Jehol, this is a name that only disappeared in 1955. Before 1955, the northeastern region was also called the Fourth East Province. After Jehe Province was split, the Northeast began to be referred to as the third East Province. However, during the Anti-Japanese War, the three provinces of the East were also mentioned many times. This is because these three provinces were the first three provinces to be occupied during the Anti-Japanese War, and they were also the three provinces that the Japanese army paid the least.
The former three provinces of northeastern China have an area of 1 million square kilometers, accounting for about one-tenth of the total area of the country. The level is the highest in the country. After Zhang Zuolin was assassinated by the Japanese, Zhang Xueliang took over the Northeast, changed course, and belonged to National Government. At that time, the Northeast Army still had 200,000 people, of which 165,000 were regular troops, and most of them were regular troops. It was a veteran of the Hundred Wars. At that time, the Japanese army in the Northeast had only 26,000, less than 30,000, of which 15,000 was the regular army. It is hard to imagine that 200,000 Northeast Army would lose the entire three provinces in the hands of less than 30,000 Japanese.
The 1930s were a turbulent era for the whole world. On October 24, 1929, Wall Street stocks in the United States fell, which quickly caused a global economic crisis, which was the largest and longest in history. The most profound impact of the economic crisis was that Japan, as an industrial country, was extremely severely affected, prompting the three countries of Germany and Italy, including Japan, to embark on the road of imperialism. At that time, China, which was still dominated by agriculture, was also affected, but it was the gunpowder that never stopped in China that really made China feel the pain.
Since the collapse of the relationship between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party in 1927, the Communist Party of China has launched hundreds of uprisings for the destiny of the country. The famous ones include the Nanchang Uprising, the Autumn Harvest Uprising , the New Year’s Pass Uprising, etc.The smoke of the civil war covered the borders of Hunan and Jiangxi and even the entire southern China. In October 1930 and April 1931, Chiang Kai-shek mobilized local warlords to attack the revolutionary base twice in succession. In July 1931, 300,000 Central Army was mobilized to . The revolutionary base area carried out the third encirclement and suppression.
Not only was gunpowder ignited between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party, but also between the warlords. There were also continuous melees between the warlords. In 1930, the Central Plains War, half a year, Yan Xishan, Feng Yuxiang, Li Zongren's coalition and the Kuomintang troops had enough casualties. There are 300,000 people, which has seriously consumed national power. In addition, on July 28, 1931, there was a flood in the Jianghuai area. The National Government, which was already very worried about the economy, almost collapsed in this flood. The fiscal deficit became more and more serious. Hundreds of thousands of people were here. Displaced and homeless during the flood, he finally died in the midst of starvation and cold. At this time, the Japanese troops invaded the three provinces.
Under the influence of the economic crisis, Japan, which has a covetous heart for China, is more eager to occupy China in order to alleviate the impact of the economic crisis on its own country and divert the public's attention. The Japanese general Ishihara Waner, who contributed to the fall of the Three Eastern Provinces, is a war criminal, but no one can ignore his military talent. While examining and criticizing the crimes he committed, he should also be given his strategic talents. Pay attention to. Wanji Ishihara put forward the "Final War Theory" on the basis of "The Clausewitz War China has launched a full-scale war, and this rear is the Northeast.
When Zhang Zuolin was alive, Japan wanted to expand its power in the Northeast many times, but although Zhang Zuolin was born with a beard, there is no patriotism, but facing the Japanese, he showed an inch. The determination to fight, even if he failed in the civil war, he was unwilling to compromise with the Japanese. Zhang Dashuai is still very admirable in this respect.In 1928, the unwilling Japanese army blew up Zhang Zuolin's train in Huanggutun . The seriously injured Zhang Dashuai died of his injuries shortly afterwards, and the Northeast Army was inherited by the young marshal Zhang Xueliang.
The marshal Zhang Xueliang had mixed reputations in history and contributed to the anti-Japanese united front. He made great contributions to the nation, but he gave up the three provinces and became a stain he could not erase.
In the northeast of 1930, it can produce more than 400,000 bullets per day, 150 cannons per year, 200,000 rounds of artillery, more than 60,000 rifles, and more than 1,000 machine guns. If all arsenals in the northeast have enough raw materials, The production of weapons without stopping the construction site is enough to equip 12 divisions in one year, that is, one division's equipment can be produced in one month. Such production capacity not only makes the warlords everywhere greedy, but also makes Japan drool.
At that time, it was not only Japan but also the Soviet Union who drooled the Northeast. However, because of the relationship between the Chinese Communist Party, the Soviet Union and the Northeast still cooperated, but Japan did not want to do so. After the Middle East Road Incident occurred in 1929, the Soviet army Dozens of aircraft were dispatched to bomb the Northeast. Because of this incident, the relationship between the Soviet Union and the Northeast Army was almost broken, and the Japanese army saw hope of conquering the Northeast.
From the time when Japan established South Manchuria Railway Co., Ltd. in 1906, the Japanese army began to infiltrate the Northeast. This society was completely transformed into an intelligence agency of the Japanese army in Far East in China, Japan There are more than 3,000 spies. Many Japanese spies have lived in China for a long time, so they can’t tell whether they are Chinese or not, because they can understand dialects. These spies have sent more than 500,000 pieces of information about China to Japan. Under these espionage activities, the Northeast had almost no secrets about Japan. Even Zhang Zuolin’s mansion was infiltrated by the Japanese army. Later, Zhang Xueliang tried to prevent Japanese spies from obtaining intelligence, but with little success.
has so much intelligence support,Ishihara Wanji, who planned to invade the Northeast, felt that it was not enough. He personally came to the Northeast three times to collect intelligence and formulate a war plan to invade the Northeast. At 10 pm on September 18, 1931, the Japanese army rushed to Liutiao Lake in a planned way, blew up a section of the railway, and then put up corpses wearing Chinese soldiers' costumes, blaming the Chinese soldiers for blowing up the railway, and then premeditated. The ground launched an offensive against the Northeast Army’s North Camp. At 4 a.m. the next day, the Fifth Brigade of the Japanese Independent Defense Force rushed to the North Camp from Tieling to participate in the battle. A brigade and a squadron occupied the Peking Camp at 5:30. The Northeast Army had more than 300 casualties, while the Japanese casualties had only 24 casualties. The casualty ratio was not even 10:1.
But the defeat of Peking Camp does not mean the defeat of the Northeast. The Northeast Army is 200,000, and the Kwantung Army has less than 30,000 in the Northeast. The Northeast folk customs have always been sturdy, and the family that Zhang Dashuai has accumulated is rich enough. If it really fights, it will be the winner. Not yet known. However, when the Kwantung Army attacked the Peking University Camp, the Northeast Army Commander’s Office Lieutenant General Rong Zhen issued this order according to Zhang Xueliang’s order:
"No resistance, no movement, no guns Put it in the warehouse and die, everyone will become benevolent and sacrifice for the country."
This is an order that can still feel aggrieved to this day. It is conceivable that at that time, the Beidaying sacrificed more than 300 soldiers, while the Japanese army did. The tragic situation of only 24 deaths and such a large casualty ratio are not unrelated to this order.
Of course, this command cannot be blamed for being wrong. At that time, China was in trouble at home and abroad. Chiang Kai-shek's 300,000 troops fought against the Red Army in Hunan and Jiangxi. The Jianghuai floods brought the national government economy to the brink of collapse, and Yan Xishan, Feng Yuxiang and others in the north and Zhang Xueliang and Zhang Xueliang It is not a single heart. China in 1930 was really not suitable for a large-scale foreign war. It was worthwhile for Zhang Xueliang to trade a Peking University camp for peace. He felt that it was impossible for Japan to initiate a full-scale war against the Northeast.His estimate was correct. Japan did not want to go to full-scale war with the Northeast Army, but he was wrong with the Japanese general Ishihara Waner.
Under Zhang Xueliang’s order, the people of Peking University were dozens of times more than the Kwantung Army, but ended in a disastrous defeat. Subsequently, the Japanese captured , Fengtian, Siping, and lived in important towns in the northeast of Yingkou. Up the heel. On September 21, the Japanese army captured Jilin, and on November 19, Qiqihar was also occupied by the Japanese army, and nearly half of the land in the three northeastern provinces was lost.
After the 918 incident broke out, Zhang Xueliang led his troops to Jinzhou. Although the Japanese army occupied a large area of the northeast, the Northeast Army had almost no losses. In the face of the Kwantung Army of less than 30,000, it still has an absolute advantage in numbers. Feeling the lack of troops, the Japanese began to make excuses and sent bombers to bomb Jinzhou, and shamelessly issued a statement:
"Zhang Xueliang has assembled a large number of troops in Jinzhou. If he ignores it, he may cause damage to Japan’s rights and interests. In order to solve the problem as soon as possible. , it is necessary for the Kwantung Army to expel the Jinzhou regime."
The cheeky Japanese army has long forgotten that it was they who initiated the 918 Incident, first attacked the Peking Camp and Fengtian, first attacked Jilin, and first attacked Qiqihar. During this process, the Northeast Army has never actively attacked the Japanese.
After the large tracts of land in Northeast China fell, Nanjing quickly responded, but considering that China was not suitable for war with Japan at that time, in order to stop losses in time, on November 25, 1931, a proposal was made to make Jinzhou a neutral zone. Let the Northeast Army withdraw from Jinzhou and Shanhaiguan, and hope that Britain, France and the United States will serve as guarantees. The Nanjing government was negotiating, but Zhang Xueliang was unwilling to defend the northeast. After the proposal was put forward, Zhang Xueliang and Nanjing did not make a report and directly negotiated with the Japanese army. This made Nanjing very annoyed.The Japanese army requested the Northeast Army to withdraw from Jinzhou.
The neutral case may be beneficial to China's national conditions at the time, but it was a traitorous motion. After the incident was exposed, student parades began to appear in the streets and alleys, and people from all walks of life also actively supported. In December On the 4th, under pressure, the Nanjing government stopped the neutral case and declared at the same time that if the Japanese attacked Jinzhou, China would defend itself. Therefore, starting from Jinzhou, the Nanjing government no longer implemented the non-resistance policy , and proposed a resolution that "if the Japanese attacked, they should actively resist".
But this is only wishful thinking of the Nanjing government. Perhaps Zhang Xueliang showed a keen interest in the "neutral case" for the purpose of preserving his strength. Starting to withdraw the troops from Jinzhou, Zhang Xueliang’s behavior was almost opposed by everyone in Nanjing. Gu Weijun, Song Ziwen and others successively sent telegrams to Zhang Xueliang to persuade Zhang Xueliang to postpone the withdrawal. On December 5, Gu Weijun Co-branded with Song Ziwen to send power to Zhang Xueliang:
"Now like the Japanese march into Jinzhou, my brother is in the country, and my brother is personally, so he can stand up to difficulties and defend himself."
Zhang Xueliang was impressed. In fact, it was not only Song Ziwen and others, but even Chiang Kai-shek personally sent a power to Zhang Xueliang:
"The Jinzhou army should not retreat at this time."
, but Zhang Xueliang couldn’t live at this time. Zhang Xueliang used the government policy to be undecided. There were no need to defend by Jinzhou troops and the battle started. The Japanese army would threaten the rear of Jinzhou troops with the navy for two reasons.The land of one million square kilometers in the northeast was handed over to the Japanese army of less than 30,000.
On December 25, the Japanese attacked Jinzhou. Nanjing sent Zhang Xueliang several times to resist, but Zhang Xueliang never followed, and the troops were unable to resist and retreated to Hebei. On January 28, 1932, Japan launched the December 28th Incident in Shanghai, so that the Nationalist government could no longer take care of the Northeast. On February 5, 1932, Harbin in the northeast fell, and 1 million square kilometers of land in the three northeastern provinces was occupied by the Japanese army. . In fact, this was something that Japan did not expect. This war to occupy the Northeast was almost launched by the Japanese general Ishihara Waner. Ishihara Waner originally planned to launch an offensive against Beidaiying on September 28, 1931, but because of Japan The base camp sent people to stop it, and Ishihara Waner only advanced the time ten days, but unexpectedly occupied the entire northeast.
After the 918 incident, even though the three northeastern provinces were lost, the Nationalist government still did not anticipate the ambitions of the Japanese army and actively sought a peaceful solution. The main energy was still in the country, and the strategy of fighting foreigners must be settled first.
From the end of 1931 to 1937, for nearly six years, the Japanese army has been stocking war resources in order to launch a full-scale war of aggression against China. The industrial foundation of the Northeast's dominance in the country has given the Japanese army more wings. Six years of development, Let the northeast become the rear of the Japanese army, build guns and bullets on our country, and then come to our country. If Zhang Xueliang did not retreat, if the Northeast Army resolutely resisted, even if it finally lost, it would not leave a complete Northeast for the Japanese Army, let alone six years of reserve time for the Japanese Army. Perhaps this way, after a full-scale war of resistance, our compatriots will be less. Sacrifice some. Unfortunately, history has no ifs. As descendants, you can only remember and reflect on history.
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