September 27, 1955, this was an exciting day for New China, and Beijing held a significant ceremony.
Regarding the ten marshals, ten generals, and many founding generals, lieutenant generals and major generals this time, this is a list drawn up by the relevant state departments on the basis of careful review. The generals deserve their name.
At that time, it was Peng Zhen who was in charge of reading the list of ten marshals.
At this time, he is serving as the vice chairman and secretary-general of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, so this time the important task falls on him. It is strange that himself does not have a military rank.
Let’s start with his qualifications.
Peng Zhen
Peng Zhen has been pursuing truth all his life
A reporter came to Peng Zhen's hometown in 2002: Qinshang Village, Houma City, Shanxi Province.
There are still some cave dwellings here. After a hundred years of baptism, most of these cave dwellings are dilapidated. Surprisingly, Mr. Peng Zhen’s second brother-in-law Cheng Jingchun still lives in the cave dwellings. Among.
It is not that the cave dwellings are not demolished, but the local government has listed it as an important youth education base, so it will be retained for a long time, and Mr. Peng Zhen started his revolutionary career from here.
Since the May Fourth Movement broke out in 1919, Peng Zhen has been the propaganda captain of the Quwo Second High School; three years later, Peng Zhen passed the entrance examination to a middle school in Taiyuan with excellent results. Back then, Gao Junyu established the Taiyuan Socialist Youth League here,This also led Peng Zhen to a revolutionary road.
Later, Peng Zhen joined the Chinese Communist Party along this line and quickly became a local "leader".
Peng Zhen was also arrested in Tianjin in 1929 due to the Kuomintang government’s betrayal of the revolution. From then on, he spent six years behind bars. During this period, Peng Zhen was not idle. Instead, he used his free time to read a lot of Marxist-Leninist books, seeking the truth in his heart.
In 1941, he returned from Jinchaji Anti-Japanese Base Area to Yan'an. Because of his higher theoretical level, he was praised by great men. It is precisely because of this that, since 1942, Peng Zhen successively served as the CCP The post of director of education and vice president of the Central Party School, came forward to preside over various party school work until the end of the War of Resistance.
In the famous " Chongqing negotiation " , there was a list of Peng Zhen among the casual staff. Before departure, Peng Zhen was elected as an alternate secretary of the Central Secretariat.
It can be said that Peng Zhen is an important member of the central leadership team, and in his life, Peng Zhen was entrusted with important tasks by Chairman Mao three times.
At the beginning of the War of Resistance Against Japan, Chairman Mao focused his research on philosophy and war studies. The focus of philosophy was to clarify the basic theoretical issues of Marxist philosophy. This spirit of seeking knowledge helped the chairman complete " practice theory" and " contradiction theory" in the future.
And Peng Zhen is also very interested in Marxist philosophy,After he learned about Chairman Mao's research, he believed that the Marxist philosophy explained by Chairman Mao was easy to understand.
The two have similarities in research, so Peng Zhen also developed a different kind of awe of Chairman Mao, thinking that he is a well-deserved leader.
In January 1941, the central government made a decision to allow Peng Zhen to return to Yan'an to participate in the Seventh National Congress. Peng Zhen returned to Yan'an in May and asked the central government about the situation in the Jinchaji border area. Reporting, when Chairman Mao listened to the report, he took notes carefully in every session and made supplementary changes to Peng Zhen's report.
Since December 1941, Peng Zhen stayed in the party school under the proposal of Chairman Mao because of his outstanding ability. Chairman Mao Zeng said to Peng Zhen earnestly: "Training cadres is a major issue at the moment."
Because many cadres came from gunfire at that time, they did not have a comprehensive understanding of Marxism. Many of the generals who came out of the war had a characteristic: temper and straightforwardness.
Therefore, Chairman Mao also specifically told Peng Zhen: "When correcting cadres' faults, you must be more precise and not rough." The three principles of running the school allow leaders and students to teach each other and learn from facts. During this period, he also cultivated a large number of backbone leaders for the party. It can be said that many of 's later leaders in high positions were in Peng Zhen. Born under education.
After the end of the war, Peng Zhen was again entrusted with important tasks.
That is because the central government clearly proposed "Develop northward,Defense to the south" ’s basic strategic policy.
Since the top leaders have roughly guessed the intentions of the Kuomintang, the status of the Northeast is particularly important. If the Northeast can be maintained, then the Chinese revolution will also have a solid foundation.
Because of the industrial foundation left there before, the Northeast has become a battleground between the two parties. Chairman Mao believes that: The administrative power of the three provinces is still in the hands of the Kuomintang, but there is no problem in sending cadres to activities in the past.
Under such circumstances, Peng Zhen was entrusted with an important task, and the central government decided to let Peng Zhen be the secretary.
This task seems simple, but in fact it is very difficult.
The direct relationship between the US and Jiang, the Soviet Union and the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, many issues must be dealt with with "fire", and the party organization in the Northeast region was seriously damaged at that time, many party members were sacrificed, and the surviving party members and cadres also moved around. , And some even lost contact with the organization.
After arriving in the Northeast, Peng Zhen began to work constantly according to the changes in the current situation. From January to May 1946, the Northeast Bureau led by Peng Zhen resolutely implemented the central government’s centralization of forces.
Chiang Kai-shek did not want a truce in the northeast, and insisted on occupying Changchun and . Siping and other places, and fully controlled the long railway line. In this case, Chairman Mao also felt that the situation was serious, and formulated the order to "stop the Kuomintang troops from advancing north without hesitating heavy casualties." The Northeast region will end the war as soon as possible.
When the People's Liberation Army liberated Harbin and Changchun, Chairman Mao directly sent a telegram: defeat the stubborn enemy, defend Changchun, and concentrate the superior forces.A decisive battle was held near Siping.
In the northeastern region, Peng Zhen and Lin Biao worked together, the Siping defense battle took one month before and after.
The Kuomintang has always believed that the People’s Liberation Army can only fight guerrilla warfare and cannot fight a “city defense war”. However, the PLA’s persistence also shattered Chiang Kai-shek’s original thinking and broke the Kuomintang army. Unable to enter the entire North Manchuria area again.
At this juncture of victory, Peng Zhen quickly calmed down. He believed that the troops would probably ignore the base area construction work at this time.
It would be too laborious to explain from the perspective of philosophy and war studies. For this reason, he arranged for the art troupe to rehearse the drama "The King of Li Chuang" , and let the soldiers ring in an easy-to-understand way. It's a wake-up call.
After the initial ideological education, Peng Zhen once again gave an instruction to all cadres and soldiers: "Don’t be attracted by the victory of the big cities, but at the same time focus on small and medium cities and rural areas. And the work of suppressing bandits."
Chairman Mao was very satisfied with Peng Zhen’s work, and even said in his reply: "I have read the recent instructions of the Northeast Bureau, and they are all good."
Since then, Peng Zhen has been completely reused. After the three major battles of , he was appointed as the secretary of the Peking Municipal Party Committee.
In 1960, The Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union wrote a letter to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, suggesting to hold a meeting of the fraternal parties of socialist countries in Romania. Chairman Mao expected that this meeting would not be able to avoid a dispute, so Let the struggle-rich Peng Zhen go.
Peng Zhen performed very well at the meeting and explained China's position very reasonably. When he satisfactorily completed his mission and returned to China, he was particularly praised by Chairman Mao.
Peng Zhen has been pursuing the truth all his life and has made great contributions to the Chinese revolution. In addition, he is also the founder of the new Chinese legal system.
When he was leading the formulation of the law, he proposed that the law should be handed over to the people, emphasizing that the law should allow the people to take the destiny of the country in their own hands.
For this reason, Peng Zhen directly put forward: "Without socialist democracy at the grassroots level, socialism lacks a foundation for comprehensively consolidating the masses."
In 1988, China's "Law of Civil Actions against Officials" administrative litigation system When was introduced, Peng Zhen had left his post, but this law was drafted when Peng Zhen was a committee member.
It can be seen that a major characteristic of Peng Zhen's life is "adhere to the truth, keep truth and seek truth."
And Peng Zhen’s main work throughout his life was devoted to political and legal construction. During the war years, especially in the Northeast, he worked alongside Lin Biao. Lin Biao was awarded the rank of marshal, and there was also Peng Zhen. A piece of credit.
Peng Zhen does not have a military rank. In fact, it is not difficult to understand.
Many people think that as long as they participate in the revolution, they will have a "military rank" as a criterion for their contribution. In fact, this is wrong.
Throughout Peng Zhen's life, since joining the revolution, he has been engaged in party and government affairs. The direct connection with the army is not very large, so there is no need to grant a special military rank.
Before this, Peng Zhen actually had a military rank, and he was also a lieutenant general.
This is because,In 1945, our army was awarded a military rank, but this time it was on a small scale. At that time, in order to compete for the Northeast region, our army sent 6 people to discuss cooperation matters with the representatives of the Soviet army. Including Peng Zhen.
At that time, all representatives of the Soviet Army had military ranks.
In order to match their positions, before leaving, the Central Military Commission specially awarded Chen Yun, Peng Zhen, and Ye Jizhuang the ranks of lieutenant generals; the remaining two were major generals and the other two were colonels.
However, this award ceremony was only to match an incident. The issues involved at the time were also very simple. The Soviet army had no opinion on sending troops to the northeast of Yan'an, but due to the constraints of the current situation, The Soviet army needs a little bit of "face", that is, the troops sent by Yan'an should not occupy the big cities where the Soviet army has taken root.
Later, the Soviet army also secretly provided a lot of help to the Communist Party's entry into the Northeast, especially after Chiang Kai-shek's people came to take over the Northeast, and the Soviet Union also caused him a lot of trouble.
If calculated like this, Peng Zhen, Chen Yun, etc. can be regarded as the first people to obtain military ranks in the history of our army. This kind of formal award ceremony is unparalleled.
However, military rank is definitely not the only criterion for assessing cadres.
From the perspective of historical status, Peng Zhen's status is no less than the "ten marshals". In the ten years before and after the founding of New China, our party has also produced the famous "five secretaries". These People are actually the core leadership.
In addition, there are two alternate secretaries, Chen Yun and Peng Zhen, who are familiar to all of you.
Calculated in this way, during that period, the status of these two was second only to the previous "Five Secretaries".
By 1983,Peng Zhen was elected as the chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, a state-level cadre.
Even if it is placed in the "Top Ten Marshals", only Zhu De, Lin Biao and Ye Jianying have served as state-level positions. The comparison of is enough to prove that Peng Zhen's status can easily be compared to the "Top Ten Marshals." "Marshal" is comparable.
From another perspective, the awarding of military ranks is by no means "on seniority" or "reward", but rather an honor for these soldiers who have been baptized in the flames of war. There are also many senior leaders of the party and the country. Failure to accept the military rank is enough to reflect the qualities of the older generation of revolutionaries.
Since 1955, our army has granted more than 1,500 military ranks above generals. These great military commanders have made outstanding contributions to the founding of New China and the development of military strength. Their supreme glory.
It was from this year that the military rank system of our country came into being.
In fact, the older generation of soldiers pursued more than just military ranks, nor did they go down in history, but Guotai Min'an in the true sense. Most of them have witnessed the appearance of China when it was ravaged, so they became more determined in their hearts.
Many of these talents were born in the party school under the supervision of Peng Zhen.
And Peng Zhen himself has never led a battle, nor has he held an important position in the army, but he is an indispensable presence in the army. At the award ceremony, Peng Zhen said in a solemn voice. The name of the general who made outstanding contributions during the founding of the nation, but he himself was not awarded any military rank.
He is absolutely qualified to be the person who announced the list of awards at the award ceremony. It is precisely because Peng Zhen as the representative announces the list of awarding generals, he can better interpret the famous conclusion that "power comes from the barrel of a gun" .
In 1984, this outstanding proletarian revolutionary veteran was more than eighty years old, but he still insisted on going to the front line of Tianjin for inspection, treating the grassroots veteran workers and veterans with an equal attitude.
At that time, he still had a more important task in his mind: the construction of the rule of law in China.
It can be said that for him, whether he is awarded a military rank is not important. He is indifferent to fame and fortune, but still makes outstanding contributions.
Peng Zhen is as shining as the people on the list he announced.
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