" Leshi Yanran " comes from
46 In 2, Xiongnu Another severe natural disaster occurred in China, with hunger and epidemics in humans and animals, and most of them died. The ruling class was once again divided into two parts of the north and south due to the struggle for power and profit. 73, general Dou Gu defeated Northern Xiongnu , occupied Western Regions eastern, and rebuilt the capital. 87, that is, the first year of Emperor Zhanghe of Han, Xianbei defeated the Northern Xiongnu, the Northern Shanyu was killed, and the Northern Xiongnu became "in chaos" from then on. At this time, Locust plague occurred in Demon North again. The people were hungry, internal conflicts continued, and internal crises in the Northern Huns were continuous. The Eastern Han government decided to take this opportunity to completely resolve the northern issue, so from 89 to 91, it joined forces with the Southern Xiongnu to attack the Northern Xiongnu. 89, Eastern Han general Dou Xian led his army to defeat the Northern Xiongnu, forcing hundreds of thousands of people to surrender, and then ordered Bangu Yanran to earn the merits. 91, Geng Kui attacked Jinwei Mountain again (now Altai Mountain) and defeated the Northern Xiongnu. After that, most of the remaining Northern Huns fled westward and eventually disappeared into Chinese historical records.
Dou Xian's Northern Expedition to the Huns and Influences : After Emperor Zhang of Han died, Emperor He of Han was only 10 years old and was ruled by Empress Dowager Dou . Dou Xian (the brother of Empress Dowager Dou) competed with Duxiang Marquis Liu Chang, and ordered people to assassinate him and blame others for his crimes. After the incident was exposed, Dou Xian was confined to the palace by the empress dowager. In order to escape from this internal political struggle, Dou Xian took the initiative to ask to lead troops to attack the Northern Huns and make contributions to atone for his sins.
The Southern Xiongnu, who had long been affiliated with Han Dynasty (but still maintained a high degree of independence), also wrote a letter at this time, hoping that the Han Dynasty would assist its northern expedition, "break the north and turn into the south, and become a country." The Jinwu Geng Bing supported the dispatch of troops. In his opinion, destroying the Huns was something that all Han emperors wanted to do but did not do. Now the Northern Huns are suffering from natural disasters and man-made disasters, and the Southern Huns are willing to send troops to attack, which is exactly "using barbarians to attack barbarians, and the country's benefits." In order to save Dou Xian from his crime, Empress Dowager Dou took the opportunity to expand the Dou family's power in the army, and followed the situation and agreed to the northern expedition. At this time, the situation of the Northern Huns: From the 16th year of Yongping of Emperor Ming of Han to the throne of Emperor He, in the past ten years, the Eastern Han Dynasty defeated the Northern Huns several times. The Xianbei and other those who surrendered to the Northern Huns in the past also rose up and fought against them to win. They defeated the Northern Huns many times and even killed the Northern Huns' Yuliu Shanyu, "taking the skin of the Huns and returning." Before Emperor He ascended the throne, the Northern Huns first fell into civil strife, and then encountered locust plague. More than 200,000 subordinates surrendered to the Eastern Han Dynasty at one time.
Because the Northern Huns no longer pose a threat to the Han Dynasty's frontier, most of the Han court ministers led by Situ Yuan An , Taiwei Song You , Sikong Ren Wei were opposed to Dou Xian's expedition. What is particularly noteworthy is the strategic analysis of Shangshu Song Yi. Song Yi believed that if the Northern Huns and the Xianbei fought, the Han court could enjoy the benefits of fishermen; if the Northern Huns were eliminated, the Xianbei occupied the territory of the original Northern Huns (as the Han court, which was the agricultural civilization regime, was unable or unintentionally retained the Beiting), it would become a greater border trouble for the Han court.
In the first year of Yongyuan (89), , Dou Xian and Geng Bing led a large army (fading the Five Northern Army Schools, Liyang, Yongying, the 12-county knights in the border area, and the Qiang and Hu soldiers) together with the Southern Xiongnu, defeating the Northern Xiongnu in Jiluo Mountain. History says: In this battle, "there are three thousand levels below the famous king, and more than one million animals, horses, cattle, sheep, and camels were captured." More than 200,000 Xiongnu tribes surrendered one after another. Dou Wenjian went to Yanran Mountain to snatch stones and record achievements.
In the third year of Yongyuan (91) , Dou Xian refused the Northern Xiongnu's request for peace and organized the second northern expedition, defeated the Northern Xiongnu in Jinweishan, and the Northern Shanyu led his troops to travel far to the Western Regions.
Dou Xian became successful and famous, and Song Yi's worries became a reality. The remnants of the Northern Huns moved westward, but the border problems did not solve them. The Xianbei occupied the old land of the northern and northern Xiongnu people in the desert and absorbed the remaining 100,000 remnants of the Northern Xiongnu people, becoming the biggest enemy of the Eastern Han Dynasty in the north. More than 200,000 Northern Huns who had already surrendered to the Han court rebelled again in the sixth year of Yongyuan (94). The Northern Huns confronted the countries in the Western Regions and invaded the border counties of the Eastern Han Dynasty for more than 10 years.The remnants of the Northern Huns led by King Huyan also operated in the Western Regions and often clashed with the Han army for more than 60 years. The Northern Huns who remained in the northern desert did not surrender to the Xianbei and were active until the beginning of the 5th century before they were annexed by the newly-risen Rouran . Before the Northern Huns were eliminated, they still became enemies of the Eastern Han Dynasty; the Xianbei rose in the northern desert and began to invade the borders of the Eastern Han Dynasty, and the border troubles of the Eastern Han Dynasty became even more serious.
Dou Xian’s expedition did not contain much value at the military level. On the political level, it was not possible to alleviate the border troubles of the Eastern Han Dynasty, but on the contrary. Historian Fan Wenlan believes that after Dou Xian’s northern expedition, he led to “a strong enemy (Xianbei) appeared in northern China, and the border was harmed, which was more serious than in the early stages of the Western Han Dynasty .” Historian 0,000 Shengnan even believes that Dou Xian’s attack on the Northern Huns was an “unrighteous battle.”
In mid-August 2017, scholars from China and Mongolian countries confirmed that cliff carvings on Hang Aishan in Mongolian , which is the "Yanran Mountain Inscription" written by Ban Gu of the Eastern Han Dynasty, which records the history of the foreign relative Dou Xiantong leading the Han army to defeat the Northern Huns. The allusion of " Leshi Yanran " that Chinese literati like to use is from this. After the interpretation of later literati, the word "Seal Yanran" represents the great martial arts of the imperial army conquering the enemy's country and stabilizing the frontier. Although the stone carvings of "Yanran Mountain Inscription" have only been discovered yet, the full text is included in ", the Book of Later Han " and "Selected Works of Zhaoming", and literati of all dynasties have the opportunity to recite and write. Northern Song Dynasty "Yanran Mountain Inscription" (regular script) written by Mi Fu is the most famous.
