chongzhen Emperor Zhu Youjian hanged himself. On the same day, Dashun Emperor Li Zicheng entered Beijing, marking the Ming Dynasty. Towards the demise of . The Ming Dynasty troops outside Shanhaiguan, led by Pingxi Bo Wu Sangui and Liaodong Governor Li Yutian, withdrew into the pass, and surrendered to the Dashun regime together with Shanhaiguan General Soldier Gao Yiyi.

Chongzhen died for his country

On March 22, Wu Sangui posted a notice in Yongping Prefecture (now Lulong County, Hebei Province), saying, "This town will lead its troops to meet the new master. There will be no crime in the autumn, and your people need not be alarmed." Such words prove that he has led his troops to Beijing to prepare for Li Zicheng's new mission. Around March 26, when the Wu army arrived in Yutian County, Hebei Province, not far from Beijing, Wu Sangui suddenly changed his mind and turned from surrendering to Dashun to taking a hostile attitude.

After surrendering to the Qing Dynasty, Wu Sangui was named King of Pingxi

There are three theories for the reasons for this drastic change: 1. Wu Sangui heard that his father Wu Xiang was arrested by the Dashun regime to pursue stolen goods; 2. He escaped from Beijing privately under the mistaken belief. The servants who came out falsely reported that Wu Xiang's family had been confiscated by the Dashun Army. Third, the popular theory is that Wu Sangui's concubine Chen Yuanyuan left in Beijing was plundered by the generals of the Dashun Army, so he "rushed to the crown and became angry." Beauty". The real situation is difficult to determine. Wu Sangui's intention to surrender to Dashun was to safeguard and expand his own interests. The news from Beijing made him suspicious. He speculated that Li Zicheng's summons was probably a scam and that he would take adverse actions against him. So, he suddenly changed his mind and led his troops straight to Shanhaiguan, launching a surprise attack from behind on Tang Tong's troops guarding the gate. Tang Tong's military strength was only about one-fifth of Wu Sangui's troops. Due to an unexpected change, Shanhaiguan was caught off guard and occupied by Wu Sangui. Tang Tong led the remaining troops to evacuate to a place called Yiyishi not far from Shanhaiguan. Other officials appointed by the Dashun regime also fled back.

The Battle of Shanhaiguan

After Li Zicheng learned that Wu Sangui had rebelled and occupied Shanhaiguan, he led the main force of the Dashun Army directly to Shanhaiguan. After a fierce battle with Wu Sangui and the Qing army, he was defeated in Beijing and retreated to Beijing. He killed thirty-four members of Wu Sangui's family and then led his troops to retreat to Shaanxi. After the Battle of Shanhaiguan, Dorgon ordered officials and people in the states and counties along the route to shave their heads and leave braids. After entering Beijing, he encountered strong opposition from the Han residents. Only a few Han officials in the court obeyed the order to shave their heads, only the most shameless ones such as Sun Zhixian.

(Sun Zhixian took refuge with the eunuch Wei Zhongxian during the Tianqi period of the Ming Dynasty and became a member of the eunuch party . When Chongzhen first destroyed the " Three Dynasties Yaodian", he hugged the "Yaodian" and cried to the Ancestral Temple, which was despised by the world. . After the Qing troops occupied Beijing, he became very prosperous and begged for mercy from Dorgon and others. Shangshu said: "The minister's wife will be the first to go alone, and the whole family will be shaved to the full effect." Some books record that he was hired. When he entered the court, he wanted to squeeze into the Manchu official class, but the Manchu officials thought he was Han and refused to accept him; when he was transferred to the Han class, the Han officials refused because he had shaved his hair and changed his system. As a result, Sun Zhixian was in a dilemma.)

Shave your hair and change your clothes.

At this time, many officials could not wait and see, and even fled southward, and people in the Kifu area often rose up in rebellion. Seeing that the rule of the Manchu aristocracy was not yet stable, Dorgon realized that he had acted too hastily and was forced to withdraw his order. In the imperial edict of May 20, the first year of Shunzhi (1644), it was said: "Because there was no distinction between the obedient people before, I ordered them to shave their heads to distinguish themselves from the obedient and the rebellious. Now that I have heard that it dissuades the people's wishes, it is not to provide culture and education to stabilize the people's hearts." From now on, the people of the world will still tie their hair and do as they please."

In May of the next year (1645), after the Dashun regime and the Hongguang regime were successively destroyed, Dorgon believed that the world was settled. , in June, he blatantly ordered all male officials and citizens across the country to shave their heads. On the fifth day of the lunar month, when he received the news of the capture of Nanjing, he sent an envoy to Prince Duduo of Henan, ordering "all civil and military soldiers and civilians everywhere to shave their heads, and those who disobey will be dealt with according to military law."

The initiator of the hair shaving order

On the 15th, he issued an order to the Ministry of Rites: "It has always been a system of shaving hair. If you don't order it immediately, you can just do it yourself. I want to wait until the world is settled."In today's domestic and foreign families, the king is like a father, and the people are like sons. Father and son are one, how can it be contrary to this? If you don't draw one, you will end up with two minds. ... From now on, the proclamation will be limited to ten days inside and outside the capital, and all provinces and localities directly under the Central Government will also be given a ten-day limit on the day when the ministry orders it. Those who obey are the citizens of our country; those who hesitate are like bandits who disobey orders and will be punished with serious crimes. If you avoid using your words sparingly and argue with clever words, you will never lend lightly. "In July of the same year, he also ordered that "all clothes and hats should comply with the regulations of this dynasty."

Yangzhou Ten Diaries

China is a multi-ethnic country with the Han nationality as the main body, and the Han nationality itself is also a fusion of multiple nationalities. Han people can As an emperor, ethnic minorities can of course rule the world. No matter which ethnic group is the main body of the central government, it should never forcibly change the customs and habits of other ethnic groups. This is a basic founding principle. Dorgon was intoxicated with what he saw in front of him. During the victory, he thought he could do whatever he wanted. What he said, "The king is like a father, and the people are like sons; father and son are one, how can we violate the differences?" is completely arbitrary and nonsense. His own ancestors and father Nurhaci Before the rebellion against the Ming Dynasty, generations of people were vassals of the Ming Empire and were proud to accept titles, official positions, and edicts from the Ming Dynasty. The Han emperors of the Ming Dynasty never forced the Jurchens to grow their hair and wear net scarves. Isn't it an ironclad fact to follow the Han system? Such brutal atrocities are extremely rare in Chinese history (the Five Hus and Sixteen Kingdoms and the Liao and Jin Dynasties did not change the clothes of the Han people on a large scale).

Yan Yingyuan and others fought against the Qing Dynasty in Jiangyin

If the rulers of the Qing court at that time had been smarter, when the Hongguang court and the Dashun regime fell in May of the second year of Shunzhi (1645), there would have been an opportunity to unify the Qing court at a lower cost. The situation at that time was, Not only did the Qing government take over the various prefectures and counties in Southern Ming without much resistance due to its superior military strength, but even the remnants of the Dashun Army intentionally surrendered to the Qing court on the condition that they would not shave their heads. After unification, there was no need to forcibly order hair shaving and reform. . The Manchu aristocrats have been in power for a while, and there will be more imitators, changing customs, and changing customs. The most important thing is nature.

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, farmers, who accounted for the vast majority of the population, and a considerable number of officials, gentry and landlords lived in the countryside. Their relationship with the court and the government was mainly reflected in There are many peasants who have never been to the city in their lives. For them, the change of the central court is as high as the sky and the emperor is far away. As long as they are not forced by the government, it will be the so-called "peaceful world". Once there is a strict order to shave their heads , the majesty of the "imperial court" was directly added to one's own head, and the consequences can be imagined. With the order to shave their heads, not only those who were originally planning to surrender to the Qing immediately changed their tune, but even the people in the prefectures and counties who had surrendered also rose up one after another to raise their banners against the Qing. . There are numerous records in historical records of the Manchu aristocrats forcing the Han people to change their customs and habits with the barbaric method of "leaving their hair without leaving hair, leaving hair without leaving hair". The resulting resistance led to large-scale armed struggles almost all over the country. . The anti-Qing struggle in many places did not begin when the Qing government took over, but began when the hair-cutting order was promulgated. The people of Jiangyin fought heroically in the city to resist the Qing Dynasty after the magistrate appointed by the Qing Dynasty announced the hair-cutting, and led the people to "worship and cry" "The head may be cut off, but the hair cannot be shaved" broke out.

Confucius's head shaving order caused a huge shock in various places in the early Qing Dynasty. It aroused opposition from all walks of life in the Han nationality and led to long-term political instability. As a result, all living beings are devastated. Chen Que, a contemporary, recorded: "There was a new order in Qiu: Anyone who did not shave his hair would be punished for violating the order. After the order was issued, the officials ordered those who did not shave their hair to go to the military gate and behead them from morning to morning, and from night to night." In the second year of Shunzhi, In October, the former Shaanxi Hexi Dao Confucius heard the report:

Recently, the descendants of the fourth family asked the temple to shave their heads in compliance with the order to show their sincerity of submission. How dare they make any further comments. However, considering Confucius as the sect of rituals, the three great sages Yan, Zeng and Meng emerged together. The most important ceremony is the crown and clothes. ...However, the ancestors who took care of themselves in those days did nothing more than consider Zhang Fu's crown recorded in the ancient system, and sew and tuck the clothes. This was a journey that was not easy for all generations, and his descendants guarded it from generation to generation. From the Han, Tang, Song, Jin, Yuan to the Ming Dynasty, no order has been changed for three thousand years. Sincerely, what we have observed is the legacy of the three generations, and we cannot bear to let it be forgotten.That is to say, the case of shaving heads was not discussed at that time and the descendants of the four clans. Since the hair shaving of the four clans, Zhangfu's sewing has not changed for three thousand years. It is inevitable that it will change today in the minister's family. Although the world knows that the minister's family can be loyal, it still cherishes the minister. If the family fails to fulfill their filial piety, they may be afraid that the emperor's code of upholding Confucianism and Taoism will be unprepared. ...Should we grow our hair, wear replicas of clothes and hats, and follow the holy order?

Kong Wenxi brought out the big signboard of Confucius, and cited the second generation of Jin and Yuan Dynasties as examples, thinking that he could resist the Confucius for a while and keep the hair and clothes of his ancestors. Unexpectedly, he hit a big nail, "I got the decree: it is strictly decreed to shave off the hair, and there will be no pardon for those who violate it. Confucius heard that he wanted to grow his hair, and he has violated the unforgivable rule. I just want to avoid death if he is a saint. When Confucius was a saint, it seemed that This violation of the rules is a disgrace to the way of the times of Yizu. He will never be used after being dismissed from his post."

Qufu Confucius Temple

In November of the same year, Dorgon went hunting in the Jingdong area. Someone told Zhang Donghai, the son of Fengrun County Health Officer Zhang Su, that he "cannot shave his hair." Dorgon immediately sent people to behead Zhang Donghai. His father gave him a fifty-fifty stick, and his name and color were removed. Zhuangtou and four of his neighbors received the stick respectively.

In the fourth year of Shunzhi, Ding Quan, a citizen of Hushu Pass, "shaving only a small amount of hair around his head and leaving a large crown on his head" was captured by the local magistrate. "It can be borrowed" was the reason for the memorial, and Zhu Ming said: "Behead him at that place." The county magistrate also considered the oversight and "discuss the punishment seriously, and the parents and neighbors should be implicated in the crime."

In the fifth year of Shunzhi, Hu Jun'ai, a resident of Guangji County, Huangzhou Prefecture, fell ill and lay in bed without shaving his hair because he lived in the countryside. The prefect Niu Quan (son of former Dashun Prime Minister Niu Jinxing ) went to the countryside to explore the wasteland. Hu Jun did not know the power of the Qing Dynasty's laws, so he rashly ran to the prefect to complain about the famine and hardship. Niu Quan, who was well versed in the "Way of the Times", caught a glimpse of this man who had grown his hair in violation of the rules. He couldn't help but feel elated and immediately went to the governor of Huguang, Luo Xiujin, to ask for merit. As a result, "Hu Junai instituted a formal punishment, and the township security guard Zhang Zanyu, Linyou Zhang Shengzu, and Xia Zhengde were each whipped a hundred times." The county magistrate Hao Guangfu also punished him with a salary for negligence.

In the tenth year of Shunzhi, the Ministry of Punishment captured two people who had not shaved their hair. "They were worshiping opera singers, so they kept their hair; there are many other actors like this." ShunzhiThe emperor immediately issued an edict: "The order to shave heads will be beheaded for those who do not comply. It has been issued for a long time, and there is no example of actors being allowed to keep their hair. Now the two criminals dare to violate the prohibition, which is abominable. The Ministry of Punishment made a notice immediately, both inside and outside According to general instructions, anyone who borrows the reputation of an actor in the preceding paragraph to keep his hair shaved within ten days; if he still dares to violate the prohibition after exceeding the limit, he will be seized and sent to the Ministry of Punishment for investigation and execution. The local officials petitioned for justice. If anyone is seen and cannot raise his head, he will be severely punished regardless of the officials or the people."

Another Chen Mingxia case occurred in March of the 11th year of Shunzhi (1654). Chen Mingxia Since he surrendered to the Qing Dynasty in the winter of the first year of Shunzhi, he has been trusted by the highest ruler of the Qing court. He is an official of the Ministry of Personnel and a bachelor of the inner academy. After the university scholar Ning finished his impeachment report, he said in his essay: "Ming Xia once said to me: 'If you want peace in the world, just rely on one or two things of mine and you will have peace.' What is the matter I asked? Ming Xia Tui He rubbed his head and said: "As long as you keep your hair and restore your clothes, the world will be at peace!" The minister laughed and said: "The world is at peace but not at peace. It does not just matter about shaving the head. The head was not shaved during the Chongzhen period. Why was the country subjugated? Why? The key to governance is to have strict laws and regulations so that officials have integrity, gentry does not harm others, the army and horses are strong, the people are willing to obey, and the world will be at peace." Ming Xia said: "Although this is true, just keeping your hair and wearing clothes is the first priority. "I think that the people of our country are not as good as one-tenth of the Ming Dynasty, but those who can unify the world have clothes that are easy to ride and shoot, and the soldiers and horses are strong. Today's name is Xia Yu, who wants to wear loose clothes and wide belts to become clear." To make it clear, it is to weaken our country." Then he listed many crimes against Chen Ming and Xia Jie for party and personal gain.

Emperor Shunzhi ordered his ministers to conduct a survey and found out that "all the claims in the name Xia debate are false, but what he said about leaving his hair and wearing his clothes again is true." In the end, he was convicted on the basis that "all the money was in fact true", and Chen Mingxia was leniently sentenced to death by hanging. Obviously, Ning Wanwo distorted Chen Mingxia's views. Chen Mingxia did not ask to "change the Qing Dynasty into the Ming Dynasty" and ask the Manchu Eight Banners soldiers to put on loose clothes and belts that were inconvenient for riding and shooting; he just suggested not to change the customs and habits of the Han people out of loyalty to the Qing Dynasty.Even Emperor Shunzhi knew this well. After half a year, he said to Feng Quan: "Chen Mingxia is finally happy!"

The hair-shaving policy in the early Qing Dynasty aroused widespread resistance. Only in the "Water Disaster " did he die for his country in Burma , Zheng Chenggong / Zheng Jing his father and son continued the Yongli chronology in Taiwan to the 22nd year of Kangxi. Historical experience tells us that no matter which nation or social group is in power, the customs and habits of each nation must be respected. Violation of this principle will definitely lead to great social unrest. The serious consequences caused by the perverse behavior of the Manchu aristocrats in the early Qing Dynasty are a painful lesson.