The war in the late Eastern Han Dynasty was turbulent, and the rebel army appeared one after another. Later, as troops continued to rise in various places to counter the rebellion, although the Yellow Turban Uprising was extinguished, the warlords in various regions continued to develop their own forces in the name of suppressing the Yellow Turban Army. The rule of the Eastern Han Dynasty was faltering, but the struggle between eunuchs and foreign relatives within the court became more fierce. In the sixth year of Zhongping (189 AD), the Han Lingdi died. Liu Yan (i.e. the Emperor of the Han Dynasty) came to the throne. His relative He Jin was dissatisfied with his sister, the Queen Mother, who prevented her from killing the eunuch, so he secretly summoned Dong Zhuo, a warlord from outside, to lead his army into Beijing to force the Queen Mother to submit. After Dong Zhuo entered the capital, he deposed the Emperor of the Han Dynasty and appointed Liu Xie, the king of Chenliu, as the Emperor of Han Dynasty.
Dong Zhuo and his Xiliang army came from the remote Northwest. After they entered Luoyang, the capital of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the prosperity of the metropolis made their blood and burned. Killing and looting happen from time to time. There are many relatives, relatives of the emperor and merchant tycoons in Luoyang City. The Xiliang army breaks into such a house and puts an "anti-thief" flag at the door, and it can justify the map and kill the people. Therefore, the whole city is in extreme panic. Among. As the leader of the Xiliang Army, Dong Zhuo not only did not restrain his men, but "take the lead", broke into the harem, wantonly occupy the concubine and princess in the palace.
Dong Zhuo came to Beijing and changed the direction of the post-Han Empire history, and the game has since added an alternative player. Dong Zhuo abolished Liu Bian, the son of Empress Dowager He, and established the behavior of Wang Meiren's son Liu Xie, and later historians accused Dong Zhuo of being able to stand on this basis. Because from the history of the Han family, supporting the emperor is not the job of ordinary people, except for the relatives and ministers. With Dong Zhuo's seniority and status, leading such a big matter, he encountered resistance at that time. And Dong Zhuo's leadership ended in failure in just three years.
Historical records and folklore have always regarded Dong Zhuo as a vicious and brutal person. This is certainly because Dong Zhuo made many killings in the process of fighting for power, but also because of Dong Zhuo’s abolition of Young Emperor and Li Xian Emperor. It is not tolerated by orthodox thinking and criticized by historians of the past. However, the evaluation of historical figures cannot blindly follow the records of official historians, and should comprehensively analyze the environment of the times and the class interests represented by Dong Zhuo.
After entering Beijing, Dong Zhuo moved the capital from Luoyang to Chang'an in order to avoid the military attack of the opposition forces. The capital was moved to Chang'an, which consumed huge financial resources and exhausted the court , Dong Zhuo had no choice but to order small coins to solve the living problems of the soldiers and civilians of Xindu. This triggered the first crisis under his rule-financial pressure.
Due to the huge cost of moving the capital, Dong Zhuo now faces a deficit in finances and must first find a way to get the money, otherwise the operation of the entire empire will be suspended. But the first thing he thought of was not to make money, but to rob. On the day of moving the capital, he first arrested and executed the rich man in Luoyang City, without his property. Then they sent infantry and cavalry to expel the people of Lebanon and move to Chang'an. In the migration team, horses and people trampled on horses, coupled with hunger and looting, the corpses were everywhere, and the situation was terrible. Then he ordered his subordinates to burn all palaces, government offices and private houses within two hundred miles, and ordered Lv Bu to lead his troops to dig graves and collect treasures, from the tombs of the imperial tombs to the tombs of ordinary officials. Under Hao's move, the court and the people all lost all the supplies necessary for life, but the soldiers were filled with private pockets. Therefore, although this move came quickly, it did not increase much revenue for the central government.
Soon, Dong Zhuo found another way to collect money, that is, to make money by himself. Dong Zhuo was born as a ranger since he was a child. Ranger merchants have always been experts in casting private money, bad money, and making huge profits. Private money casting was rampant in the Han Dynasty. During the Yuanshou period of the Han Dynasty, millions of sinners who surrendered and stole money were pardoned. It can be seen that private money is a part of the huge profits. Therefore, it is Dong Zhuo's inevitable choice to cast small money and inferior money to accumulate wealth.
Dong Zhuoguan casts bad money and made a new way of copper raw materials. He used the unlimited power in his hand to gather the money in Luoyang and Chang'an.Large bronze statues such as Bronze Man, Zhong Xu, Feilian and Bronze Horse are used as raw materials for coin casting. Among them, the bronze men were the soldiers from the six nations that Qin Shihuang received in that year. They were ten of the twelve golden men, each weighing 240,000 jin (a jin in the Qin and Han Dynasties is about half of the city's jin). Dong Zhuo’s official coin weighs about five cents, that is, one-twentieth of one or two, which is about a quarter of five baht. According to a catty of 16 taels, a han catty of copper can make about 320 small coins. Ten gold men of 2.4 million catties can make 768 million coins. In particular, what is unacceptable to the public is that Dong Zhuo's official casting of poor money is rough, poor in quality, and vague in writing, which brings a lot of inconvenience to daily transactions and is degraded as innocent money.
Dong Zhuo has cast hundreds of millions of bronzes by smelting large bronze statues such as Tongren, Zhongxu, Feilian, and Tongma, plus the five baht that was returned from the fusion. The official cast a small money without writing. Such a huge amount of small money without writing was issued and flowed into Luoyang, Chang'an and other Kinki areas in a short period of time. In addition, bad money drove out good money, resulting in serious inflation. When the price of each stone grain rose to hundreds of thousands of dollars, It is equivalent to a cart of money for a cart of rice. made the people unable to make ends meet and went bankrupt.
Under Dong Zhuo’s “governance”, The five-baht currency system that was restored and established in the 16th year of Emperor Guangwu’s Jianwu in the Eastern Han Dynasty has since collapsed , this is Dong Zhuo In the state of financial crisis under the governance, and in the political struggle, in addition to his rule that is too cruel and the loss of popular support, as the representative of Liangzhou warrior entered the Central Plains, and Dong Zhuo’s special identity was opposed by the celebrities of the Central Plains. , also made his later political rule full of all kinds of opposition.
As a native of Xiliang, Dong Zhuosheng was born at the end of the age, but he was young, burly and tall, with amazing arm strength. According to historical records, Dong Zhuo was born with great strength, and the history said: He has extraordinary brawn strength, double belts and two tarts, galloping from left to right, which is feared by Qiang Hu. Young heroes, taste the tour in Qiang, and get together with the lords and handsome.
Dong Zhuo’s father, Dong Junya, was promoted to the post of Yingchuan Lun’s lieutenant since he was a child, and he can also be regarded as an official and a half. The rank of county lieutenants was very low in the Han Dynasty, and Dong Zhuo, who was born in a family of landlords, was difficult to enter the ruling core in the Eastern Han Dynasty when the gentry monopolized officialdom. However, he grew up in Liangzhou and was a good ranger when he was young. He once traveled in the areas where the Qiang people lived, and forged a deep bond with the powerful and handsome Qiang people. Dong Zhuo was proficient in Qiang and Hu affairs, which laid the foundation for Dong Zhuo's repeated victories in the war against the Qiang people.
West Qiang comes from Sanmiao and is a different branch of the Qiang nationality. The Qiang who entered the Central Plains in the Han Dynasty basically merged with the Han nationality. The Qiangs who did not enter the Central Plains are scattered in tribes on the Great Wall. To the west, the Hehuang area. The Han-Qiang War began intermittently in the Western Han Dynasty for a hundred years. During the Emperor Xuan Dynasty of the Han Dynasty, Zhao Chongguo had sent Zhao Chongguo to attack Xian Lingqiang, who had repeatedly offended sides. The war is particularly fierce. When Emperor Huan of the Han Dynasty, under the suppression of Liangzhou Sanming (Duan Ying, Huang Fu Gui, Zhang Huan), he killed tens of thousands of Qiang people and severely inflicted Xi Qiang, so that he could no longer threaten the Eastern Han regime. The Han-Qiang War in the past 100 years has consumed huge human, material and financial resources of the Eastern Han regime.
In the last year of Emperor Han Huan, the Qiang tribe came in, and the border situation is not optimistic. The imperial court sent Zhonglang to suppress Zhang Huan, and Dong Zhuo joined the army as a military sergeant. As a result, he "smashed the battle, beheaded the chieftain, and captained more than 10,000 people. The northern lieutenant of the Shu County, later moved to the Western Region Chengjiu lieutenant. Later, he repeatedly made outstanding achievements in the war with the Qiang tribe, and soon he worshipped Dong Zhuo as the former general and sealed the township of Luan. Over 30 years of warfare, he relied on his impressive military exploits. Dong Zhuo was finally promoted from a military officer to a former general and became a senior military attache in the Eastern Han Dynasty. He had the capital to dominate. Of course, this was inseparable from his bravery and strategy. The main reason was that Dong Zhuo was in his prime and strong year, which coincided with Liangzhou Sanming’an. During the Qiang period, the opportunity to establish meritorious service was seized.
However, the Liangzhou soldiers led by Dong Zhuo were based on Huang Zhongyicong and Guanzhong Qinhu, which contained manyThe Hans of Liangzhou were born in a humble background. This army was cultivated during the long war with Xiqiang. It is mainly cavalry. Although it has high combat effectiveness, it is destined that Liangzhou military group can hardly serve the gentry for a long time. Will be accepted by the gentry, but used by the gentry as a tool to compete for ruling interests. As the commander of the army, Dong Zhuo was regarded by the gentry at the time as a barbarian, and he could not be recognized by the literati.
However, when Dong Zhuo entered Beijing, he did not intend to break with the gentry, but actively win over the gentry. However, the gentry has always been ostracizing Dong Zhuo because of Dong Zhuo’s background . When Dong Zhuo abandoned the young emperor, he consulted with Yuan Shao in order to use the influence of the Yuan clan to gain the support of the gentry to control the political affairs. He did not want to but was opposed by Yuan Shao. Go. Yuan Shao’s loyalty to the Han emperor may not be much. Later, Yuan Shao united with Jizhou Mu Han Fuyu; Li Youzhou Mu Liu Yu can see that Yuan Shao, as a representative of the noble family, considered the interests of the family more. To publicly oppose Dong Zhuo should be dissatisfied with Dong Zhuo, who was born in a subordinate clan, to control the government.
Therefore, the reason why Dong Zhuo was strongly opposed by the clan clan’s clans is that the clan clan’s clan clan’s strong opposition to Dong Zhuo’s background Dong Zhuo was not only a warrior, but also came from a prostitute. Dong Zhuo’s power was not in the interests of many gentry clans; the second was 董卓’s destruction of the political model and social order at that time . The Eastern Han Dynasty was always controlled by foreign relatives or gentry. The emergence of Dong Zhuo gave the concubine warriors the power of the court and changed the political system that had lasted for hundreds of years. At the same time, Dong Zhuo abandoned Shaoli and gave a good word to others, which was strongly opposed by the gentry. In addition, Dong Zhuo’s internal group was also in the later period. There was a split, which made Dong Zhuo’s final failure a foregone conclusion. After
Dong Zhuo used Lu Bu to lure him to kill Ding Yuan and annex the Bingzhou Army. This was another elite division at the time, as it was called " The world is strong and courageous, and there are those who are feared by the common people. It can be seen that the Bingzhou Army is as good at fighting as the Liangzhou Army.
After Dong Zhuo annexed the merged state army, he believed in the representative figure of the merged state army-Lu Bushen, and he was known as his father and son. But Lu Bu's favor was met with jealousy. Hu Zhen under Dong Zhuo was quite annoyed at that time. And what Lu Bu represents is the combined state forces. From this point of view, the contradiction between Lu Bu and Hu Zhen can not only be regarded as personal grievances, but should be treated as a conflict between the two states. This reflects the instability and contradictions within Dong Zhuo's army, which eventually pushed Dong Zhuo to destruction.
From the other side, Lu Bu was already dissatisfied with Dong Zhuo. According to the "Three Kingdoms Wei Shu Lv Bu Biography": "Zhuo Xing is strong and enthusiastic, not hard to think, taste a little frustration, pull the halberd and throw cloth. The cloth fist evades it, for Zhuo Gu Xie, Zhuo Yi also understands, so Disturbance. Zhuo often makes Bushou Zhongge, Bu and Zhuo's maidservant have an affair, fearing that he will feel uncomfortable. Dong Zhuo’s personality defect makes Lu Bu, who is a native of Binzhou, feel more and more uneasy, which eventually leads to Lu Bu being co-founded. It was used by Wang Yun of Binzhou to kill Dong Zhuo with his own hands.
Therefore, Dong Zhuo’s ruling ruthlessness is inevitable and its failure is inevitable. However, based on its strong power, He could have allowed him to rule for a longer period of time. However, he killed the tycoons and offended the nobles, and he used small money to plunder the people, offending the people at the bottom. In addition, the contradictions hidden in the Dong Zhuo army not only caused Dong Zhuo himself The death also caused his accumulated military forces to collapse rapidly. The conflict between and Liang is the catalyst for Dong Zhuo’s failure.
He emerged as a military officer in Liangzhou. In the border county, he entered the Central Plains as the representative of the warriors in the area. At one time, he tried to win over the celebrities of the Central Plains clan in order to achieve the purpose of controlling the power. However, due to its greedy and ferocious fiscal policy and the opposition of the Central Plains scholars, it failed and was ultimately defeated by the Central Plains. The people’s counterattack can only be retreated to Kansai, and the conflicts within the military and the Liangliang areas rapidly intensified, accelerating its demise. From the logic of the entire historical development,Dong Zhuo should indeed be held responsible for his actions, and should be morally condemned. However, as a minority warlord living in the era of centralized power, the Xiliang class and its culture represented by Dong Zhuo could not be accepted by the Central Plains in the end, which reflects the cultural exclusivity and distinct class hierarchy led by the Central Plains gentry culture. Under the influence of various internal and external factors, Dong Zhuo and his political rule under his leadership will inevitably lead to a fate of failure.
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