December 12 in history
Main events:
1: December 12, 1915—the first metal aircraft test flight for the first time
2: December 12, 1936— Zhang Xueliang , Yang Hucheng launched the " Xi'an Incident ", also known as the Double Twelve Incident
3: December 12, 1984—American astronomers observed the first planet outside the solar system
4: December 12, 1994— Shanghai Metro Line 1 Phase I project is fully launched and debugged
5: December 12, 1997 - Trial of the world's most wanted international terrorist "Carlos"
-
December 12, 1915 - The first metal aircraft was tested for the first time
Junckers designed the world's first all-metal aircraft in 1915 J-1
Junckers is a famous German aircraft designer and aviation industry entrepreneur. He was born on February 3, 1895 in Wright, Germany. In 1908, Junckers began to engage in aircraft development. In 1913, he built the first wind tunnel in Germany in Aachen . Junckers has made important contributions to the development of all-metal aircraft.
On December 12, 1915, the J-1 aircraft he designed was the first test flight, and it was the earliest all-metal aircraft in the world. After the battle in ended, he opened his own aircraft factory, mainly engaged in the development and production of transport aircraft . In 1919, the world's first all-metal passenger aircraft, the F-13, was successfully tested. It can carry 4 passengers and has a flight speed of 136 km/h. This type of passenger plane was the most advanced aircraft in Europe at that time. Through the large-scale export of F-13, the Germans laid a material and technical foundation for the development of their own aviation industry. In 1932, the company successfully developed and produced large-scale Ju-52 large transport aircraft, producing a total of 4,000 aircraft, which were widely used around the world. During the World War II blitzkrieg attack on Norway, the Ju-52 transport plane continuously transported troops and supplies in the air, making great contributions to the occupation of Norway. It was affectionately called "Aunt Rong" by German soldiers.
On February 3, 1935, Junckers died in Gaoting near , Munich. Since then, Junckers has successfully developed the Ju-87 and Ju-88 bombers, which are the most famous military aircraft in Germany's air strikes on allies and have always been the main aircraft of the German army during World War II.
2
12 December 12, 1936—Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng launched the "Xi'an Incident", also known as the Double Twelve Incident
Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng
On December 12, 1936, in order to save the nation from danger and persuade Chiang Kai-shek to change the established national policy of "resisting the country first" and stop the civil war and united anti-Japanese war, Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng resolutely implemented "military rebellion" against Chiang Kai-shek in Lintong, detained Chiang Kai-shek who came to Shaanxi to supervise the war, and launched the "Xi'an Incident" that shocked China and the foreign countries, also known as the Double Twelve Incident. He put forward eight political proposals for resisting Japan and saving the country, forcing Chiang Kai-shek to resist Japan. On December 25, 1936, with the efforts of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, Zhou Enlai and others, Chiang Kai-shek accepted six propositions, including "stop civil war and uniting with the Communist Party to resist Japan", laying the foundation for the peaceful resolution of the "Xi'an Incident".
The peaceful resolution of the Xi'an Incident prepared the necessary premise for the establishment of the anti-Japanese national united front , and became the turning point from the civil war to the anti-Japanese national war.
1936, Japanese imperialism continued to expand its aggression against China, and Chiang Kai-shek insisted on the policy of not resisting and continued the civil war. The Northeast Army led by Zhang Xueliang and the 17th Route Army led by Yang Hucheng were transferred by Chiang to the Shaanxi-Gansu area to attack the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army. Influenced by the Communist Party of China's anti-Japanese national united front policy and the people's anti-Japanese movement, Zhang and Yang achieved a ceasefire with the Red Army and demanded that Chiang Kai-shek join forces to fight against Japan. Jiang not only rejected Zhang and Yang's request, but also mobilized direct troops to the border between Henan and Shaanxi to suppress Zhang and Yang to continue attacking the Red Army.
On December 4, Chiang Kai-shek flew to Xi'an to supervise the battle. On the 7th, Zhang Xueliang went to Huaqingchi, Lintong to "recommend" Chiang, requesting to "stop the civil war and unite in fighting against Japan", but was rejected by Chiang, and Chiang insisted on not changing the policy of "suppressing the Communist Party".On the 12th, Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng launched the Xi'an Incident, detained Chiang Kai-shek in Huaqingchi, imprisoned more than ten people including Chen Cheng and 5; announced the abolition of the "Northwest Bandit Suppression Headquarters" and established the Northwest Provisional Military Committee of the Anti-Japanese Allied Forces. Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng served as deputy chairman, and also issued a telegram across the country, proposing to reorganize the Nanjing government, stop the civil war, jointly fight against Japan, and implement democratic politics.
htmlOn 16, the Nanjing government ordered the attack on Zhang and Yang, and Ye Yingqin was the commander-in-chief. The pro-Japanese faction Wang Jingwei and He Yingqin attempted to take the opportunity to expand the situation, seize Chiang Kai-shek's ruling power, and further compromise with Japan. Based on national interests, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China sent representatives Zhou Enlai and Ye Jianying to mediate in Xi'an at the telegram of Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng. After Zhou Enlai arrived in Xi'an on the 16th, he did all kinds of work and proposed: as long as Chiang promised to fight against Japan, he would release him. On the 15th and 19th, the Nanjing Kuomintang government issued a telegram to urge it to accept Zhang and Yang's proposals and resolve the issue peacefully. On the 22nd, Soong Mei-ling and Soong Ziwen and Chiang Kai-shek's adviser Duanna flew to Xi'an for negotiations. After the efforts of Zhou Enlai and others and the struggle of the people across the country, on the 24th, Chiang Kai-shek was forced to accept conditions such as a ceasefire, a joint efforts to fight against Japan, and a release of political prisoners. On the 25th, Chiang Kai-shek was released and Zhang Xueliang returned to Nanjing. The "Xi'an Incident" was resolved peacefully here. After Chiang Kai-shek flew back to Nanjing, he immediately detained Zhang Xueliang.
Zhang Xueliang
3
December 12, 1984 - American astronomers observed the first planet outside the solar system
1984 December 12, 1984, American newspapers reported that American astronomers observed perhaps the first planet outside the solar system.
Astronomers at the University of Arizona in the United States used a telescope equipped with an infrared sensor to observe the heat emitted by distant celestial bodies this summer, they repeatedly observed a hot gas planet with a size similar to that of the largest planet in the solar system, 30 to 80 times its mass. This planet orbits the faint star Van Bisbrok, twenty-one light years away from Earth. It is reported that the distance between the newly discovered planet and Van Bisbrok 18 is roughly equivalent to the distance between Jupiter and the Sun.
Astronomers believe that the newly discovered planet has a surface temperature of 1,093 degrees Celsius, which is hotter than any planet in our solar system, but because it is too dark and too cold, it cannot be a star. They believe that it is undoubtedly a planet rather than a star.
Scientists estimate that if it is indeed a planet, then this discovery is a major breakthrough in the long-term exploration of planetary systems outside the solar system, and also provides the first direct evidence for the possible existence of life outside the earth?
4
December 12, 1994 - Shanghai Metro Line 1 Phase I project is open for debugging
Shanghai Metro Line 1 (Shanghai Metro Line 1) 1), is the first subway line to be opened for operation in Shanghai, China. It was opened for trial operation on May 28, 1993 ( Jinjiang Paradise Station to Xujiahui Station ), and the northern section of the first phase of the first phase of the project ( Hengshan Road Station to Shanghai Railway Station ) on April 10, 1995, and the first phase of the south extension (Jinjiang Paradise Station to Xinzhuang Station ) on December 28, 1996, and the northern extension (Shanghai Railway Station to Gongfu New Village Station) on December 28, 2004, and the northern extension (Kongfu New Village Station to Fujin Road Station ) was opened for trial operation on December 29, 2007, with the logo color red.
Shanghai Metro Line 1 starts from Xinzhuang Station in Minhang District, passes through Minhang District , Xuhui District , Huangpu District , Jing'an District , Baoshan District , and ends at Fujin Road Station in Baoshan District.
As of February 2022, Shanghai Metro Line 1 has a total length of 36.89 kilometers, with a total of 28 stations, including 9 elevated stations, 4 ground stations and 15 underground stations, and 8 marshalled A-type trains are used.
On August 23, 1956, the Shanghai Municipal Construction and Transportation Office submitted the "Shanghai Underground Railway Preliminary Plan "Draft" to the Municipal People's Committee, proposing the subway planning plan for the construction of "Caohejing to Wusong , Xijiao Park to Jungong Road , Zhoujiadu to Zhenru, North Station to Wujiaochang and a ring line". In August, the Shanghai Underground Railway Preparation and Construction Office was established and the planning, design, plan demonstration and experimental research of Shanghai Underground Railway was started.
In November 1964, the Shanghai Municipal Committee of the Communist Party of China decided to expand the subway test in the Hengshan section on the subway planning line in combination with combat preparations, and completed a 600-meter tunnel in one well, one station and two-line routes in July 1967.
In the late 1970s, under the ground of Caoxi Park, Shanghai tried to excavate the second experimental tunnel (Caoxi section test project), with a total up and down length of 1,290 meters. This section of the line uses the structural method to build underground continuous cement walls (square tunnels), which is significantly different from the shield tunneling (circular tunnels) used later. This line is used as the official line of Shanghai Metro Line 1.
On January 19, 1990, the State Council of the People's Republic of China approved the construction of the first phase of Shanghai Metro Line 1. According to the principle of "segmental construction and segmental opening", the first phase of the project is divided into three sections: South, Central and North.
On January 10, 1993, the first subway train on Shanghai Metro Line 1 entered Xinlonghua Station (near
of today's Shanghai South Station) to Xujiahui Station to test the main line. On April 9, the southern section of Shanghai Metro Line 1 (Xujiahui Station to Jinjiang Paradise Station) was opened, and the ticket sales and sightseeing trial operation was conducted. This is the first rail transit route in Shanghai. On May 28, the southern section of Shanghai Metro Line 1 (Jinjiang Paradise Station to Xujiahui Station) was launched for tourism trial operation.On December 10, 1994, the first phase of the south extension of Shanghai Metro Line 1 (Xinzhuang Station to Jinjiang Paradise Station) started construction. On December 12, the entire first phase of Shanghai Metro Line 1 was launched for commissioning.
5
December 12, 1997 - Trial of the world's most wanted international terrorist "Carlos"
The world's most wanted international terrorist "Carlos"
0 December 12, 1997 At 11:45 am, the world's most wanted international terrorist "Carlos" took a single prison car, escorted by two motorcycles and three vehicles of armed police, and drove to the judicial building in the city center from Frena Prison south of Paris. At this time, the court was already on high alert. There were military police officers and military dogs inspecting explosives patrols. The yard was covered with policemen who were facing a great enemy. Starting the day before, safety devices have been added at the entrance of the court, and even judges and lawyers who usually enter and exit must undergo strict inspections. The French police also specially dispatched a 75-person team to strengthen and cooperate with the original guard forces.
On this day, the Paris Felony Court opened a trial, and the public trial of "Carlos" (real name is Ilyic Ramirez Sanchez, "Carlos" is nickname). This is his first public appearance since his arrest. He was suspected of participating in the murder of more than 20 people between 1973 and 1984, and he is currently being prosecuted in France for five assassinations.
The court consists of three judges and nine jurors selected by lottery. Considering that the jurors may suddenly give up the lawsuit due to fear of retaliation, the court appointed nine alternate jurors. Therefore, as many as 24 judicial personnel participated in the trial, each of whom was specially protected by two policemen from beginning to end.
At 1:30 pm, the judge announced the trial. Carlos entered the hall and was still dressed in a delicate outfit: a light gray top, a light-colored lapel sweatshirt inside and a bright scarf on his neck. Carlos, whose hair was gray, sat down in the dock and whispered a few words with the defense lawyer. When the court president asked him what profession he was in, he replied, "I am a professional revolutionary." The court president asked his address, and he said, "The whole world is my territory, and my last address is Khartoum "... During the trial, Carlos looked calm and arrogant, without any intention of accepting his guilt. He talked about his "revolutionary view" and retorted to the judicial authorities with a sensible remark.
Carlos is a 5-year-old from Venezuelan html, 48 years old, and comes from a family.After his parents divorced, they moved to London with their mother. Soon after, they transferred to Moscow due to their poor grades and continued their studies at Lumumba University, which specializes in cultivating talents for third world countries. In 1968, Europe was in a student trend, and the restless Carlos had trouble everywhere. In 1970, he was deported by the former Soviet Union.
During his time in Moscow, Carlos met a group of Palestinian youths and began to fanatically praise the cause of Palestinian liberation. So he went to Beirut to participate in the Liberation of the Palestinian People's Front, and was sent to Jordan military training, mastering guerrilla tactics. He wanted to participate in the local armed struggle, but without achieving it, he took on another mission to return to London and live a life of devotion and devotion. He wore famous brands, chased women, and went in and out in diplomatic cocktail parties and high-end dinners with a fragrance. In fact, Carlos's identity has changed at this time and he has become "a nail buried in Europe." In 1973, he injured the owner of the famous British chain Max Spencer with a pistol because the latter supported Israeli . A few months later, he dropped a bomb at an Israeli bank in the UK, injuring several people. From then on, Carlos committed crimes and his names were changed one by one.
Since August 1974, Carlos has cooperated with other European terrorist organizations to create multiple bombings in shopping malls and news organizations in Paris. The name "Carlos" has begun to connect the same series of terrorist cases that have caused a sensation in the world.
In January 1975, he attacked Israeli Airlines planes twice with anti-tank bazooka at the Paris Orly Airport, holding hostages. In June of the same year, he shot and killed two French counterintelligence officers and a complainant. Six months later, he appeared in Vienna , broke into the conference hall of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, shot dead 3 people, and hijacked 11 oil ministers to fly to Algeria . In 1982, his ex-wife De Galena Kopp was arrested and served his sentence in France. Carlos, who had been dormant for many years, made a comeback again and placed a bomb on a train from Paris to Touruze, threatening the French government to release people. President Chirac , temporarily changed to a plane and avoided the disaster. Subsequently, he planned terrorist bombings one after another, causing more than 100 innocent casualties.
htmlIn the mid-070s, Carlos was identified as the most dangerous terrorist in the world, and his pursuit lasted for 19 years. He was the longest-stalked criminal by the French counterintelligence agency.On June 27, 1975, French police received a report that Carlos was hiding at the home of a friend in the fifth arrondissement of Paris. The police sent three police officers to investigate. Due to inaccurate information transmission, all three of them were bare-handed, one of them was seriously injured, and two were brutally killed by Carlos. The murder of a colleague angered Philip Rondo. This experienced counter-espionage officer with a pseudonym "Max" immediately ordered to follow Carlos's traces.
Until August 14, 1994, Carlos was about to undergo surgery. Under the influence of anesthetic, he fell asleep. French police officers who had been waiting for him for a long time immediately handcuffed him firmly. When Carlos woke up on the plane, he couldn't figure out who was around him for a long time. When the plane landed in Paris, he reluctantly said, "It's so beautiful!"
