In order to maintain and consolidate the country of one surname, the kings of all dynasties in feudal society will vigorously praise those ministers who are loyal to themselves and endure, such as Yi Yin , Guan Zhong, Qu Yuan, Zhuge Liang , Wei Zheng , Fan Zhongyan , Zeng Guofan and Li Hongzhang and others. At the same time, it will also vigorously defame those ministers who betray themselves and their fickleness, such as the Bank of China, Lu Bu, , Lushan, Shi Jingtang, Liu Yu, and Wu Sangui, etc.
Hong Chengchou Stills
In the feudal society for more than two thousand years, countless ministers have been praised and countless ministers have been criticized based on their respective historical merits and demerits. However, there is one person who seems a bit alternative. Although he betrayed his original intention, it promoted the development of history. He is Hong Chengchou.
Hong Chengchou was an important official in the late Ming Dynasty and was highly valued and trusted by the Emperor Chongzhen . He was even regarded as the "'s last killer ". However, he surrendered to the Qing Dynasty after being defeated and captured, and actively assisted the Qing army in entering the pass and unify China, and received the evaluation of " First Achievement of Qing Dynasty ".
There have been doubts about the reasons why Hong Chengchou surrendered after being captured, and he believed that his transition from "striking to death" to "pleasant surrender" was entirely due to Xiaozhuang. Is this true of history really? Huang Taiji Will his favorite concubine sacrifice her lust in order to recruit talents?
With the attitude of respecting facts and restoring history, literature and history tells you the history that Hong Chengchou experienced. In order to resist plagiarism, it is a helpless move for me to attach a watermark to the pictures from the Internet. If there is any infringement, please contact us to delete the pictures.
Hong Chengchou
Hong Chengchou (October 16, 1593-April 3, 1665), 's name is Yanyan and his pseudonym Hengjiu was from Yingdu, Nan'an, Quanzhou, Fujian Province (now Liangshan Village, Yingdu Town). He was an important official in the late Ming Dynasty and a hero in the early Qing Dynasty. He served as the governor of the Ming Dynasty, the governor of Yansui, the governor of the trilateral governor and the governor of Jiliao, and as well as the right deputy chief censor of the Qing Dynasty, the assistant to the internal court, and the governor of the Southern District, the military affairs major.
Hong Chengchou was born in a scholarly family and official family in Fujian, and was deeply influenced by traditional Confucianism. His great-grandfather Hong Yishen was a Jinshi and served as the magistrate of Dingnan, Jiangsu and the magistrate of Xianju, Zhejiang. He finally became the deputy envoy of Tunyan Road, Guangdong. My grandfather Hong Youzhi died of illness during the examination and was posthumously named the Right Waiting Lang of the Ministry of War and the Assistant Censor of the Censorate. His father, Hong Qixi, was well-read in poetry but was not successful in the imperial examinations. He never became an official and led to a decline in his family.
In order to highlight the family and revitalize the family, Hong Chengchou was given unlimited high hopes by his father since he was a child, and he entered a private school at the age of six. However, because his father Hong Qixi failed to study and was not good at managing his family, his family's situation was getting worse and worse, and he was eventually forced to drop out of school after several younger brothers were born one after another.
Hong Chengchou, who was only ten years old, took on the burden of his family early and would walk through the streets and alleys to sell dried tofu in the early morning. Sometimes, he would secretly go out to a private school to listen to classes, and finally moved his uncle Hong Qiyin, who was a teacher, and agreed that he could study for free.
Hong Chengchou cherishes this rare learning opportunity very much. From then on, he worked harder to sell tofu to rush to study in private schools and grow up day by day under such conditions. In the forty-third year of the Wanli Emperor, 22-year-old Hong Chengchou finally passed the provincial examination, which can be regarded as a juren who has brought some glory to this poor and destitute family. The next year, with the support of his fellow villagers, he barely collected all his money and went to Beijing to participate in the imperial examination and palace examinations, and then he entered the official career and became an official.
Because Emperor Wanli followed his grandfather Jiajing, he also went on strike for many years. At that time, the Ming Dynasty officialdom was full of factions and party struggles, and Donglin Party, Zhejiang Party, Qi Party, Chu Party and Eunuch Party were constantly attacking each other. At the same time, the , Later Jin outside the pass is rising, while refugees in the pass are spreading everywhere, and the entire country is already in decline.
In the 48th year of Wanli, Zhu Yijun, who thought he was extremely smart but extremely stupid, finally stopped eating, leaving behind a country with internal and external troubles. Afterwards, the prince Zhu Changluo, who had been walking on thin ice for many years and had been trembling for many years, ascending the throne and becoming emperor, soon died due to the "palace transfer case" and the "Red Pill Case". Therefore, the throne of the Ming Dynasty came to the hands of Zhu Youxiao, who was ignorant of Ding and only knew carpentry, which was known in history as the Ming Xizong .
Because of the successive support of Zhu Changluo and Zhu Youxiao and his son ascended the throne, the Donglin Party members claimed to be "re-creation achievements", and completely defeated the Zhejiang Party, Qi Party and Chu Party and achieved a temporary victory in the party struggle. In order to survive, these small factions had to surrender to the eunuch party, and eventually the "ultimate showdown" between the Donglin Party and the eunuch party appeared.
At first, the power of the eunuch party was at a disadvantage, but with the support of the "Carpenter Emperor", it began to gradually overtake, and Wei Zhongxian basically controlled the military and political power of the court. Faced with the increasingly fierce party struggle, Hong Chengchou seemed very helpless, so he had to protect himself and hide aside and watch silently.
Since they do not belong to the Donglin Party or the eunuch Party, Hong Chengchou's identity is very embarrassing. The result of not helping each other is that they are not pleased. In this way, his career was very bumpy and he could only endure the experience bit by bit.
In 1627, Zhu Youxiao, who was mediocre, passed away with too many regrets. Because he had no children, he passed away before his death. His younger brother, Xinwang, was located in his dying brother, Zhu Youjian. The Donglin Party members who were surviving the storm seized the opportunity and successfully supported the new emperor ascended the throne, which was the famous Emperor Chongzhen.
After Chongzhen ascended the throne, he immediately supported the Donglin Party to start a war with the eunuch Party, and sent Wei Zhongxian to Fengyang to guard the imperial tomb. After his death, he was even dismembered. For a time, " New dynasty New atmosphere", everyone shouted that the ZTE era was coming. According to " Ming History ",
was then placed in Fengyang and was arrested for his fate. When he arrived at Fucheng, he hanged his body with Li Chaoqin to death, and ordered his body to be slaughtered and hung it in Hejian.
After Wei Zhongxian's fall, the power of the eunuch party still exists, and even the cabinet is called the "Wei Cabinet". In order to make a smooth transition, Chongzhen did not intend to replace the cabinet ministers immediately, but the vengeful Donglin Party submitted memorials and impeachments every day. The chief assistant Huang Liji was eventually dismissed from office and returned to his hometown on the charge of "personal friendship with the closest servant".
After Huang Liji was driven away, Shi Feng became the new cabinet chief. However, since he also has a "can't cut it and still messy" relationship with the eunuch party, he can naturally be just a temporary role. According to " History of the Ming Dynasty·Big Verse of Emperor Zhuang Lie ":
Emperor Zhuang Lie ascended the throne, and he used the cabinet ministers Shi Fenglai, Zhang Ruitu , and Li Guopu, both of which were used by Zhongxian, and were not worthy of relying on it.
In the second year of Chongzhen, with the initial stability of the political situation, Emperor Zhu finally decided to reset the cabinet and asked the court officials to actively elect cabinet members, which seemed quite "democratic". However, due to the strange contradictions, all forces have never reached a conclusion. It is extremely strange that he actually drew lots in the form of a "maibu". According to " Ming History ",
emperor imitated the ancient divination, stored the name of the golden bowl, burned incense and worshiped him, and then explored it. The first one was to get dragon tin, and the next one was Li Biao , Lai Zongdao , and Yang Jingchen. Because there are many people in the world, I would like to help one or two people to get Zhoudaoden and Liu Hongxun , and I will also be appointed as the Minister of Rites and the Grand Secretary of the Dongge.
Just after we drew lots and selected a new cabinet, refugee uprisings in various parts of the Ming Dynasty had blossomed from all sides, and the emergency documents were issued one after another. When he was in a hurry to seek medical treatment, Chongzhen quickly appointed Yang He, the governor of the three borders of Shaanxi, and adopted his strategy of "suppressing and pacifying both sides and pacifying as the main focus."
This strategy of "suppressing and pacifying both and focusing on pacifying" sounds high-end, but is actually very simple. To sum up, it is just eight words: encirclement and suppression, and at the same time, it is pleading! Affected by this, the rebels in various places surrendered one after another, basically "fight if they can beat them, and surrender if they can't beat them." After the official army left, they continued to rebel.
Under Governor Yang's "unremitting efforts", the more military pay is spent, the more rebels are suppressing. Since there were not many risks and costs, many farmers participated in the uprising, and they would be released if they lost.
When Wang Zuogao and Miao Mei of Shaanxi led their troops to attack Hancheng , the imperial court had no soldiers to send. In desperation, Yang He had to temporarily use the governor to participate in politics, Hong Chengchou, to lead troops to fight, and to use it as cannon fodder.
What is surprising is that Hong Chengchou, who has been mediocre for many years in the officialdom, was born with military talents and repelled the rebels and rescued Hancheng in one fell swoop. After this battle, both Emperor Chongzhen and Governor Yang He looked at him with admiration and continued to entrust important tasks.
Although Hong Chengchou was respectful when facing Yang He, he actually had the intention to replace him and completely disagree with the strategy of "suppressing and pacifying both, focusing on pacifying". So, he directly submitted a memorial to Emperor Chongzhen, hoping that the court would change this too loose way of suppressing bandits and use ruthless means to suppress the bandits.
Hong Chengchou's "iron-blooded service to the country" quickly resonated with Emperor Chongzhen. Therefore, the court issued an order to dismiss the Governor Yang He from the Trilateral Territory and appointed him to take over this position and be fully responsible for quelling the bandits in the Central Plains.
After taking office, Hong Chengchou went to the front line with a Confucian scholar, ate and lived with the soldiers, and quickly reversed the situation. Moreover, with his bloody and cruel style, he was called "Hong Crazy", which made many rebels flee.
Just as Emperor Chongzhen saw a glimmer of hope, Huang Taiji outside the pass was not calm and was ready for a strategic decisive battle at any time. In May 1636, he officially ascended the throne in Shenyang and changed the country's name to " Qing ", publicly challenged the Ming Dynasty and made a big attack.
When Yuan Chonghuan was the governor of Ji Liao in , he expanded and strengthened the Jinzhou defense line, making it a military center outside the pass and an insurmountable obstacle for Huang Taiji. However, with a series of changes, this place has become precarious.
In 1640, that is, the thirteenth year of Chongzhen, Huang Taiji sieges Jinzhou , thus provoking the "Handle of Songjin ". In desperation, the Jinzhou garrison Zu Dashou urgently asked the Ming court for help. According to the " Ming History ",
Jincheng rice is only for more than a month, while beans are less than a month. If the cunning enemy calls for warning again, Yin Ning Jin's qi veins will be interrupted, then the three cities of Song, Xing and Jin will be in a precarious situation and will not exceed the evening.
After weighing the left and right, Emperor Chongzhen decided to "first outside and then inside" and quickly transferred Hong Chengchou to the Governor of Ji Liao, fully responsible for all the wars against the Qing Dynasty. So, like Yuan Chonghuan back then, he took office with great enthusiasm and confidence, and vowed to recover lost territory and eliminate Huang Taiji.
Shortly after taking office, Hong Chengchou tried his best and repelled the Eight Banners Army of the Qing Dynasty in the Battle of Rufeng Mountain, temporarily eased the siege of Jinzhou. When the news came back to Beijing, Emperor Chongzhen was ecstatic and believed that he was the minister of Zhongxing whom he had always dreamed of, and kept rewarding.
Hong Chengchou was still calm after his small victory, and did not blindly advance. He stationed his main force in Ningyuan area and continued to observe the trend of Jinzhou. At the same time, he also understood the character of Emperor Chongzhen's great joy and self-willedness, and repeatedly stated in his memorial that the opportunity for the fight had not arrived.
Seeing that Hong Chengchou's main force outside the city did not attack, and seeing that Zu Dashou in Jinzhou City did not break through, Huang Taiji was anxious. In order to force the Ming army to fight, he ordered Duoduo and Ajige to reinforce Dorgon on the front line, and even adopted the strategy of " surrounding the point to fight " in hopes of using this to lure the Ming army to rescue.
Hong Chengchou knew that the Qing army was powerful, but he was not good at siege. Therefore, he ordered that he would not stick to it, and clearly required Zu Dashou not to break through, and he would not go to rescue himself, and continued to restrain the enemy with the "strike force".
After learning about the battlefield situation, Emperor Chongzhen, who was far away in Beijing City, could no longer sit still and asked Hong Chengchou to fight quickly on the grounds that "there are too many soldiers and the salary is difficult." Even, Ma Shaoyu and Zhang Ruoqi and others were sent to supervise the war, otherwise they would be severely punished.
In desperation, Hong Chengchou had to personally lead the main force to gather in Songshan area, hoping to completely repel the Eight Banners Army of the Qing Dynasty. However, his troops were soon surrounded by Dorgon, and they were surrounded from all directions.
Hong Chengchou has the style of a general. He is not afraid of seeing the troops being surrounded. He believes that even if he cannot escape the siege of Jinzhou, it is easy to break through and retreat safely. Unexpectedly, the Qing army also learned the strategy of "surrounding but not attacking" and sent heavy troops to cut off both the rear route and the food route.
After many failures in breakthroughs, Hong Chengchou finally realized the danger. The most important thing is that with the interruption of food and grass supply, the grassroots and bark that can be eaten nearby have been eaten, and the troops have long been defeated and the soldiers are hungry. According to " Qing History Draft ",
The road to transfer money is gone, and the whole city has all the food.
In March of the 15th year of Chongzhen, Songshan was finally captured by the Qing army. Hong Chengchou, who was so hungry that he was dizzy, failed to commit suicide and was taken back by the Qing army. Soon, Zu Dashou, who was hopeless in defending the city, opened the city to surrender, and Jinzhou fell into the hands of the Qing Dynasty, and the gate of the Ming Dynasty was in danger.
Huang Taiji showed great respect for Hong Chengchou, a versatile talent who is both literary and martial, and sent people to persuade him to surrender again and again. However, he had already determined to die and still insisted on taking a hunger strike despite being hungry.
After the disastrous defeat in the Battle of Songjin, the court mistakenly thought that Hong Chengchou had died in his country, and the Ming Dynasty was in an uproar. Moreover, Chongzhen also realized that it was his own successive battles that led to such a result, and he was both regretful and sad. According to " Ming History " records:
Wen Qing took a hunger strike for several days, dying, fell to the ground and died, but his eyes were still uneasy. Death is more important than , Mount Tai , and the spirit turns into a rainbow.
In order to stabilize the situation, Chongzhen not only issued an order to praise Hong Chengchou, but also prepared to "open the Twelve Altars" for sacrifice. According to the feudal traditional ritual system, the "opening of the Nine Altars" sacrifice is the highest etiquette for worshiping ministers, and the "opening of the Twelve Altars" is indeed the highest glory that has never been seen in ancient times.
Chongzhen personally arrived at the Temple of Heaven and led the civil and military officials to worship each other. During this period, the latest military newspaper " Hong Chengchou surrendered " was reported! The atmosphere at the scene was extremely awkward, and the king and his ministers were at a loss and had to end the farce.
There are not many records in the official history about the reasons why Hong Chengchou surrendered to the Qing Dynasty, but there are many rumors in the unofficial history. The most popular one is that Huang Taiji used the "beauty trick" but made no progress, so he simply sent his favorite concubine Xiaozhuang, which moved the other party.
Xiaozhuang is also Borjijit's , the daughter of the Sang of the Belezhaisang of Korqin, Mongolia. In the tenth year of the Later Jin Dynasty, he became Huang Taiji's concubine. After ascending the throne and becoming emperor, he was canonized as Concubine Zhuang in the first year of Chongde. Three years later, he gave birth to the ninth son of the emperor, Fulin, and was his favorite concubine.
Xiaozhuang
According to unofficial history, when Zhuang Fei saw Huang Taiji's concern, she took the initiative to lobby Hong Chengchou. As for what she said or did at that time, she did not specify in detail. However, it is true that literature and history personally believe that this possibility is almost zero. First, no feudal emperor would allow others to interfere with their women, and even think about them; second, Xiaozhuang grew up in Korqin Grassland , and in addition to Mongolian , at most Manchu , how can he lobby for Hong Chengchou, who only knows Chinese? Third, through the portrait, I found that Xiaozhuang is not a person with a sunken fish and a geese or a shaming of flowers. She has already given birth to a child and does not seem to be very beautiful.
In any case, it is a foregone conclusion that Hong Chengchou surrendered to the Qing Dynasty. Afterwards, Huang Taiji treated him as a guest of honor and included the Baoyi Niulu, the " Shangsan Sanqi " inlaid yellow flag, but it was mostly consulting and consulting, and did not grant any actual position. After
ShunzhiAfter the throne, Hong Chengchou followed Prince Rui Dorgon led the main force of Eight Banners to attack Ming. Under his active recommendation, a large number of Han ministers surrendered to the Qing Dynasty, such as Wu Sangui and Wang Fuchen and others.
After the Qing army entered the pass and set up Beijing, Emperor Shunzhi gradually valued Hong Chengchou and also awarded the original title of Prince Taibao and the Minister of War. He continued his iron-blooded policy and firmly advocated suppression of all anti-Qing people, and was also scolded by the whole world.
In May of the second year of Shunzhi, Duoduo led his troops to capture Nanjing. The "headshaving order" aroused strong resistance from the people of Jiangnan, which directly triggered a large-scale bloodshed. Against this background, Hong Chengchou went south to serve as the Grand Secretary of Military Affairs of the Governor of the South, and also granted the title of "doing cheaply", which gradually restored social stability.
In the fourth year of Shunzhi, Hong Chengchou returned to his hometown to observe the system because of his father's death. After resurrecting, he served as the Left Censor of the Censorate of the , , and the Left Censor of the Censorate. Afterwards, he made many contributions to eliminating ethnic conflicts and promoting national unity.
In the first month of the 18th year of Shunzhi, with the death of Emperor Shunzhi, Xuanye ascended the throne and became emperor. At that time, Hong Chengchouye was 69 years old. A few months later, he submitted a memorial to ask for a leave of absence. The meeting of the Political Consultative Conference only awarded the title of "third-class Adahahafan" (light charity commander), which was a world of difference from the treatment of Wu Sangui, Shangkexi and Geng Zhongming and others who were granted the title of King Shoufan.
With a heart of grievance, Hong Chengchou passed away in the fourth year of Kangxi and obtained the imperial inscription a few years later, slightly affirming his lifelong achievements. After that, he was gradually flooded by the long river of history, and no one talked about it or mentioned it anymore.
Qianlong stills
Kangxi After the death of Yongzheng succeeded to the throne, and after the death of Yongzheng, Qianlong succeeded to the throne, which has been decades. Just when everyone forgot the name "Hong Chengchou", Emperor Qianlong added it in person when compiling " Imperial National History Biography of the Twins of the Twins of the National History ", and also made a highly insulting evaluation:
Although all ministers are responsible for the prosperity of the dynasty, it is a big loss.
Faced with this great shame, I really don’t know what Hong Chengchou would feel under the 9th fountain. If he had died resolutely back then, he would have become a respected figure like Wen Tianxiang and Shi Kefa. What a pity, it’s a pity!
Hong Chengchou Stills
Objectively speaking, Hong Chengchou does lack some toughness and backbone, which is the main reason for the Qing Dynasty. However, if he is " traitor " or " scum ", it doesn't seem to be true. What do you think? Welcome to leave comments, welcome to follow and support @文正文正文正文正文正文正文正文正文正文正文正文正文正文正文正文正文正文正文正文正文正文正文正文正文正文正文正文正文正文正文正文正文正文正文正文正文正文正文正文�
