"Guanlong Noble Group": What kind of organization is it after playing with imperial power for hundreds of years?

However, there are not only these five nomads, but also and Rouran on the northern grasslands. Xianbei was the last rising "orthodox royal family" of nomads, and it was naturally coveted by Rouran. The capital city was adjacent to each other geographically and was disturbed by it.

From this, the Northern Wei Dynasty Daowu Emperor Tuobagui set up " six towns " to resist, and many of them were the noble class at that time, as the ministers of great use, it can be described as infinite scenery.

is the existence of these "six towns", which paved the way for the budding of the "Guanlong Group".

When referring to the formation of the "Guanlong Group", Chen Yinke, who named him, called it a product of Yuwentai's Guanzhong standard policy.

In this way, the historical reason for the formation of the Guanlong Group is merely the change of its clansmen and prefectures. It is unavoidable that it is a bit biased, and it is only a causal relationship between phenomena.

The historical development process always has its inevitability. What really made the "Guanlong Group" established was the inevitable need of policy when the dynasties changed. Yuwentai adopted the "Guzhong-based policy" for "sinicization". This is true of Yuwentai himself.

For the inland Hu nationality, Sinicization means "modernization", which is a general trend of historical development.

The demand for "sinicization" did not begin with Yuwentai. As early as Emperor Zhuang Xiaodi, he chose the method of moving south to Luoyang and carried out a thorough sinicization reform in order to integrate with the Central Plains celebrities.

But this relocation of the capital has exposed all the drawbacks since the establishment of the Northern Wei regime. Because and the Xianbei are relatively backward,After entering the Central Plains, the nobles contaminated their old nobles and became tainted with the habit of arrogance, luxury and licentiousness. This made the Northern Wei regime quickly "empty".

As Emperor Zhuang Xiao’s restructuring proceeded, the concept of politicians rapidly strengthened, and internal conflicts intensified. "The ministers of the Wei clan and the power, compete for luxury." , the Northern Wei regime was faltering.

"Emperor Xiaozhuang moved the capital to Luoyang", which seriously affected the interests of the people who set up towns and guards "six towns" by Wei Chu on the northern border.

"Or enlist the children of the strong clan of the Central Plains, or the heart and soul of the country, and send them with minions." They used to be highly valued. Similar to the Jiedushi ambassador of the Tang Dynasty, the leaders of the six towns held military power and administrative power with great power.

After the capital was moved, they were no longer important generals under the "imperial city roots", their status declined sharply, and the officials who moved their capitals were determined. This polarization prompted the uprising of soldiers and civilians in the six northern towns, and the Northern Wei regime experienced several times Perish.

At this time, two major forces were born, , one with Gao Huan as the leader, and Yuwentai as the leader, , both of them came out on top in terms of power, and finally rebuilt power in the east and west.

Emperor Xiaowu was forced away by Gao Huan, but under the support of Yuwentai, he established the Western Wei Dynasty in Chang'an , while Gao Huan supported Emperor Xiaojing as the king, historically known as Eastern Wei . Since then, it has been in a situation where the two dynasties coexist.

Yuwentai "Create a hegemonic business, recruit with gifts" made troubled by the decaying rule of Qi Liang in , such as Liu Qing and Yang Gan, who were troubled by the decaying rule of Qi Liang To him.

At the same time, "Shuofang has been in the hills for a long time, and Hebei has fallen into ashes." , the Kanto region where Gao Huan is located, has been destroyed by Erzhu's military, and gradually pulls Yuwentai into power. Open the gap.

The Guanlong Group developed from this, with a strong economic foundation in the Guanzhong region, integrating the generation north, Jiangnan, Guanzhong gentry power, forming a highly integrated political group of the Xianbei and Han nationalities.

The characteristics of the Guanlong Group

The disintegration caused by the lack of internal unity in the Northern Wei Dynasty is still in sight. In this way, the Guanlong Group has made some breakthroughs in the sinicization reform.

As far as the “Guanzhong-based policy” mentioned above is concerned, the Guanlong Group was not produced by it, but used it as a tool.

At that time, if the Guanzhong gentry and Daibei gentry were still relatively high in ethnicity, the Guanlong Group would not be able to completely stabilize.

The system of Chinese surname change advocated by Yuwentai, regardless of the surname of the county and the surname of the Hu, and the Hu and Han nationalities are integrated. Giving Han officials the Hu surname, such as Yang Zhong’s surname Pu Liuru and Wang Xiong’s Kepin, greatly strengthened the unity within the Guanlong Group.

Since then, Yuwentai has carried out reforms in the military system, launching government military system, and also named eight pillar country twelve generals to take charge of the military and government, and the Guanlong Group has accommodated one of twenty families. many.

The effect of "giving a surname" is far-reaching. It not only breaks the national boundary between the Central Plains and the Hu people, but also effectively eases the conflict between family and power and social class contradictions.

and,Guanlong Group pays more attention to the praise of the heroes. When the Weiting gentry deliberately underestimated the meritorious ministers who came from the poor, Taizong decided not to let him be the prime minister. He even scolded Shandong gentry as "no official eunuchs". , Calling it "trafficking marriage."

From this, we can see that a political group can take root and gain power in turbulent years and last for a hundred years. Its institutional superiority is by no means unusual, often beyond the current historical limitations.

But its power has also threatened the supremacy of the imperial power. Under the control of the Guanlong Group, the change of 's government and the transformation of the emperor's power have become his bag.

The power was in power, leading the change of dynasties

When Yuwentai was alive, he experienced four emperors of the Western Wei Dynasty.

is not so much an emperor as a "puppet". After poisoning two of them, he passed his throne to his 15-year-old son, , Yuwenjue_ span2span.

Yuwentai's nephew Yuwenhu forced the last emperor of the Western Wei Dynasty to abdicate, and Yuwenjue succeeded. Later, Yuwenhu took the "old way" of his uncle, poisoned the emperor, and took the emperor's real power. At this time, the country name has been changed to "Zhou", which means that the Northern Zhou regime's surname is "Yuwen" from then on.

Then the two generations of power in the Sui and Tang dynasties Yang Jian, Li Yuan were all members of the Guanlong Group, which led to the inseparability of royal power and the interests of the political group. It is impossible to get rid of the shackles of interest groups.

At the same time,In order to make the internal closer together, a large number of intermarriages within the Guanlong Group. Li Shimin ’s mother is Yuwentai’s granddaughter, and Li Shimin’s wife is a descendant of the Tuoba imperial family, almost forming a huge network of relatives. really sells marriages not only to the Shandong clans, but also to the imperial power itself.

Even though "given a surname" can firmly bind the nobles within the Guanlong Group, there are some things that cannot be continued after the death of its founder, Yuwentai.

Yuwentai was able to have the opportunity to be in power at the beginning is more that he himself has "believers", in troubled times, Yuwentai is like a hero of salvation to everyone, 's prestige can continue Before he died.

The descendants of Yuwentai do not possess such authority. The bond connecting the nobles is greatly weakened, and its internal contradictions are also surging.

In the Sui Dynasty, its rulers began to "abolish martial arts by themselves". Sui Yangdi was killed by Yu Wenhua and Yu Wenhua and himself was not a Xianbei. He was one of the "surnames" given to him. member.

It can be seen that the system at this time cannot guarantee the stability and unity of the Guanlong Group.

The implementation of the "imperial examination system" began to introduce more talents from the "periphery" in order to interfere with the long-term dominance of the Guanlong Group.

According to records, among the 25 lords in the Taizong period, 18 were not members of the Guanlong Group, but vigorously supporting the emerging gentry in Shandong and other places. It can be seen that the internal forces of the Guanlong Group are no longer sufficient to resist the national decision, and ruled. The determination of the writers to eliminate the influence of political blocs is even greater.

When Li Shimin came to power,Regarding the re-use of the Guanlong Group, it only used Guanlong internal staff who jointly attacked the Sui dynasty. They are just as praised as the meritorious officials in the past dynasties. The preferential treatment they receive is related to their merits and their status. Minimal.

During the Tang Gaozong period, the remnant forces of the Guanlong Group were strongly suppressed, and finally ended in demise, as a specific product of an era, even if it controls China for more than 500 years, Guan After all, the Long Group could not escape the wheel of history.

Limitations of the Guanlong Group

The rise of the Guanlong Group from its rise to its decline has little to do with a single individual achievement. Even if Yuwentai has promulgated many reasonable policies, it depends on the needs of the times. There is no Yuwentai. , There will be others who will stand up as a leader to guide people to the next stage of history. 's so-called "time makes heroes" is this truth.

The same is true for the decline of the Guanlong Group. As a political group that has stretched for hundreds of years, it cannot be considered a "failure" to finally withdraw from the stage of history.

After the dynasty began to break away from the special historical background of "Xianbei ruling", the problems it had to face also changed. Its product "Guanlong Group" was also completing "Sinicization" After this main historical responsibility, gradually changed from a positive to a "burden" for its era.

After relying on the Guanlong Group to hold the throne, those in power regarded it as a thorn in the eye, prompting generations of emperors to continuously strip off the power of the Guanlong Group, and drove the Guanlong Group to perish step by step.

In feudal society, wants to establish a political group above the supremacy of imperial power, but it will not last long ,From this point of view, Guanlong Group has already achieved success.