jade, that is, the history of jade mining and use, far exceeds the 5,000-year civilization history of the Chinese nation. In China, there are many cultural relics and arts that can surpass and accompany Chinese civilization and witness the evolution and development of the Chinese nation. They are neither paintings, bronzes, ceramics, nor other cultural relics, but the witnesses of the elderly of time-jade. The
jade has occupied a very important position in Chinese history for a long time, which is not or rare in Western culture. It is necessary for us to take the study of jade as an entry point and combine the study of archaeology with the study of Chinese traditional culture and spiritual civilization. This is the conclusion drawn by the famous sociologist Fei Xiaotong after studying jade.
------ "The Complete Works of Ancient Chinese Jade in Folk Collection: Western Zhou Edition (Volume 1)" Brief introduction
The following editor will briefly explain the characteristics of the jade articles of the Western Zhou Dynasty and the market situation of the jade auctions in the Western Zhou Dynasty in recent years. how? In today's ancient jade market with mixed fish and eyes, the editor collects this information and hopes to benefit more Tibetan friends!
The Western Zhou Dynasty refers to the history of the 11th century BC from the destruction of the Shang Dynasty by King Wu of Zhou to the end of the move of King Zhouping to the east in 770 BC, which lasted more than 300 years. Based on the analysis of the archaeological remains, the culture of the Western Zhou Dynasty can be roughly divided into three phases: the first phase is before the Emperor Wu extinguishes the Shang (pre-Zhou period); the second phase is the early Western Zhou Dynasty, that is, the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Mu King period; the third phase is In the late Western Zhou Dynasty, Queen Mu moved east to King Ping.
In these three periods, the jade articles of the Western Zhou Dynasty were different in shape and decoration, and the characteristics of the times were very obvious. In terms of productivity, the Western Zhou Dynasty was more advanced than the Shang Dynasty, and the level of bronze production was greatly improved. Therefore, in terms of making jade tools, it was greatly improved compared with the Shang Dynasty. This laid the foundation for the brilliant achievements in the production and production of the Western Zhou Dynasty.
Among the more than 2,000 Western Zhou tombs discovered so far, most of them have produced jade, the largest number, excellent quality, and complete varieties. Its important sites include Liuli River in Beijing, Liutaizi in Jiyang, Shandong, Zhangjiapo in Changan, Shaanxi, Lingtai Baicaopo in Gansu, Guoguo Cemetery in Sanmenxia, Henan, Yuguo Cemetery in Rujiazhuang, Baoji, Shaanxi, and Jinhou Cemetery in North Zhaojinhou, Quwo Tianmayiqu Village in Shanxi, etc. .
Types and craftsmanship of jade articles in the Western Zhou Dynasty
Xinli Museum Western Zhou Dynasty-jade bird and dragon combined wear
1, type . The number of production tools has been significantly reduced, including axes, knives, ground, shovel, daggers, etc.; in the decorations, geometric and animal types coexist, with fewer characters. There are bi, ring, Chen, block, pipe, bead, huang, large-scale and complex composition, which are new species and representatives of ornaments. Animal jade pendants and jade ornaments include cows, deer, tigers, rabbits, bears, horses, sheep, fish, pigeons, birds, eagles, silkworms, turtles, cicadas, shells, dragons, phoenixes, dragons and phoenixes, backs, etc. Characters include jade person, human dragon cooperation, etc.; the ritual instruments include Ge, Feng, Qi, Yue, Gui, 匜, 罍, Cong, Zhang, Bi, Zong, Yazhang, Jade Mimu, Yuzhugui four combinations and so on. Among them, 匜, jade 罍, jade cladding, Guibi combination, combination are innovative varieties.
Xinli Museum Western Zhou Dynasty-a combination of human and dragon wearing
2, modeling . Most of them are flakes, and few round sculptures. The ornamental shapes include hook moire, dragon, and various animal-shaped ornaments.
Xinli Museum, Western Zhou Dynasty-jade and phoenix pattern
3, craft . The jade materials of the Western Zhou Dynasty still maintain the richer characteristics of Shang jade. The jade material is mostly tremolite nephrite, including white jade, sapphire, jasper, etc. Its colors are cyan, cyan-white, cyan, cyan, light green, dark green, dark brown, tan, etc. The jade quality includes Hetian jade, Xiuyan jade, and a small amount of turquoise, crystal, talc, white marble, coal extract and Tianhe stone. Coal extract is made from trees after years of metamorphosis and petrification. It is dark and bright in color and harder than ordinary coal.
jade line patterns can be divided into two categories: one is flat Yin line; the other is double Yin line. Each line pattern can be divided into two types. Yinxian type one is thinner, and Yinxian type two is wider Yinxian. The longitudinal section of the line is concave. This method came from Shang Yu and is called the ‘Truly’ method. Double Yinxian: The first type is the same width and the double Yinxian is more common in early jadeware, and the second type is composed of two wide and narrow Yinxian. Late jade is more common.
z2The characteristic of z
jade polishing process is that most jade wares are not polished well, and a few times have smooth and moist surface. The restructuring of jade articles is more common, indicating that Zhou people cherish jade materials. Among the methods of composite materials, a prominent example is the iron sword with jade handle unearthed in Sanmenxia, which is a new development based on the copper compound jade craft of the Shang Dynasty. The combination of jade and iron was the precursor of this kind of craft in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty.
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