On July 9, 1964, Chairman Mao talked with representatives from some countries and regions of Asia, Africa, and Oceania who visited China after attending the second Asian economic seminar in Pyongyang, North Korea. He said:
"India has entered dozens of kilometers of our country. It has fought for several years before we fight back. Once we fight, we fight back to the old border. On the old border of thousands of kilometers, the Indians have run away and there is no army. Then I We withdrew and retreated to the so-called new border line stipulated by imperialism. This line is not recognized. We retreated twenty kilometers from here and set up a buffer area. "
When resisting U.S. aggressing and aiding North Korea, Chairman Mao made the decision to send troops to North Korea in a very short time, and fought for three years with the world's most powerful military group. Why did the armed provocation against India, which is far less powerful than China, fight back after it lasted for several years?
Because Chairman Mao has always had a sense of the overall situation of China-India friendship.
On April 1, 1950, India established diplomatic relations with China, and was the first non- socialist country in the world to recognize the People's Republic of China.
On May 20, 1950, Chairman Mao replied when he accepted the first ambassador to China, Paniga , and said:
, "China and India are bounded by borders, and have long and close relationships in history and culture. In recent century, they have fought for a long and brave struggle to break free from the misfortune of their own nation. The understanding, sympathy and care that exists between the peoples of our two countries are profound. The establishment of formal diplomatic relations between China and India will not only make the friendship that already exists between the two peoples, but also the sincere cooperation between the peoples of the two major Asian countries that have come together will surely contribute to the lasting peace between Asia and the world. "
In the first few years when China and India established diplomatic relations, the two countries had close and frequent exchanges, but there were also contradictions and barriers to regional interests. Despite this, Chairman Mao has always maintained the overall situation of China-India friendship on the basis of safeguarding China's interests and fundamental principles, and strives not to deviate from the direction of peace.
1 From December 953 to April 1954, the Chinese government delegation signed the "Agreement on Trade and Transportation between China's Tibet Localities and India" with the Indian government delegation. Zhou Enlai proposed the five principles of peaceful coexistence, namely mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity, mutual non-aggression, mutual non-interference in internal affairs, equality and mutual benefit, and peaceful coexistence, which was officially written into the preamble of the agreement. The "Five Principles" have been widely recognized and used in the world as the norm for relations between countries.
On September 30, 1954, Chairman Mao met with a delegation from the India-China Friendship Association visited China led by Indian Prime Minister Nehru's wife Uma Nehru. Regarding China-India relations, he said: "The population of China and India is equal to half of the world's population. We should increase mutual contact and exchanges, not harm each other, but help each other."
October 19, 1954, Chairman Mao met with visiting Indian Prime Minister Nehru. He said:
"All of us Eastern people have been bullied by Western imperialist countries in history. China has been bullied by Western imperialist countries for more than a hundred years. Your country has been bullied for longer, for more than three hundred years. We Eastern people Have a united relationship and a relationship to defend oneself. "
On October 23, 1954, Chairman Mao met with Nehru again and talked to him about the issue of war. He said:
"After all, it is best not to fight. We are now implementing the five-year plan, and socialist transformation is beginning. If a war occurs, our overall plan will be disrupted. Our money is all in construction. If a war occurs, our economic and cultural plans will stop, and we have to build a war plan to deal with the war. This will delay China's industrialization process. The same is true for India. In short, we should work together to prevent war and strive for lasting peace."
On October 26, 1954, Chairman Mao met with Nehru for the third time. He said:
"India is a hopeful nation, a great nation."India is good, it is good for the world. Prime Minister Nehru advocated the establishment and expansion of peace areas and expressed his desire to favor peace to the growing number of countries. Building and expanding peaceful areas is a good slogan, and we agree. For this purpose, it is necessary to remove some factors that are sufficient to arouse suspicion and hinder cooperation. We must solve any problems that are sufficient to arouse doubts and hinder cooperation, which will achieve equality and mutual benefit in the five principles. Cooperation cannot be harmful to either party, otherwise it will not last long and will definitely break down. This is true whether it is cooperation between friends, between countries or between political parties. "
On December 8, 1955, Chairman Mao met with Indian Ambassador to China, La Ku Nehru and his wife. He said:
"We have a good conversation with Indians, because we should not be careful when talking. It doesn't matter if we say the wrong words. You will not catch these wrong words and punish us, and we will not punish you either. This is because we have many things in common. Not only are our status the same, but we all do things that harm others and benefit ourselves. If I have the chance, I would love to go to India. "
On September 29, 1956, Chairman Mao held a banquet to entertain Nepal Prime Minister Acharya and his wife. He said in his speech:
" There is a mountain between our two countries. This mountain is the highest mountain in the world. This mountain not only connects Zhongtong and Nepal, but also connects China and India. So, India, Nepal and China are connected, and we are all close neighbors. "
On July 28, 1958, Chairman Mao accepted the new Indian ambassador to China Patasarati and delivered a reply, saying:
"China and India have had a commemorative friendship since ancient times. The Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence jointly advocated by China and India have had a huge impact worldwide. At present, due to the invasion of West Asia by colonialists, international peace is seriously threatened. I firmly believe that China and India will hold high the banner of the Five Principles and make due efforts to maintain peace in Asia and the world. "
On May 13, 1959, Chairman Mao reviewed the draft reply from the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs to Dude, the Foreign Secretary of the Indian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and added a passage saying:
"In general, India is a friendly country of China. This has been the case for more than a thousand years, and we believe that this will be the case for ten thousand years in the next thousand years. India did not participate in the Southeast Asia Treaty, and India is not our hostile, but our friend. China will not be so stupid. The East makes enemies in the United States and the West makes enemies in India. Over the past few years, especially in the past three months, the quarrel between our two countries has only been an episode in the process of friendship between the two countries for thousands of years. "
On May 15, 1959, Chairman Mao met with delegations from sixteen countries and regions in Asia|, Africa, Latin America . Regarding the issue of India, he said:
"A quarrel between China and India is just a trivial matter. Our two countries have had a friendly relationship for more than a thousand years. Has the friendship between the two countries been broken because of such a small matter? No, absolutely not. The reason for the quarrel with India is that of a specific problem like Tibet. The Indian government wants to take Tibet into its hands, in form, China, but in fact it is doing business there. This is the case, so there will be a quarrel when fighting. "
On September 8, 1959, Chairman Mao met with Afghanistan Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister Naim. Regarding the Sino-Indian issue, he said:
"India has recognized China very early, India supports us in the United Nations. Our dispute with India is one of the ten fingers, and nine fingers are friendly. The Americans are forcing us behind our backs, why are our country and India not reconciled? The whole of Asia is united in Bandung in principle, which is the general trend, and quarrels cannot solve the problem."
On November 3, 1959, Chairman Mao convened a meeting of Zhou Enlai, Peng Zhen, Wang Jiaxiang, Hu Qiaomu, and Lei Yingfu to discuss issues such as the Sino-Indian border. Chairman Mao said:
"I want to make such a suggestion. In order to avoid border disputes, according to the actual control line, the armies of the two countries are within 20 kilometers apart, each retreating ten kilometers. The entire line, India also retreats ten kilometers, and China also retreats ten kilometers, because the border is not set, waiting for negotiations to be resolved. If ten kilometers are not enough, you can study it, which can be a little longer. If both sides retreat twenty kilometers, it is a distance of forty kilometers. This also requires the two parties to reach an agreement, or use a text change, or whatever. If he agrees, I see that the prime ministers of the two countries can meet, either in Beijing or New Delhi. I have such a plate that I want peace. Nehru said that when both sides withdrew from Langjiu, I would expand into the entire line of actual control, and we would be at the extreme of peace. "
On March 18, 1960, Chairman Mao met with Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Nepal Kuilarah and his wife. When talking about the Sino-Indian issue, he said:
"We have had some awkwardness with India, it doesn't matter, it will pass soon. We have the same interests and are both underdeveloped countries. It is untrue to say that China invades India. We don’t want any inch of land for others, and it is a crime to ask for other people’s land. We don’t want any of your two-inch land in Nepal. We had a year of quarrel with India, but we were still friends. Friends quarrel often, and couples and brothers quarrel. "
The peace and goodwill released by Chairman Mao to India did not understand and accept it, but instead became more severe. In July 1962, the Indian army advanced to the Chinese patrol in three ways in the western section of the Sino-Indian border to provoke the Chinese patrol and establish a stronghold of invasion; invaded the Chipchapu Valley area of China's Xinjiang, and suddenly launched an attack on the Chinese border outpost. The Chinese border troops faced tit-for-tat to India's encroachment policy. By October 1962, the Sino-Indian border struggle escalated, the Indian army stepped up preparations for war and prepared to launch a new military attack. Nehru threatened to drive the Chinese army out of the northeastern border, and Indian Defense Minister Menon shouted, "We will shoot the last man and the last gun." ”
On October 17, 1962, Indian troops simultaneously shelled the frontier positions of Chinese border troops in the eastern and western sections of the Sino-Indian border, carrying out large-scale armed provocations. The Indian army invaded the Kejielang area north of the McMahon Line launched continuous attacks on the Chinese border troops. At 11 pm, Chairman Mao issued a combat order from the Central Military Commission of the Communist Party of China on annihilation of people and invading Indian troops. The order pointed out: In order to defend the borders of the motherland, the central government decided to launch a counterattack campaign.
On October 20, 1962, our Tibetan border defense forces and Xinjiang border defense forces carried out self-defense counterattacks at the same time in the east and west sections, and gave a devastating blow to the invading Indian army. In this battle, more than 4,800 enemies were killed and more than 3,900 were captured.
After repelling the invading Indian army, the Chinese army did not take advantage of the victory to pursue it, but announced a ceasefire across the board and took the initiative to retreat.
November 1962 On the 21st, the Government of the People's Republic of China issued a statement announcing that "From December 1, Chinese border defense forces will retreat twenty kilometers from the actual control line that existed between China and India on November 7, 1959. The statement said:
"The Chinese government sincerely expects the Indian government to respond positively. If the Indian army continues to attack, re-advance to the actual control line, stay on the actual control line, or cross the actual control line, China reserves the right to fight back on self-defense. All serious consequences arising from this must be fully responsible for the Indian government."
February 19, 1963, Chairman Mao He presided over the plenary meeting of the Central Working Conference and listened to the report of Zhang Guohua, the highest commander of the Sino-Indian border counterattack frontline. Chairman Mao said that we "fighted a military and political war, or political and military war."
What Chairman Mao said about "political and military war" is Chairman Mao's basic attitude towards India. He has been avoiding fighting with India. He has always been full of expectations for the friendly relationship between China and India. He hopes that the people of China and India should live in a peaceful environment of friendship for generations.The counterattack against India was not what Chairman Mao wanted, but was forced to do so. Although there was an armed conflict between China and India, he still wanted to control the situation within a local scope, and did not want to expand the scale of the war, nor did he want to extend the war time, because he had never let go of the overall situation of China-India friendship.
On May 28, 1968, Chairman Mao met with Vice Prime Minister and Foreign Minister Bista of the Kingdom of Nepal. When talking about Sino-Indian relations, Chairman Mao said:
"The nation of India is still good, and the people of any country are good. The Indian government is not friendly to us, but our two countries still have diplomatic relations."
On May 1, 1970, Chairman Mao talked with Mihila, the interim office of the Indian Embassy in China. He said:
"India is a great country, you are a great people, we must always be friendly, we can't keep quarreling like this."
self-defense counterattack against India is an important foreign war after the founding of New China . From this war, we can have a more comprehensive understanding of Chairman Mao's military struggle ideas, diplomatic thoughts, and political struggle ideas, and provide a valuable experience for people in future generations to deal with international relations.
