Recently, I read the book "General History of China" by Mr. Lu Simian. When I read the chapter "History of China" in the Southern Song Dynasty , I suddenly thought of a question: why can the Southern Song Dynasty last for so long in the face of the Mongolian cavalry? Is it really because the military power of the Southern Song Dynasty is very powerful? This leads to the following text.
Lu Simian: A master of modern and contemporary Chinese historians, among the four major Chinese historians. (This article was originally written by the headline author Bodong)
1279, artillery fire roared and smoke filled the sea on the sea of Yashan at the southern end of China's territory. At this time, the Mongolian cavalry, who scattered the world and flattened Europe, launched an unprecedented naval battle against the last army of the Southern Song Dynasty that retreated to the sea of Yashan, and then forced the Prime Minister of the Southern Song Dynasty to throw himself into the sea with Lu Xiufu on the back of the Song Dynasty. The last emperor of the Song Dynasty strife in the sea, and the Southern Song Dynasty officially perished. After the Battle of Yashan, the 100,000 scholars and subjects who were wandering around the Southern Song Dynasty made the most tragic deeds in the history of Chinese civilization in 5,000 years. They actually died collectively and offered a passionate and heroic elegy to the Song Dynasty, which had been established for 320 years.
From the first war between the Mongolian army in 1235 and to the demise of the Southern Song Dynasty in 1279, the invincible Mongolian iron cavalry took a full 44 years to conquer the Southern Song Dynasty. Compared to their 5 years of storm across Europe and 22 years of storm, the Mongolian Iron Cavalry did take enough time to conquer the Southern Song Dynasty. It was precisely because of this enough time that for more than 700 years, people have been talking about this matter, meaning that the Southern Song Dynasty was powerful enough, how powerful the Han Dynasty was at that time, etc., but is the truth really like this?
This is indeed a scene that made the Southern Song Dynasty a little desperate. (This article was originally written by Bodong, the author of the headline)
It has to be said that the Battle of Yashan is indeed very impressive. A wandering court that was destroyed by foreign races, there were still 100,000 soldiers and civilians who died after the end of the journey. The appeal and spiritual victory of this dynasty are indeed the only one in the history of our nation. In this regard, the Southern Song Dynasty was indeed successful and quite powerful.
However, this power cannot be equated with its power in military terms. In other words, the Southern Song Dynasty was able to perish 44 years after the first attack on the Song Dynasty by the Mongolian cavalry, not because the Southern Song Dynasty was able to resist the Mongolian army in military 44 years. Its success in "surviving" was simply because of its good luck and superior geographical location. The Yuan Dynasty did not treat the Southern Song Dynasty as its real opponent.
Jianjin destroyed Liao, the first peerless trick of the Song Dynasty. (This article was originally written by Bodong, the author of headlines)
The reason why the Yuan Dynasty directly ignored the Southern Song Dynasty was probably due to a stupid move that the Song Dynasty repeatedly favored. Northern Song In the late years, in order to regain Sixteen Yanyun Prefectures and realize their great dream, the Northern Song Dynasty sold out Hong Kong , which had lived peacefully with them for more than a hundred years. They decided to "alliance the Jin Dynasty to destroy Liao" . Everyone knows the result that the Liao Dynasty did perish, but when they saw the cowardly Northern Song Dynasty, the Jin Dynasty soon came to the city, and the "Jingkang Incident" happened. In the Southern Song Dynasty, the Zhao royal family still remembered to eat and not remember to fight, and placed the Jin Dynasty on the front line in the north to resist the Mongolian cavalry, and then used the same trick again. "alliance against Jin" . The Jin Dynasty finally perished under the attack of two hatches, but the Southern Song Dynasty was about to face the Mongolian army directly.
That's right, the Southern Song Dynasty's stupid move was this "union of Mongolia and anti-Jin", but the Jin Kingdom was gone, but the Southern Song Dynasty itself was about to have a "headache" until death. I was thinking that if the dynasty also had a zodiac sign, the Southern Song Dynasty should be the one who was born in the fish, because the fish's memory was only seven seconds, and they would forget even the painful things.
united with Mongolia to fight against the Jin Dynasty, the second peerless trick of the Song Dynasty. (This article was originally written by the headline author Bodong)
It was inspired by the "stupid moves" of the Southern Song Dynasty that the Yuan Dynasty gradually evolved from the initial attention to it to the final neglect.How to say it? A dynasty that could even forget "how did the hatred of his own destruction come from" could still bring out a foolish court that once suffered a great loss. The Yuan Dynasty generally sneered. Although they launched the first war against Song as early as 1235, to be honest, the Song Dynasty was not their main target. Their goal at that time was to clear the remnants of the Jin Kingdom and look for a broad world all the way west. The cowardly Song Dynasty was no longer within their main attack. It would be even more beneficial to retain the Southern Song Dynasty, because they had seen through the fact that the Southern Song court almost did not threaten them at all, which was the main reason why the Southern Song Dynasty was able to survive for so long.
Mongol foreign wars, the Song Dynasty may have been an opponent that seems easy but is not easy. (This article was originally written by Bodong, the author of the headline)
Of course, one thing will not be successful because of a single factor. The Southern Song Dynasty was able to persist in the Mongolian Iron Cavalry that was galloping across the country for 44 years. Although there were no subjectively powerful factors of the Southern Song Dynasty, there were also victory in the objective factors of the Southern Song Dynasty.
First, the Southern Song Dynasty has a special geographical location and it is difficult for Mongolian cavalry to break through. Qinhuai to Dasanguan is the dividing line between north and south of China. To the north of this line is an endless open land such as North China Plain and Guanzhong Plain. It can be connected with Mongolian grassland , making it convenient for Mongolian cavalry to march south without any obstacles. And to the south of this line, the geographical situation suddenly changed. The land of China south of the Qinhuai River is covered with countless hills and mountains, and rivers and swamps everywhere. In such a place, no matter how powerful the Mongolian cavalry is, they can only sigh. Later, the strategy of destroying Song Dynasty adopted by Mongolia also explained the problem. They attacked the front, then went down from Sichuan, Chongqing and other places, along the Yangtze River, and then conquered the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty, which also proved how difficult it was to capture the city head-on.
The dividing line between the Southern Song Dynasty and the Northern Kingdoms, the line between the Qinling and Huaihe River and Dasanguan. (This article was originally written by the headline author Bodong)
Second, Mongolia has a strong internal struggle, and many times they have taken the initiative to retreat. : The battle of the Yuan Dynasty in the destruction of the Song Dynasty took 44 years. It was not that it could really suppress the Southern Song Dynasty by force, but that the high-level Mongolian leaders had a strong internal struggle and could not reach an agreement, which led to a lot of opportunities. After the death of Genghis Khan, Ogedei led his army to attack Song for the first time (1235). After he obtained the two Huai Rivers, he returned to the north to the Mongolian Plateau. At that time, he did not take the opportunity to destroy Song. Perhaps Ogedei himself had just ascended the throne, and stability in the rear was more important; starting from 1253, the Mongolian Khan led his army to attack Song for the second time, but Mengge died unexpectedly under Diaoyu City (the Mongolian army still has the ability to attack Song). The position of the Mongolian Khan broke out again, and the Mongolian cavalry had to return to the grasslands, which was not really the Yuan army that the Southern Song Dynasty retreated; and the third battle of Kublai Khan defeated Song (1268), he learned from the lessons from the previous two times. He appointed Han general Zhang Hongfan as the head coach, and finally won.
Third, the Mongolian army was seriously disagreeable at that time and was defeated by the climate in the south of . Someone said, "You said the Southern Song Dynasty is so not powerful, then wasn't Mengge Khan forced to death by the Song army in Diaoyu City?" What I want to say is that we do want to praise the Southern Song defenders in Diaoyu City. They persisted for a long enough time, but to be honest, Meng Ge was not beaten to death by them, but was not a person who died in the scorching heat. We modern people rarely taste the taste of being unacceptable to the local environment, because our current transportation is convenient enough and the products are extremely rich. We have more or less traveled to some places, and there are not many obstacles in human adaptability. In addition, the food we eat comes from all over the world, and in terms of soil adaptability, it is too much higher than that of the ancients.
Diaoyu City, Chongqing Hechuan, is the tragic song of the Mongolian army that once traverses the Eurasian continent.(This article was originally written by Bodong, the author of headlines)
. People in the late Song and early Yuan dynasties were not able to adapt so much. Most of the Mongolian cavalry were accustomed to the cold climate of the Mongolian Plateau and were used to eating horse milk and meat. When we came south of Qinhuai, the weather was so hot and we couldn't adapt to what we ate. After a period of time, we would inevitably get sick, which greatly affected the combat effectiveness of the army. For example, when Mengge attacked Song, he attacked Diaoyu City, it happened to be the Docklands of Chongqing. Even the Chongqing people are now enough to drink a pot, let alone the Mongolian army that had adapted to the bitter cold climate of the plateau more than 700 years ago? Therefore, not long after, the epidemic broke out in the Mongolian army, including Mengge Dakhan himself, and the medical conditions were poor at that time, so he passed away soon and gave the defenders of Diaoyu City a generous gift for nothing.
It should be noted that the Mongolian cavalry can fight all the way to Europe because from northern China to the banks of the Rhine River in Europe, they are basically vast and vast plains, and the climate, geographical environment and other aspects are not much different from the Mongolian Plateau. Therefore, the Mongolian army can travel westward in northern China and to the west, creating a myth in the history of world wars.
Mongolian army reached the farthest along the Rhine River in Europe. (This article was originally written by Bodong, the author of headlines)
It has to be admitted that the Southern Song Dynasty was indeed rich enough and had enough economic ability to deal with a protracted war. Even after being harmed by Shi Miyuan, Jia Sidao, and others for so many years, the Southern Song government still had the ability to build Xiangyang fortifications and continuously strengthen the front line of defense of the Southern Song Dynasty.
But whether it is the objective factors of Mongolia's voluntary withdrawal, the objective factors of mountains, rivers and geography, or the objective factors of climate, these are also inseparable from the military capabilities of the Southern Song Dynasty. It cannot be said that the Southern Song Dynasty has persisted for 44 years, and it is really because the military strength of the Southern Song Dynasty is strong enough.
Although the war is not good, the Song Dynasty was really rich and really rich. (This article is original by Bodong, the author of headlines)
Let's go back to the initial conclusion of this article. If you really want to attack the Song Dynasty, the Mongolian Iron Cavalry would have taken down the Southern Song Dynasty long ago. However, they have seen the strength of the Southern Song Dynasty from their initial cooperation with the Southern Song regime. It is an opponent that doesn't have to worry too much, nor is it a real opponent. It has been dealt with all the strong enemies. Let's clean up this dynasty with frequent tricks. In fact, it is a very good strategy.
Postscript: Mr. Lu Simian is known as the "Four Historians of Modern China" together with Qian Mu , Chen Yuan , Chen Yinke are all known as the "Four Historians of Modern China" . His many historical works. "General History of my country" is his masterpiece and the first general history work of vernacular Chinese in history. It is still a rare masterpiece in the Chinese historical community. During this period, is permeated with the spirit of Mr. Lu Simian's use of new methods and new ideas to sort out the stories of the old country. The whole book "writes general history with rich historical knowledge and smooth style to open up a new era for general history writing." I strongly recommend it here.
Better to have no books than to believe in books, and the same is true for reading history. (This article is original by Bodong, the author of the headline)
However, Mr. Lu Simian's historical works still have a strong mark of intellectuals from the old era. Although they are vernacular works, they still have traces of classical Chinese, which may be a little inconsistent with our reading habits. Also, when reading historical works, I personally think that you should follow the principle of "It is better to have no books than to believe in books". Think more about it. Maybe you can also put forward some different opinions for your reference, right? ! This article is about throwing bricks and attracting jade. I hope everyone will criticize and correct them and express your reasons.
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