During my studies, studying modern history, I always saw that the Qing Dynasty paid indemnities to the great powers. Today I will pay this indemnity, and tomorrow I will pay that indemnity. There is a lot of chaos, and I don’t have a clue. I just sorted it out recently.
In order of time, let's see how the great powers squeezed China.
On August 29, 1842, the Sino-British "Nanjing Treaty", also the first unequal treaty in modern Chinese history, compensated the UK for 21 million Spanish silver dollars.
On June 26, 1858, the Sino-British " Tianjin Treaty " compensated for 4 million taels of British silver.
On June 27, 1858, the Sino-French "Treaty of Tianjin" compensated France with two million taels of silver.
On October 24, 1860, the Sino-British " Beijing Treaty " increased the compensation of the Sino-British "Tianjin Treaty" to 8 million taels.
On November 2, 1860, the Sino-French "Beijing Treaty" increased the compensation of the Sino-French "Tianjin Treaty" to 8 million taels.
On February 24, 1881, the Sino-Russian "Ili Treaty" compensated Russia for 9 million rubles for military expenses.
On April 17, 1895, the Sino-Japanese "Shimonoseki Treaty" compensated 200 million taels of silver for the Japanese military.
On November 8, 1895, in the "Treaty of Settlement of Southern Liaoning" between China and Japan, the Qing government "redeemed" the Liaodong Peninsula with thirty million taels of silver.
On September 7, 1901, the Qing government signed the " Treaty" with the United Kingdom, the United States, Russia, Germany, Japan, France, Italy, Spain, Austria, the Netherlands, and Belgium, and China compensated 400 million yuan Fifty million taels of silver will be paid off in thirty-nine years, with an annual interest of 4%, and the total principal and interest amounted to more than 980 million taels.
These indemnities were not paid out until the end of the Qing Dynasty.
In the period of the Republic of China, the government of the Republic of China did not have the guts to abolish the unequal treaties of the previous government, and the compensation continued. For example, the boxer indemnity of the Xin Chou Treaty, although there are partial refunds, China continued to indemnify them until 1936, reaching more than 600 million taels.The compensation for Japan even lasted until Japan surrendered in 1945.
From the beginning of the indemnity in 1842 to the complete end in 1945, China has experienced a hundred years of indemnity humiliation.
However, this is not the whole story. The "Eight-Power Allied Forces" invaded Beijing and ransacked the Forbidden City and Old Summer Palace . The precious cultural relics, gold and silver treasures taken away are beyond calculation!
quoted a comment from a netizen, "I looked up the history of the West. Their history has no age. On every skewed page, the words "freedom, democracy, human rights, legal system, fairness" are written, and I sleep vertically. No, I looked at it carefully in the middle of the night and I saw from the cracks in the words that there are two words written on the whole book: "Cannibalism"!"
Personal ability is limited, no statistics, welcome to add.
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