The Battle of Tumubao, also known as the Tumubao Transformation and the Disaster of Tumubao, refers to the defeat that occurred in the 14th year of the Ming Dynasty Orthodox Emperor Zhuqi town of the Ming Dynasty. Tumubao is located on the inner side of the Great Wall from Juyongguan to Datong, and is a component of the Great Wall defense system.
The Battle of Tumubao in 1449 was the first failed battle of the central army of the Ming Dynasty. In addition to the direct cause of the military command error, it is closely related to the destruction of the northern border defense in the Ming Dynasty for a long time, and it is the inevitable result of the abolishment of the northern border defense.
After the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, the remnants of the Yuan Dynasty retreated to Mobei. Ming Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang repaired the Great Wall, set up border towns and set up guard posts, which effectively consolidated the northern border defense. After Cheng Zu Zhu Di became emperor, he restrained the development of Mongolian military power.
In the 19th year of Yongle, after the capital was moved to Beijing, the defenses of Daning and Kaiping, the major military towns in northern Serbia, were abolished, and the northern defense line moved hundreds of miles south. The Mongolian nobles took the opportunity to expand their power and were divided into three tribes: Waala, Tatar, and Uliangha, competing for superiority. For four years of orthodox, the leader of the Wala tribe also took the throne and used force to force the tribes to serve their subordinates. At the same time, the Ming Dynasty exchanged tribute to the Ming Dynasty, asking for intermarriage to ensure reconciliation; secretly probing the Ming Dynasty's fictitious reality, seeking opportunities to raise troops, and attempting to restore the Yuan Dynasty's rule. The north guard of the Ming Dynasty, Cha Zhi, was planning a southward attack by the Wara Army, and repeatedly played sparsely to strengthen guards to prevent fear. The eunuch Wang Zhen manipulated the power of the central government and tried his best to whitewash the peace, causing the northern frontier to prepare for the day.
In July of the fourteenth year of the orthodoxy, I also thought that the time was right to attack the future, and used the Ming court to make things difficult for the tribute and destroy the marriage contract, and put all efforts into four ways to attack it. Fate Tuotuo did not spend the Khan rate the east road to attack Liaodong, Ara Zhiyuan rate the middle road to attack Xuanfu, another one was sent to the west road to attack Ganzhou, self-driving to attack Datong. On the 11th, he also took the lead in entering Maoerzhuang and killed Wu Hao, the Datong Senate. When the Ming court heard of the defeat, he ordered the Governor of Datong Song Ying, Du Ma Du Wei Jing Yuan, General Zhu Mian, and Zuo Sen General Shi Heng to lead thousands of troops to Yanghekou to resist. Wang Zhen tried his best to persuade the British clan to conquer himself, trying to frighten the Oala army with force. On the fifth day of Bu, Yingzong refused to listen to Kuang Ye, Zuo Shi Lang Yu Qian, and Li Shang Shu Wang Zhi, and other important civil and military officials repeatedly remonstrated, ordered a personal conquest, and ordered his brother Zhu Qiyu to stay at the capital. On the same day, in the battle of Yanghekou, the Ming army was defeated again, Song Ying, Jing Yuan, and Zhu Mian died in battle, Shi Heng was defeated and fled to Datong, and Saibei Castle fell one after another. At the same time, Aci attacked the monolith, broke Yongning City, and advanced to Juyong Pass. Tuotuobuhua was besieged the calm fort, but the Ming army resisted and retreated.
On the 16th, Yingzong and Wang Zhen hurriedly led a large army of 500,000 to Datong to fight. On the 19th, during the march, Kuang Ye and other officials repeatedly asked to return to the division, but were rejected. On the 23rd, to Xuanfu. On the 24th, I also discovered that the main force of the Ming army went on the expedition, and the formation was like ants, with uncomfortable heads and tails. Then, pretending to be afraid, he took the initiative to retreat north, concealed outside the Great Wall, arrogant, looking for opportunities to fight. On the 28th, the Ming army reached Yanghe, and the soldiers were frightened when they saw the corpses all over the field. On the first day of August, when the division reached Datong, Wang Zhen could not see the Wara Army, and was anxious to march northward to show off his military might. At this time, the eunuch who guarded Datong Guo Jingmi reported to Wang Zhen that the armies were very strong, and the Ming army in the north of Datong was defeated. If you continue north, it will be just right. Wang Zhen then decided to return to his division, and ordered Liu An to be the general army of Datong and Guo Deng to be the generals, guarding Datong and covering the main east retreat. In the third grade, the Ming army began to return to the capital from Weizhou via Zijingguan according to the established route. During the 40th year of the army, Wang Zhen arbitrarily changed the marching route, causing the whole army to turn to Xuanfu and return via Juyongguan. Soldiers moved between Xuanfu and Datong, hungry and exhausted. I also foresee that the Ming army changed its way to the north, the command was chaotic, and it was determined that it was not a trick, and immediately changed the ambush plan, taking advantage of the sudden and flexible characteristics of the Mongolian cavalry, and commanding the troops to break into the Great Wall and follow and pursue. On the 13th, he chased to the west of Xuan Mansion and defeated the Ming army defenders Wu Kezhong and Wu Keqin in one fell swoop. Wen Mingcheng Guoguo Zhu Yong and Yongshun Bo Xue Shou led 40,000 troops to aid, and then quickly transferred troops, setting up ambush in Yaoerling, a place where the Ming aid troops must pass.
On the afternoon of the 14th, the main force of the Ming army retreated to a civil castle surrounded by mountains and lacking water sources. The roads there are poor and the army has difficulty maneuvering. As Wang Zhen didn't arrive, he ordered the army to camp and wait. Kwong Ye believed that the chasing troops were in a critical situation, and he suggested that the army should enter the Huilai Acropolis quickly, but Wang Zhen refused. When Kuang Ye meets Yingzong, he asks the car to drive into his arms to ensure safety. Wang Zhen angrily scolded Kuang Ye for not knowing the military affairs and forced the army to camp. That night, the Oala army occupied the key areas in the northwest and southwest of Mubao and controlled the only water source in the south of the castle, forming a siege to the Ming army. fifteenIn Japan, they also sent envoys to negotiate a peace, feigning retreat, paralyzing the Ming army. The Ming Army was thirsty for two days without water. Yingzong and Wang Zhen were anxious to get out of their predicament, so they sent envoys to the Wara barracks to negotiate peace. Wang Zhen ordered the entire army to move camps to find water. Also first took the opportunity to command Jingqi into the battle from all sides. The Ming army was frightened, command failure, coupled with the dispensed firearms, unfamiliar with the performance, the whole army collapsed without a few battles, hundreds of thousands of casualties. Yingzong was captured, and more than 50 people including Zhang Fu and Kuang Ye were killed. Wang Zhen was hammered and killed by the guards. It is called "Civil Change" in history.
In this battle, the Ming army gathered at Xuanfu and Datong, which made the soldiers exhausted; camped in the mountains, it was inconvenient to maneuver; and he believed in peace and relaxed guards, leading to a big defeat , So that the Ming Dynasty was once critical.
