Germanic countries, like Athens and Roman , are slave countries that rose from the ground of the ruins on the basis of clan system. But the latter two established slave states, only Germanic countries, which were feudal states, and they completed the leap in one step.
The reason must be discussed from the history of the Germans.
First of all, the rural commune system laid a good foundation for the Germans to establish a feudal state.
" is neither good at farming nor sailing, nor does it use livestock products. They only care about one thing, one skill, which is to constantly fight and defeat all resistance. " This is a record of the Germans living in the lower reaches of the Rhine in " Gaul War " in " Gaul War ".
At that time, the Germans were in the clan society , and all land was publicly owned, and major matters were decided by the general meeting of the people. "The War of Gaul" also mentioned that when the mass convenes, all Germanic adult men can participate, including slaves.
All the people attending the meeting were all wearing weapons. This is very likely to be prepared for any eventuality after the negotiations cannot be reached.
If the clan commune system is maintained for a long time, the countries established by the Germans who stepped on the remains of Western Rome would be slave countries like Rome or Athens.
After a long period of nomadic life, the Germans began to settle down in the first year of AD. Of course, at this time, they did not have the awareness of relocation and did not have much identification with the land they lived in.
However, after the settlement, the Germanic power distribution and farming personnel changed.
Tacitus has detailed records in " Germanic ". Because of long-term living together, the blood relationship between the Germans gradually faded, and on the contrary, the geopolitical relationship gradually strengthened. The original clan commune became a rural commune, and the rural commune evolved into an agricultural commune and a neighborhood commune.
Compared with clan communes, rural communes, large families have gradually become small families, and the private land ownership system has begun to emerge.
As Marx said: " The agricultural commune period was a transitional period from public ownership to private ownership, from native form to secondary form. "
Since then, the class nature of the Germans has begun to be prominent, and some free people have become nobles through various channels, and gradually gathered a group of young people around them. This group of people acted as guards or thugs, and the nobles gradually became military leaders.
These military leaders already had the temperament of monarchy later.
Secondly, Roman Empire made great contributions to the Germanic country from clan society to feudal society.
That clan society belongs to a few people equal and public ownership of land has already had signs of collapse.
The prosperous Rome is adjacent to the Germanic territory, and it is inevitable to communicate whether there is or not. The productivity of the Germans has steadily improved through repeated interactions with Romans . In the 3rd century AD, Germanic metallurgical technology, shipbuilding technology, textile and pottery making technology had been initially taken, and its animal husbandry and planting industry also made rapid progress.
This is confirmed in Dieter Laf's "History of Germany".
Germanic people, as a "fighting nation" who can fight well, cannot be content with farming. Therefore, war was another important way for the Germans to seize wealth besides business.
The old Roman Empire was not at peace and often sent troops to invade the areas where the Germans lived. The Germanic tribes that had split in the past united into large tribes.
Arleman League was established in the upper reaches of the Rhine. When you swim down, it is Frank is busy. Near the Elbe River , several Germans formed the Lombard League, the Vandal League and the Burgundy League.Visigoth League, for a long time, is active in the Dnieper River and Danube River basins.
Kong Xiangmin described it in "Middle History of the World" as follows: "The Romans were forced to fight against opponents on the road ahead, and every victory they had to pay the price of bleeding. In the eyes of the Germans at that time, the declining empire of Western Rome had become a fat meat at your fingertips."
AD 376 " God's Whip " Hunter , ruthlessly descended to Europe. After several German tribes faced the challenge in a hurry, they all suffered a crushing defeat.
A Visigoth group decided to find another way, complain directly to the Roman Empire, and then applied to emigrate.
The Roman emperor was a very fond of merit. Seeing that his once arrogant opponent, he took the initiative to put down his high head, and waved his hand to accept them.
However, Rome never really realized what kind of nation Germania was.
The entire Roman government treated the Visigoths as refugees, even slaves. The Visigoths, who had long been dissatisfied with Western Rome, shouted and quickly won the support of Roman slaves, servants and mining workers.
The Roman Empire quickly sent troops to encircle and suppress, but the entire army was disintegrated in the Adria Fort. The old emperor Valins, who was in charge of the expedition, was killed on the spot. The new emperor, Theodos I, did not dare to provoke the Visigoths anymore, moved them to the Balkans and sent them food and supplies, so that they could not revolt again.
KAfter the death of Theodosie I, Rome split immediately. Alaric As the leader of the Visigoths, he realized that the time was ripe and immediately led his army to attack Rome. The battle was a great success, thousands of Germanic slaves were released, and Alaric brought back a large amount of gold, silver and jewelry.
With the continuous attack of the Huns and the increasing decline of the Roman Empire, more and more people, like the Visigoths, crossed the Rhine and Danube and arrived in Rome.
According to the records in "History of Germany", the Otgoths entered Rome immediately after the Visigoths. Before and after his entry into Siro, the Germanic mercenary leader Odoyak deposed the last Siro emperor and established the Kingdom of Odoyak.
And the Otgoth general Theodoric, under the instigation of Emperor Dongro, continued to attack the Odoak Kingdom. After three years of hard fighting, he finally occupied the entire territory of Italy.
The Salik was the leader of the Vandals. He seized the opportunity and marched into Carthage , established the Vandal Kingdom, and led his army across the sea in Rome during the crisis, and set fire in Rome for two full weeks.
However, the Kingdom of Vandal and the Kingdom of Otgoth were both dead at the hands of the Emperor Chardinian I of the Eastern Roman Empire.
Burgundy is also a Germanic branch. It established its own kingdom with Lyon as its capital.
Frank is undoubtedly the strongest of all Germanic tribal alliances. Under the leadership of the leader Clovi , it defeated all the forces of the Roman Empire in the Gaul region in one fell swoop, and used Suisson as its capital.
Clovie was relatively visionary. He announced that he had received baptism and converted to Catholicism. Since then, he has received support from the Roman Church and Roman nobles. The Frank Kingdom annexed Visigothic Kingdom in the southwest, and the Burgundy Kingdom in the southeast, and occupy the entire territory of Gaul. It is undoubtedly the strongest and most representative of many Germanic countries.
Anglo , Saxon , and Jute also set their targets on the territory of the Roman Empire. But instead of snatching the land that everyone is jealous of, they decided to conquer the British Isles.
It was originally a province of the Roman Empire. After the Roman Empire gradually declined, its garrison gradually decreased, and later it completely lost its rule.
The Germans who came here finally formed the English nation after a long struggle and integration with the local British people.
So, without the Romans, the Germans would still be in a relatively primitive state of life for a long time, and would only cultivate them in daily life without anything else. It was the Romans who taught the Germans to obtain wealth. The Germans stepped on the corpses of the Roman Empire and built one country after another.
Before the Germanic people's migration, the Germanic tribes still retained a strong clan social color, and the land was publicly owned and distributed, while military leaders were elected, and major issues could not be ruled out.
In fact, before the Germans conquered the Roman Empire, slavery in the Roman Empire had already collapsed, and the feudal class system had already sprouted. It just so happened that the rural commune system originally used by the Germans had already reached its late stage.
The strong productivity of the Roman Empire accelerated the demise of the rural commune system.
Because of this, the Germans, who were originally in the former state and slavery had not dissipated, established several real feudal countries overnight after arriving in the Roman Empire without going through other transitional stages.
The regime established by the Germans after they came to the Roman Empire was completely withdrawn from the historical stage compared with the original clan society, and the original clan organs were replaced by state organs.
The respected tribal elders have just become the objects of respect for people without any power. Those military leaders transformed into kings, and they did not need to discuss any decisions with others. Because the general meeting has become a situation, the decisions it makes do not have any binding effect.
Such rapid changes, in Engels' view, it was like this: "We know that the original rule of clans after the Germans came to the Roman Empire. The masters of the Roman province became different Germans.
The Germans needed to organize and manage these conquered regions, and this demand was very urgent. But the Romans could not integrate into the German clans, and the Romans would not obey the orders of the German clans.
German rulers needed a number of substitutes to replace the Roman state, so the leaders of the Roman provinces to lead most of the Roman local administrative organs that still existed at the beginning, so the organs of the clan system must be transformed into state organs. "
