In the classic online literary classic "The Fight with the Knife in the Snow", the old Liang Wang Xu Xiao started from scratch and leveled the world, but he suffered from the suspicion of the court because of his outstanding achievements. In the case of Xinliang King Xu Fengnian's dislocation in his homeland and enemies inside and outside, in order to protect the land and the people, he would hardly shake the army of millions of foreign races in Beimang.
Daqin heard a breeze, Beiliang said a deadly battle, how tragic and tragic this is.
Although this work is an overhead history, if we insist on finding a prototype for him, it is actually not difficult.
In the Sixteen Kingdoms Period of the Eastern Jin Dynasty more than 1600 years ago, Jingzhao (now Xi'an, Shaanxi) Ren Duanye was once the prefect of Houliang. In the third year of Long'an (399 AD), he called himself the King of Liang, and he was called Beiliang in history.
But only two years later, civil strife broke out in Beiliang, and Juqu Mengxun killed Duanye to stand on his own. From then on, Beiliang became a Xiongnu regime. After that, the second generation of the Northern Liang Dynasty was passed on and was destroyed by the Northern Wei Dynasty after more than 30 years. The remnants were transferred to Gaochang to re-establish the country. After 20 years, they were destroyed by Rouran, and Beiliang died.
Compared with the novel, this Beiliang has a name but nothing. But it doesn't matter. During the Sixteen Kingdoms period, there were many different kinds of separatist regimes in northern China. Among them, apart from the various "Yan Kingdoms" created by the Murong clan of Xianbei, there were the most "cools" in the northwest. The former Liang, built by Zhang Gui, a Han Chinese in Liangzhou, may be the blueprint of the book "The Fight of the Knife in the Snow".
Zhang Guizhi and Xu Xiao were both paving the way for his son and laying the foundation for his country.
Liangzhou, known as Yongzhou in ancient times, has governed 15 counties and Jingzhao since the prosperity of the Han Dynasty. It is the political, economic and cultural center of the Northwest and an important node on the Silk Road. Qizhou Zhiguzang (now Wuwei, Gansu) is known as "connecting the front line to the desert and controlling the throat of the five counties", and is an important place in the world.
Liangzhou is located in a place where Han Hu is mixed. The people are fierce and fearless. Since the beginning of the Eastern Han Dynasty, there have been wars and rebellions. At the end of Han Dynasty, it was because of the local warlord Dong Zhuo. State soldiers entered the center and caused chaos in the world. So when the "Eight Kings Rebellion" of the Sima royal family in the Western Jin Dynasty caused the world that had been peaceful for decades to fall into turmoil again, almost everyone believed that Liangzhou would be chaotic. The only difference was whether it was the first rebellion or the following. The remaining 20 states just follow the trend.
At this time, a person came forward, making Liangzhou not only not rebellious, but also the mainstay of maintaining the mountains and rivers of the Western Jin Dynasty.
Zhang Gui, a native of Wu Clan (now Pingliang, Gansu), Anding County, Liangzhou, after Zhang Er, the King of Zhao Jing in the Western Han Dynasty. The Anding Zhang family belongs to the Liangzhou family. Since the Han Dynasty, it has been filial piety for generations. Since the Wei and Jin Dynasties, it has been officialdom. Therefore, Zhang Gui entered the official position at the age of only 15 years old. .
In the first year of Yongning (AD 301), Zhang Gui served as Liangzhou governor and guardian of Qiang. After he took office, he put down the Xianbei rebellion neatly and established schools and Daxing education. The local celebrities clung to their celebrities, and Zhang Gui's fame rose:
"The sky is chaotic, and the country of refuge is Liang Tuer. Zhang Liangzhou De The amount is not constant, it is almost like a man!" ("Book of Jin·Volume 86·Biography 56")
During the Yongxing period, due to the rebellion of the Eight Kings, the war in the Central Plains continued. I thought I could take advantage of this opportunity and rebelled in Liangzhou. Zhang Gui once again brought down the chaos in a straightforward battle. The battle was as if Robineng and captured more than one hundred thousand people. From then on, no one dared to stand up against him. Zhang Gui was promoted to General Anxi, and he was awarded the title of Anle Township, with a thousand households, and took the opportunity to overhaul Guzang City.
In the second year of Yongjia (308 AD), Wang Mi's rebels attacked Luoyang, and Zhang Gui hurriedly sent General Beigong Chun and more than a thousand Liangzhou cavalry to rescue Luo.
Qinwang rescues this kind of thing, shouldn't the whole army go all out and come out? Why did Zhang Gui send such a small number of people? Could it be that he was fooling on errands or having other intentions?
In fact, Guzang is more than 2500 miles away from Luoyang. If the army is dispatched and nothing else, the poor Liangzhou will go bankrupt if only people eat horses, and can only dispatch a few Qingqi thousands of miles.Rush. In fact, this number of people is enough.
At the gate of Jinyang in Luoyang, facing tens of thousands of rebels, Liangzhou General Bei Gongchun “recruited more than a hundred warriors and defeated the army” ("Zhi Zhi Tong Jian·Volume 86· The Eighth of Jin Ji"). The following year, Wang Mi colluded with Zhao Liucong before committing to Luo for a second time, and Zhang Gui sent Bei Gongchun to rescue. This time Bei Gongchun did not choose to head-on, but instead led more than a thousand Liangzhou cavalry to attack the camp at night. Before the battle, General Zhao Zhenglu Hu Yanhao, Da Sikong Hu Yanyi also died in the chaos, Liu Cong was forced to retreat.
Beigongchun rescued Luo twice and Liangzhou soldiers repeatedly defeated more with less, which shocked the world. There is a song in Luoyang saying:
"Liangzhou horses are rampant all over the world. Liangzhou rookie (that is, iron cavalry), the bandits disappear; the rookie flutters and kills people." (cited above)
This Does the song look familiar? That’s right, Yu Luan Dao once wrote "Liangzhou Da Ma Song" in "Snow Fighting Knife", and there is also this "Liangzhou Da Ma Song" in real history, also known as "Beijing Master is Zhang Rail Song" , It is the same thing, that is Liangzhou Iron Horse.
Liangzhou Iron Cavalry, Bingzhou Soldier Cavalry, and Youzhou Turk Cavalry are called the three elite cavalry of the Han Dynasty. The Liangzhou cavalry has gradually become more powerful in the hundreds of years of Han miscellaneous, civil and foreign wars, and has become more powerful. Then it has gradually emerged in the troubled times since the Wei and Jin Dynasties and became the world's best. One of the soldiers.
At this time, the world is in chaos, and local princes do not take Emperor Sima seriously, but Zhang Gui sends tribute emperors at four o'clock a year and never goes to waste; Luoyang court is difficult to maintain, so Zhang Gui offered the county's talents Lian, tax account books, and local products; Luoyang is scarce of famine, Zhang Gui immediately offered 500 horses and 30,000 blankets; the rebels repeatedly attacked Luo, Zhang Gui sent volunteers and iron cavalry more than 10,000 to the east, civil and military Zhang Lang, Zhang Fei, Bei Gongchun, Guo Fu, etc. were dedicated to the court without hesitation.
However, the situation in the world cannot be blocked by one person. In the fifth year of Yongjia (311 AD), Luoyang was finally broken by the former Zhao army, Jin Huai Emperor Sima Chi was captured, Zhang Fei and most of Liangzhou righteous scholars died in their lives. But Zhang Gui was not discouraged. On the one hand, he set up Jinxing County in Liangzhou to house the refugees from the Central Plains, and at the same time spread the call for the restoration of Jin from the world, and even planned to use the power of the state to attack Pingyang (Simachi of Jin Huai was taken captive here) . During
, Qinzhou governor Pei Bao, Dongqiang school Wei Guanyu and others tried to rebel against Jin and stand on their own, Zhang Gui did not hesitate to kill them. At the same time, after Emperor Sima Ye ascended to the throne, Zhang Gui was awarded the post of serving as Zhong, Taiwei, Liangzhou Mu, and Xiping Gong. He also firmly refused.
In the second year of Jianxing (314 AD), Zhang Gui died of illness. He was 60 years old and was named Wu Gong.
There is no doubt that Zhang Gui has been loyal to the Jin family all his life. However, in the troubled times, he tried to plot the land of Hexi early. Although there was no rebellion against Jin, he did have a solid foundation, which laid a solid foundation for the establishment of Qianliang Basis (His great-grandson Zhang Zuoxuo was named Empress, followed by Zhang Gui as King Wu, and the temple was named Taizu). However, Zhang Guiwen has the ability to protect the land and the people, and Wu has the ability to kill and decisive, which is comparable to the old Liang Wang Xu Xiao in the novel.
A brief history of the former Liang-claiming to be a Jin minister, but also surrendered to the enemy, and was eventually destroyed by civil strife.
After Zhang Gui died, it was passed down to be the eldest son Zhang Miao—the father died and the son succeeded. This is a typical feature of a separatist regime. The imperial court can only recognize the reality, and appointed Zhang Miao to be the governor of Liangzhou. Military, Xizhong Lang, Liangzhou Governor, Lieutenant Qiang, Xiping Gong.
But Zhang Yu soon faced a serious problem, that is, the capital was destroyed for the second time, and Sima Ye, the emperor of the Jin Dynasty, was also captured by the former Zhao.
It is not uncommon for the capital to be broken. Luoyang is gone, there is still Chang'an; the Jin emperor is taken into captivity and it shouldn’t make a fuss. After all, there is a “model” before the emperor. But this time, before Sima Ye was captured, he appointed Langya King Sima Rui to succeed him and set his capital to build Jiankang, which was a bit unacceptable.
Jin Huai Di Sima Chi had no children before he was taken into captivity, so the successor to his nephew Sima Ye can be accepted by everyone. More importantly, Sima Ye was the capital of Chang'an, facing Zhao's mortal enemy, quite a bit of "the emperor guarding the country" posture, at least he looked orthodox. But this guy Sima Rui had been with Emperor Tong ZhengshuoI'm a little far apart, and hide in the south of the Yangtze River to avoid the limelight. What's the matter?
You must know that Jiangnan at that time was not the essence of the world in the hundreds, thousands of years later, even if it was not a land of barbarians everywhere, it was not much difference. How could it be like a place where an orthodox emperor should stay? What's more, for Liangzhou, the distance from the center of the emperor suddenly increased from more than 2,000 li to more than 4,000 li. The middle is all "enemy-occupied areas", which is equivalent to being isolated from the enemy's back. Who can bear it?
Therefore, Zhang Miao’s attitude can only be "not"—that is, he does not recognize the Eastern Jin court established by Sima Rui.
It is said that after the Rebellion of the Eight Kings, the Sima clan can be described as desperate, at least in the north. A Jinshi veteran like Zhang Gui can at least live up to his face, but Zhang Miao's idea of a "little young man" who has no historical burden is different.
did not recognize Sima Rui, and the goal of self-reliance was too big, so Zhang Mao continued to regard Sima Ye as the orthodox and sent troops to the savior. This battle was fought tragically. Historical records show that at that time, "the people of the Yongqin and Qin dynasties died eighteen or nine." ("Book of Jin·Volume 86·Biography 56") Unfortunately, the savior failed, but Sima Ye was killed by Liu Cong. That madman died playing. So with no choice, Zhang Mi had no choice but to recognize the emperor Sima Rui.
However, after Sima Rui came to the throne, he changed his Yuan to Taixing, but Zhang Yu ignored this and still used Sima Ye’s Jianxing reign - saying that the reign represents "Zhengshuo", but Zhang Yu does not Recognizing the Eastern Jin Dynasty as Zhengshuo, regardless of name or reality, it has separated from the Sima clan and became independent. Therefore, this year (318 AD) was regarded as the year of the founding of the former Liang Dynasty in history.
But the irony is that the title of "Liangwang" of the former Liang Zhang family was originally given by their mortal enemy, Zhao Feng-in the eleventh year of Jianxing (AD 323), the army of the former Zhaoju On the westward march, the posture is almost the same as that of the "Fighting Knives in the Snow". A million troops from the north and the north invade south:
"Zhao Zhuyao attacked Liangzhou from the west... There are more than a hundred miles in the camp, the sound of the golden drum is moving, the river is boiling, and Zhang Mao is in front of the rivers, all looking at the wind to burst. The sound of Yao Yang wants to be all kinds of ways, straight to Guzang, Liangzhou earthquake." ("Zi" Zhitongjian·Volume 92·The Fourteenth of Jinji")
The claim of Liangzhou who took the throne after Zhang Miao's death, without saying a word, directly surrendered and called the feudal clan. So "Yao worshiped Maoshizhong, the governor of Liang, the northern and southern Qin, Liang, Yi, Ba, Han, Longyou, the Western Regions, Zai, Xiongnu military, Taishi, Liangzhou herd, Feng Liangwang, and added nine tins." (Quotation ibid)
Zhang Mao and Xu Fengnian’s choices are diametrically opposed, but the heart of keeping the land and the people has reached the same goal. We will talk about this later.
Although Qianliang descended to the former Zhao and accepted his title (of course, Zhao died a few years ago), he still proclaimed himself to the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Except for Zhang Zuo, the lord of the past dynasties all lived as the governor of Liangzhou or the state shepherd without being king. Among them, the third-generation state advocates Jun, in order to open up the communication channel with the Eastern Jin Dynasty, even hesitate to claim to the Emperor Li Xiong of the Han Dynasty (Liangzhou could not get through the "enemy-occupied area" of Guanzhong and Heluo, so he had to detour from Bashu to Jiangnan).
After Zhang Mao died, Zhang Jun, Zhang Chonghua and his son were in the heyday of Qianliang. Its territory is divided into three states, Liang, Sha, and He, and the western region has a long history in Haitou. The territory is about 1.2 million square kilometers, including Gansu, western Ningxia and most of Xinjiang.
But after Zhang Chonghua's death, Liangzhou fell into civil strife. In just over ten years, he changed the four masters repeatedly, resulting in a great decline in national power. Finally in the 20th year of Shengping (376 AD), the former Qin Fujian attacked with an army of 130,000. Qian Liangmo advocated that Tianxi was unable to resist and had to surrender. Qian Liang died.
However, Fu Jian was a good man, he treated the king of the subjugated favorably, and even brought Zhang Tianxi with him when he later attacked the Eastern Jin Dynasty. As a result, after the Battle of Feishui, Zhang Tianxi took the opportunity to escape back to the Eastern Jin Dynasty. However, although Zhang Clan of Liangzhou always claimed to be a Jin minister, he was regarded as a subjugator after he returned to Jin, and he was repeatedly slandered and teased.
Compared with Xu Fengnian’s death battle, Liangzhou Zhang surrendered without a fight, but he still needs courage and conscience. , With the bravery and bravery of the entire army, he fulfilled his oath to protect the land and the people.In reality, the situation Qian Liang faces is more sinister and severe than in the novel.
After the demise of the Western Jin Dynasty, Qianliang became the only remaining Han regime in the entire north, but it was cut off by the former Zhao, the latter Zhao and the former Qin successively. It has lost direct contact with the Eastern Jin imperial court in the southeast corner, not to mention, money, food and material supplies, military support, etc., without even thinking about it. It is completely a land of a state-or it is known as remote, desolate, and sparsely populated. The well-known Liangzhou alone fought almost the entire Central Plains, and the strengths and weaknesses between each other were almost irreversible.
Although Liangzhou cavalry is powerful, Qian Zhao and Zhao Zhao are also more concerned about fighting in the hinterland of the Central Plains, so Qian Liang can gain the upper hand in most of the battles with each other, even There have been nearly miraculous battles where Bei Gongchun used more than a thousand cavalry to retreat Liu Cong's 50,000 army in Luoyang.
But looking through historical data, the number of troops sent by Qianliang in previous times is actually very limited. After Liu Yao forced the emperor Sima Ye to relocate, Zhang Mao "gathered crying and sorrowing" for 3 days, and then went out to fight Liu Yao hard. It was nothing more than "sending Taifu Sima Han Pu, generals Tian Qi and Fu Rong. General Zhang Lang and the forward supervised the protection of Yin and rode 10,000 in advance, and went east to the country.” (Book of Jin·Volume 86·Biography 56) As for when Sima Ye just ascended the throne, Zhang Gui wanted to show his support for Chuanxian. Guanzhong claimed that 70,000 troops would be sent out to "guard the emperor"-in fact, everyone knows this kind of thing. During the Battle of Chibi, Lao Cao claimed to have 800,000 troops. Actually, he may only have less than 200,000. This kind of bragging skill and tactics dared to blow out 70,000, which shows the extent of his lack of troops.
In fact, the total population of Qianliang is only 200,000 households, and it is over a million. The standing force that can really fight will not exceed 100,000, and there are even fewer "Iron Cavalry" (according to "Tong Jian" It is contained, 10 years after the extinction of the country by the former Liang, Lu Guangjian was no more than "a hundred thousand soldiers and five thousand iron armor").
So relying on the superiority of the quality of the soldiers, Qianliang can be in an advantageous position in the battle below the medium scale. But like Liu Yao suddenly pulled out 280,000 troops to attack, the quality advantage of Liangzhou cavalry was instantly wiped out.
But it's not impossible to fight either-using the advantages of cavalry to clear the country, lure the enemy deep, trade space for time, and even give up big cities such as Guzang and the people as bait, maybe you can win.
But does Zhang Mao dare? Of course he dare not! Can Zhang Mao do that? Of course he can't!
Because Liangzhou at that time has become the last paradise and isolated island of the northern Han people, it can no longer stand the toss.
After the Yongjia Rebellion, the five chaos of Shanxi and Hebei went all the way south, and the banks of the Yellow River suddenly became a piece of scorched earth. Tens of millions of Han people were killed, and those who were lucky enough to survive had to be driven south by the rebels, the so-called "fleeing to the south". However, the Han people in Kanto (east of Hangu Pass) can escape to the south of the Yangtze River. What about those who have lived in Guanzhong and Kansai for the past?
The answer is "Gentlemen go north".
The so-called gentry going north is the Han people of Qin Yong and other Guanzhong and Guanxi prefectures who moved to Liangzhou far away from war. However, although Liangzhou is wide, the land suitable for human settlement and cultivation is limited, so that Zhang Jun had to set up "stone fields" in the Gobi Desert to settle refugees. In the historical books of the time, the names of famous Kwantung Confucian scholars such as "Cheng Jun from Guangping" and "Yan Zeng from Wuling" are scattered. It can be seen that the scale of the gentry going northward at that time may be far beyond our imagination.
and the former lords of the Zhang family played a vital role in it.
After Zhang Gui first arrived in Liangzhou, he went to the Western Jin imperial court and allocated land near Guzang City to set up Qiao prefectures and counties, and allocated land to refugees for cultivation. Before his death, he made a will: "Civil and military generals, the people of Muan, thought to serve the country, and down to the Ning family." ("Zhizhi Tongjian·Volume 89·Eleventh of Jin Ji") will guard Tuanmin Regarded as the most important thing. So when his son Zhang Mao wanted to be extravagant, the celebrity Yan Zeng mentioned earlier ran over to pretend to be a ghost and scare him:
"Zhang Mao builds Lingjuntai, the base is high and nine ren. Wuling Yan once called at the mansion door at night. Said: "Duke Wu (Zhang Gui) sent me here, so why is it laboring the people to build a platform!" A secretary thought it was a demon, please kill it. Mao said: "I believe in laboring the people. I was called the predecessor to rule me, what is a demon? call!’Is for the strike. "("Zi Zhi Tong Jian·Volume 91·Jin Ji Thirteenth")
At the same time, the arrival of a large number of Han scholars also promoted the prosperity of Liangzhou's education and culture, so that the Northern Wei Dynasty fell to the Northern Liang Dynasty. After that, a large number of talents were harvested, so the government and the public sighed and said: "Although Liangzhou lives in the Rong domain, since the Zhang clan, there has been a Chinese style. "("Book of Wei · Volume 52 · Biographies 40")
And Zhigu Zang in Liangzhou Prefecture was not only the military, political, cultural, and economic center of the Northwest Region, but also the most complete preservation in all of Northern China at that time. , The most prosperous big city, one of the two major centers of China, people praised "Jiankang in the south, and Gu Zang in the north".
Such Liangzhou, the last paradise of the Han people in the north, how dare Zhang Mao Let it be destroyed by war and burn with Liu Yao’s army for the honor and disgrace of the Zhang clan?
So he chose to humiliate and surrender in exchange for the retreat of the former Zhao army and the preservation of Liangzhou soldiers and civilians.
Zhang Mao’s choice, although not as heroic as the “dead battle, never retreat” of the Northern Liang cavalry in the novel, but the same way.
At the time of the chaos, the north claimed to have sixteen countries, in fact In 130 years, there were as many as 30 separate regimes, large and small. Since Zhang Gui became the governor of Liangzhou, the Zhang clan actually ruled Liangzhou for 75 years. At that time, no country was able to match it. Isn’t it the luck of the Han people at that time?
