Look at the truth of Zhao Kuo's battle of Changping

​History is a mirror of reality. You must have your own thinking on how to understand the historical records. Qin Zhao's defeat in the battle of Changping was more of a defeat in the intelligence war, as well as economic and military adventurism, and finally became Zhao Kuo's culprit. I republished my previous historical analysis article after editing and perfecting it.

Let’s look at the truth of Zhao Kuo’s Changping battle

There have been many discussions about Qin Zhao’s Changping battle that decided the life and death of the nation and the world, but the deep-seated war The meaning and process, in history, have long been a frivolous second generation of officials who talk about soldiers on paper, and Qin Guo 's countermeasures , etc., but reading this history thoroughly, understanding it is not so simplistic and linear , Don't be so personal heroism, Don't use the double standard of heroism that success is a personal reason, failure is not, has very practical significance for us to understand the world today.

Zhao Guo Where did it fail? I think Zhao Guo first lost in the intelligence war! Zhao Kuo brought an army of 200,000 people, and the Qin state knew very well, but when the Qin state changed generals,Zhao Guo did not know that men over the age of 15 but under the age of 60 were recruited to join the war to reinforce this extremely important and difficult to keep secret. If Zhao Guo and Zhao Kuo knew the intelligence, it should not be such a tactic. Qin State was the most powerful country at that time, and it served Qin State. For refined individualists, Qin State was the best service object, so that all leading parties would serve Qin State. Qin's guest officials and elite politics are like Li Si 's high argument for rats in the warehouse and rats in the toilet. This one still makes sense to us now.

In the sense of the intelligence of the Battle of Changping, there were only 200,000 Qin troops participating in the war. How could it be possible to encircle and wipe out the 400,000-strong army of Zhao? But if Qin Jun becomes more than 600,000 people, and 400,000 more people come to join the war, Qin King will personally go to Hedong (in Shanxi) to help in the war, and recruit the whole country to mobilize, such a big movement in the Qin state can actually If there is no news to Zhao Jun, how strict does this war organization in Qin need to be? If you recruit men from all over the country to join the war, you don't know it outside, but you can organize it quickly. How powerful is this intelligence work?

Since Shang Yang , everyone in Qin State has been under surveillance, and Qin State's intelligence organization is extremely powerful! Shang Yang can't escape even if he runs away, Meng Changjun even chirping and dog thieves, this country's intelligence organization ability is superb! Therefore, it is almost impossible for Zhao Jun to get information from the Qin state! Moreover, the laws of Qin are strict. Whoever is a traitor will be implicated in the family, even the neighbors will be implicated, while talents from other countries can move back and forth. After leaving, relatives can still communicate with each other. After the Qin state, he was still a native of a certain country, and he was still patriotic!

The power of the Qin state and the penetration of various meticulous works into other countries, here can be called meticulous works in history, people who can write a stroke in history,They are all people of a certain level. If we use our current terminology, they are at least a bureau-level or a department-level cadre in a key position, and these people can also dominate the public opinion of other countries and change the national policies of other countries.

Zhao Kuo's whole army attacked, not Lian Po 's layered defense, not a simple personal problem, but the environment at that time had already decided. His personal ability should be there. Qin State also suffered huge losses when it encircled and annihilated Zhao's army. Zhao State's army did not collapse to the point of cannibalism. After death, Zhao Jun surrendered. It's just that Zhao Guo's defeat needs someone to take the blame. Zhao Kuo is the one who takes the blame, and he must bear this historical destiny.

Is Zhao Wang 's great joy, so he can change Zhao Kuo? In fact, Lian Po also suffered consecutive defeats at that time, but not the entire army was wiped out. History records that the Qin army has continuously conquered the defense line of the Zhao army! "Records of the Grand Historian, Volume 73, Biography of Wang Jian of Baiqi": In April, Qian Yin attacked Zhao. Zhao made Lian Po generals. The soldiers of the Zhao army committed Qin's reprimands, and the Qin repelled the soldiers beheaded Zhao Pi's general. In June, he fell into the Zhao army and took the second and fourth lieutenants. In July, Zhao Jun built a fortress to defend it. Qin attacked his fortress again, took the second lieutenant, defeated his formation, and captured the west fortress. Lian Po stood firm and waited for Qin, Qin Shu challenged him, and Zhao Bing did not leave. Zhao Wangshu thought it would give way.

Lian Po cannot hold on, but can Zhao Jun hold on for a long time and engage in a protracted war? Can you keep the wall clear? History has also written clearly, " Zhao Wuyi eats, please Su Yuqi, but Qi does not listen to " Warring States Policy " ". The long standoff near Changping,Zhao State was already short of food, and Zhao State borrowed food Qi State without success. This means that Zhao Guo's long-term confrontation is no longer possible. At the time of the Battle of Changping, Lian Po fought a war of attrition, but the war of attrition was indeed unbearable for Zhao Guoxian, so Lian Po's tactics of a war of attrition were doomed to fail. Victory. Under the constant economic pressure of the Qin State, Zhao State has a military risk-taking mood of war gambling. Such gambling is difficult to win, but if people's gambling nature is stimulated, they are often reckless. The national strategy of the entire Zhao State was also influenced by the gambling psychology of military adventure.

When Zhao Kuo came to power, his mission was to change Lian Po's strategy. To choose him as the commander was to gamble and take military risks. Zhao Kuo had no choice. Zhao Wang's choice was also under material pressure and was kidnapped by the gambling public opinion in the society. Among them, there was also the role of Qin State's meticulous work. We know that Zhao Guo is already short of food, and Zhao Kuo is required to bring another 200,000 troops. The strength of the whole country has come. The State of Zhao originally had a shortage of food for the 200,000 army, but now it has become an army of 400,000. The State of Zhao failed to borrow food from the State of Qi, so how long can the supply of food for the Zhao Army last? The king of Zhao asked Zhao Kuo to lead an army of 400,000 troops, which is to go to a quick battle and a decisive battle of military adventure! And the information about Zhao Guo's decisive battle and lack of food must not be concealed from Qin's meticulous work. Qin's monarchs and generals all know that Zhao Kuo has no choice and must take military risks. How to deploy Qinren is to know ourselves and our enemies and wait for the rabbits. Does Zhao have information on Qin State? Before Zhao Kuo came to Changping, in fact, Zhao Guo had already lost to the temple.

let Zhao Kuo replace Lian Po. Another reason is that Zhao Kuo is a young man who has grown up. At that time, Zhao Xiaocheng King had just assumed power. The Battle of Changping started in 260 BC. King Zhao Xiaocheng ascended the throne in 266 BC.There is a famous story of " Touching the Dragon Said the Queen Mother", King Zhao was just beginning to take power, and Lian Po was a famous general of his father, King Zhao Huiwen, in the sixteenth year of King Zhao Huiwen (283 BC). He defeated Qi and took Xiyang (now northwest of Jinzhou, Hebei) and was worshipped as the Shangqing. When Zhao Xiaocheng was king, there was a story about taking Jing and asking for guilt. Lian Po and Lin Xiangru were actually powerful ministers. During the Battle of Changping, Lin Xiangru was seriously ill. " Historical Records ": In the seventh year, Qin and Zhao were separated from each other by a long distance, Zhao She was dead, and Lin Xiangru was ill, ..., the king of Zhao took Kuo as his general and replaced Lian Po. Lin Xiangru said: "The king made Kuo by his name, like a rubber pillar, but his ears were snarling. Kuo's disciple could read his father's biography, but he didn't know how to change." The king of Zhao did not listen, so he sent him. King Zhao Xiaocheng replaced Lian Po with Zhao Kuo, and behind it was King Zhao Xiaocheng's need to train his own generals to take power.

"Qi Policy in the Warring States" "Qin attacked Zhao Changping, Qi and Chu rescued him. Qin Ji said: 'Qi and Chu save Zhao, Qin, then they will retreat; It's.' Zhao had nothing to eat, so he invited Su to Qi, but Qi would not listen. "First, Zhao's diplomacy failed, and then Qin's whole country was dispatched. Zhao Kuo leads an army of 400,000 people, and Zhao Guo is already short of food, how can he stick to it for a long time? After Zhao Kuo arrived at Changping, he must fight quickly. In the history of such situations that had to fight quickly, it was generally the worst. But can Zhao Kuo refuse to go to Changping to lead troops? It is obviously impossible to reject King Zhao. On the other hand, Zhao Kuo's family is very smart, and they have a clear understanding of the nature of military adventures in this high-risk war. Therefore, her mother went to the palace and asked King Zhao to tell him not to let her son go. It should be a double reed after the family's internal discussion, and gave his family a promise that "the defeat will not be punished by the king of Zhao". Otherwise, the defeat of Changping will let the whole country wear the cauldron of filial piety,Most of Zhao Kuo's family will be exterminated.

Here we also have to look at the international attitude towards the Qin-Zhao war. The international community did not support Zhao at the beginning. Lian Po insisted that food was tight, and Zhao Guo could not borrow food is an example. Why didn't the international community support Zhao State in the first place? The reason is that after the military reform of Zhao Wuling King , Zhao State also became a military power. If the Zhao State in the Changping decisive battle destroys the Qin army, then the Zhao State will become the strongest country in the Warring States Period , and it poses a greater direct threat to the other five countries east of the Taihang Mountains than the Qin State. Although Qin State was strong at that time, it was still geographically isolated from several countries in the east, but Zhao State was in the hinterland of the Central Plains. Once Zhao State became strong, all countries would be under pressure from Zhao State. Therefore, the Zhao State threat theory dominated by Qin State's meticulous works also has an international market. Zhao Guo's anti-Qin banner is really not easy to carry, why doesn't Su Qin have such a big market later?

But after the Battle of Changping, if Qin really wants to destroy Zhao, other countries in the world will change their positions to support Zhao. This means that Qin State did not immediately enter Zhao State after Changping, and it would become difficult to attack Zhao in the future. Bai Qi recognized this international change clearly, but he didn't see the domestic politics clearly, and in the end he killed himself. Historical records Yinghou said to the King of Qin: "Qin's army is laborious, please allow Han and Zhao to cede the land to make peace, and rest their soldiers." The king listened to it and cut Han Yuanyong and Zhao Liucheng to make peace. In the first month of the month, all the soldiers stopped. Wu'an Jun Hearing it, there is a gap with Yinghou. This passage in the history book is for the self-interest of Fan Sui , but in the author's opinion, this is more like the uneasy feeling of the King of Qin towards Bai Qi, and in the end, Fan Ju took the blame. Bai Qi's credit is not only for putting pressure on Fan Sui, but also for his credit. All of Qin's army was in Bai Qi's hands at that time. After the Qin army was defeated,Withdraw first, wait until next year to send troops, and the Qin army is back behind. The King of Qin wants to reorganize the army and strengthen the control of the king of Qin over the army. When sending troops again, the main general may still be in vain, but the people around him can be reorganized. All the troops of the Qin state were given to Bai Qi, and the king of Qin was also afraid that after Bai Qi led the army to capture the Zhao state, he would rebel and become independent. The veteran Wang Jian has a more thorough understanding of this issue. The reason why the King of Qin rested on him is that he was careful on his own precautions and kept looking for the King of Qin for pastoral rewards, and that Wang Jian was old enough at that time.

The background of the Battle of Changping In the battle of diplomacy and intelligence, Zhao Guo was defeated, which actually determined the subsequent military defeat. Although it is said that the economy is the decisive factor and the lack of food is the key factor, if diplomacy and intelligence, as well as public opinion and meticulous work, Zhao State is not a complete failure, at least it can retreat. Losing the hope of national rise is a major strategic failure. Therefore, Zhao Guo's military adventure in Changping made a strategic and subversive mistake. If he retreated rationally and accepted the tactical defeat, Zhao Guo still had many opportunities.

The Spring and Autumn Period The elites of the six countries, who have no position for personal gain, move around in different countries, which is the cradle of cultivating refined egoism. In a society where there are a lot of refined egoists, the risks and benefits of working for a strong country are not equal to those of a weak motherland. Just as the US buys a Chinese, and China buys an American, the price is different. The difference in soft power between countries needs to be clearly seen. In this context, the country's policy should also think clearly.

Zhao Guo regarded Hufu riding and shooting as the only political correctness. He lost flexibility and his original national self-confidence.Later development, by the time of the Battle of Changping, the specific terrain was unfavorable for the light cavalry of the State of Zhao, but favorable for the heavy infantry of the State of Qin. , Zhao State cavalry is a disadvantage, so even if the famous general Lian Po, in the war, he was forced to stick to his defeat after a series of failures. On the defensive level, it is the disadvantage of the cavalry in itself. It is worth mentioning that the captain of the "Qin Ruishi" thousand-person team was "Ren Tu" Bai Qi. In the Battle of Changping, Zhao's Hu-fu cavalry and archery did not have an advantage, and the original Zhao's chariots, the armored fighting vehicles should be useful in dealing with heavy infantry and strong crossbows, and cannot be static the problem of rigid cognition.

In the history of the Warring States Period, it can be seen that the Zhao State made meticulous works in particular. Later, when the Zhao State fell, Li Mu was killed, which is also the role of meticulous works. Behind it is Zhao Guo engaging in Hufu riding and shooting and elite politics, the benefits are obvious, Su Qin hangs Zhao Guo's photo. However, Zhao State's own national characteristics and self-confidence are also gone. In moral evaluation, as long as economic interests and military interests are used, the role of culture, morality and self-confidence has been ignored. ?

Throughout the history of the Warring States Period, the Qin State has always been on the winning side in the international intelligence and diplomatic wars. Intelligence warfare in war is very important, and how to influence the public opinion of other countries is also very important. There are detailed works of the Qin state everywhere, and the people who were appointed by other countries to be spies in the Qin state came out to serve the Qin state. , they all serve the most powerful countries, and the most powerful countries in Africa need people with national and national feelings. But in the following two thousand years of China's unification, China has always been the strongest country in the world. China has always enjoyed the dividends of elite politics, and it is also the needs of Confucianism and scholars.Confucianism also speaks of the great unity of the world, and the concept of nation is diluted. In modern times, the situation has changed unseen in two thousand years, but it is not easy to recognize all the changes in time. When cooperating with a powerful country, the elite comprador also plays a role, but if it really wants to rise, there will be a fundamental conflict with the strategic level of the powerful country, and the situation will be different. The elite crowd that either has milk or a mother. History has always been the mirror of today, and many can learn from it. Beware of strategic subversive mistakes like the battle of Zhao Guochangping.

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