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We share the continuation of the Wumaiye Dynasty in the Marwan lineage, and look back at the peak and decline of the Wumaiye Dynasty. In this article, we enter the second stage of Middle East and learn about , the most brilliant , the Abbasid Dynasty, .
1. The establishment of the Abbasid Dynasty
In "Intensive Reading of the 24th History of the Middle East: The Middle East - The Origin and Birth of Islamic Civilization", it was mentioned that the differences in the degree of cultural development in the north and south have always had the contradiction between the north and the south confrontation within Arabia. Although Islam founder Muhammad and previous caliphs have tried their best to eliminate differences and differences between the north and the south, the results are not good.
By the end of the Wumaiye Dynasty, most of the Northern Arabs were Sunni Muslims, supporting the rule of the dynasty, while most of the Southern Arabs were Shiite or Abbasid Muslims, actively participating in the struggle for resistance. This expansion of the difference between the north and the south at the political level provided favorable conditions for the rise of the "Korasan People's Movement".
In 747 AD, a Persian Shinu named Abu Muslim won the recognition of the Abbasid Muslim leader Ibrahim and became the agent of the Abbasids in the Khorasan region. He took the lead in putting forward slogans such as "reducing taxes for the Khorasans" and "abolizing labor service", led slaves, peasants and handicraftsmen, joined forces with the Persian nobles who were bullied by the Wumaiye Dynasty, raised the black flag used by the prophet Muhammad during the founding of the religion, and launched an armed uprising against the Wumaiye Dynasty in Khorasan.
From then on, the black flag became the symbol of the Abbasids, and black also became the color of worship in the later Abbasid dynasties. It is precisely for this reason that in ancient Chinese history, the Abbasid Dynasty was also called " Black-clothed Big Food ".
Driven by the common goal of overthrowing the Wumaiye Dynasty, Shiites, Abbasids and Khorasans formed an alliance. Before being arrested by the last monarch of Wumaiye, Abbas leader Ibrahim appointed his younger brother Abu Abbas as his heir.
In 749 AD, Abu Abbas conquered Kufa and regained the center of the Abbasid rebellion movement. Abu Muslims sent 12 Khorasan chiefs to Kufa and swore to support Abu Abbas as the Caliph.
On October 30, 749, Abu Abbas held a public oath of allegiance at the Kufa Grand Mosque. The Abbasian regime was officially established. Afterwards, the white-clothed food was defeated step by step under the fierce attack of the black-clothed food.
At this time, Marwan II, the last monarch of the Wumaiye Dynasty, insisted on fighting. This monarch, who was over 60 years old and nicknamed "Call Donkey", is considered to be the most capable and military monarch in the middle and late periods of the Wumaiye Dynasty. He went to the battlefield to command the battle many times, successfully suppressed the rebellion of Syria and Iraq, and arrested the leaders of the Abbasids, and resold the dynasty with his own strength.
Unfortunately, Marwan II came too late. When the building was about to collapse, no matter how strong his personal strength was, he could not make up for the truth. Unwilling to give up his defeat, Malwan II personally led 12,000 people to set out from Haran, trying to achieve his contributions in one battle.
In January 750 AD, on the left bank of the Great Sab River, a tributary of the Tigris River, , the White Flag Army and the Black Flag Army fought. The Abbasian army became more and more braver as the battle fought, while the morale of the Syrian army became less and less. After nine days of decisive battle, Malwan II was defeated and fled to the coastal city of Falma, Egypt, which was the Egyptian .
After the Battle of Sab, the Abbasids marched straight into the front, and many fortresses along the line surrendered without fighting. Only the capital of the empire, Damascus , after resisting a few days of siege, opened the city to surrender on April 26, 750.
Abbasian regime sent a team from Palestine to continue chasing the fugitive Marwan II. On August 5 of the same year, Marwan II took refuge in a Christian church in Busuir City, Egypt. He was captured alive by the investigation team and killed outside the church. To this day, the tomb of this king who lost his country is still in this place. Afterwards, the head of Marwan II and the symbol of the Caliph were given to Abu Abbas.
At this time, the city "Vasidu", which was built by the last stronghold of the Umayyad Dynasty, was only in the Tigris swamp, had been guarding the city for 11 months under the insistence of the Governor Ye Qide. After confirming that Marwan II was killed, he finally announced his surrender after 40 days of negotiations.
However, the Abbas did not treat the prisoners well as agreed, and all Wumaiye people, including Governor Ye Qide, were executed. At this point, the Wumaiye Dynasty, which lasted more than 90 years, has come to an end. Islamic civilization entered the Abbasid period.
2. The basic state of the country with a large meal in black
0 The Abbasid Dynasty was the second dynasty of the Arab Empire and the most glorious period of the Arab Empire. Unlike the first centralized Wumaiye Dynasty, the Abbasid Dynasty was based on uprisings in various places. Therefore, when the dynasty was first established, it was born with a solid body.
Shiite Muslims insist on the role of the caliphate by the descendants of Ali , while the Havaliji insisted that the election of the caliph should be restored to the military democracy of the "Four Orthodox Caliphate". Instead of Arabs Muslims firmly oppose everything based on the interests of the Arabs and demand that the dynasty cancel the double economic and religious oppression imposed on them.
Although the above contradictions were exploited by the Abbasid regime during the establishment of the dynasty and quickly disintegrated the ruling foundation of the Wumaiye Dynasty, it also destined that the dynasty was very fragile inside it at the beginning of its establishment.
So in order to stabilize the dynasty situation, the first caliph Abu Abbas quickly adjusted his national policy and no longer regarded Arab's outward conquest as his top priority, but turned the country's focus to the domestic.
is reflected in the specific execution level, which is to continue to strengthen the centripetal force within the dynasty through the relentless pursuit of the Wu Maiye family. Therefore, during the four years of rule by Abu Abbas, the founder of the Abbasid Dynasty, he slaughtered all the forces of the Wumaiye family at all costs.
On June 25, 750 AD, he instructed his subordinates to invite 80 respected princes and nobles from the Wumaiye family to hold a banquet at the city of Abu Fortrus (the banks of the Oga River near Palestine today). During the meal, Abdullah suddenly showed off his weapon and started a massacre of these once lofty "men".
After a massacre, the murderers covered the people and corpses on the verge of death with leather mats. In the thick smell of blood, the Abbasids continued to sing, dance, drink and have fun.
With the encouragement of Abu Abbas, the Abbas tribe carried out terrible revenge on the Wumaiye tribe, and even the dead were not spared. The Abbasids came to the tombs of the Wumaiye Caliph in Damascus, Kennethlin and elsewhere, and dug out their bodies and humiliated them in every way.
Except for the tombs of Muaweiye and Omar II , the tombs of the other Caliphs were not destroyed or humiliated. The worst was the tenth caliph of the Wumaiye Dynasty, Hisham. The Abbasids dug out his body from Russafa's tomb. After whipping the corpse for 80 whips, they burned it into ashes, and threw the ashes on the ground at will.
Not only that, Abu Abbas also sent spies to search for exiled Wumaiye people across the empire. However, the sky did not lose its food and food. Abdul Rahman, the grandson of the tenth Caliph of the Wumaiye Dynasty, escaped from the tiger's mouth and fled dramatically to Spain. In Andalusia , survivors of the Wumaiye family who fled everywhere were taken in and successfully established the Hou Wumaiye Dynasty.
Abu Abbas slaughtered the Wumaiye family while dressing himself up as a holy Muslim and a ecclesiastical leader. But his desire for secular power and wealth was no less than that of the Caliph of the Wumaiye Dynasty. He was domineering in power, killing countless people, and making many enemies. Hashem family (Abbas belongs to the Hashem tribe)'s crazy revenge against the Wumaiye family not only failed to allow the empire to gather centrifugal force, but instead made everyone recall the terrifying and cruel Arab tribal civil war in the pre-Islamic period.
So the internal situation of the dynasty did not stabilize, but instead continued to migrate to the edge of division. Except for the Spanish Houmaiye Dynasty refusing to recognize the Abbasid dynasty, the provinces and regions such as North Africa , Oman , Sindh, and Khorasan also did not fully recognize the caliphate status of Abu Abbas. Even the core areas of the empires such as Syria, Iraq and Egypt were greatly reduced by frequent riots.
Even Abu Abbas himself is in extremely dangerous. The people in the capital Kufa who were not the Hashem family saw with their own eyes the decline of the Ali family and the destruction of the Umayyad family, and personally experienced the hypocrisy and cruelty of Abu Abbas. Neither of them would be his obedient people.
Abu Abbas, who lost public opinion, felt deeply unsafe in Kufa and had to order the construction of Hashmiye City in Anbar on the left bank of the Euphrates River in . But just two or three years later, in 754 AD, the controversial caliph died in the city due to smallpox infection.
Since the Abbasid Dynasty was unable to form a stable empire completely dominated by the Arabs at the beginning of its establishment, the Abbasid Dynasty had only superficial unity, and the border provinces were all semi-independent kingdoms. This destined that the Arab nation within the Abbasid Dynasty was just a branch of many Muslims.
The era of pure Arab rule in Islamic history is over, replaced by the joint rule of Arab aristocracy and non-Arab aristocracy. The people in the empire were no longer pure Arabs, and most caliphs had blood from aliens.
In the middle and late dynasties, like the Eastern Zhou Dynasty in the Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period of China, the Caliph was only known for its duration, and the duration of the central government was in the hands of non-Arabs. All local provinces regard themselves as dynasties, and only recognize the status of the Abbasid Caliph in the superficial on the surface, and the senior officials even included a large number of non-Arab people. Islamic civilization began to break away from the imprint of the Arab nation and go to the world.
In this era, the bloodline of Arabs has gradually faded, and the concept of race among Muslims has gradually disappeared. Arabs and non-Arabs merge with each other as Muslims under the framework of Islamic civilization. The addition of different ethnic groups has also brought unprecedented development of Arab Islamic culture, created the empire's prosperity in various academic aspects, and had a profound impact on future generations.
3. Overview of the Abbasid Dynasty
With the participation of various non-Arab nations, the Abbasid Dynasty began to be established in 750 AD and continued until 1258 AD. It was not until the Mongolian army marched westward and captured Baghdad (in 762 AD, the capital moved from Kufa to Baghdad) that the Abbasid Dynasty declared its demise. The rule lasted for more than five centuries.
In the past 500 years, a total of 37 caliphs have been produced. The three most famous ones are Mansour, the second Caliph who succeeded to the throne in 754 AD, the Caliph Harun Rashid who succeeded to the throne in 786 AD, and the Caliph Maimon who succeeded to the throne in 813 AD.
Since the founding king Abu Abbas failed to win over all the forces of the empire, the second caliph Mansour had a very heavy burden on his shoulders. Mansour has lived up to expectations and became the founder of various systems of the dynasty and was called "the true founder of the dynasty" by later historians.
The era of Caliph Harun Rashid was the peak of the Abbasid Dynasty. The Abbasid dynasty formed an alliance with the Frankish kingdom and promoted the ruling experience of the original Persian Sassanid dynasty. The caliph's status was stable. The trade of the " Silk Road" on both the east and the west was prosperous and developed. The empire situation became increasingly peaceful and stable. China's papermaking technology was introduced to the Arab Empire, making the famous book "One Thousand and One Nights" widely circulated.
It was under the leadership of Harlen that the Arab Empire launched the famous "Centenary Translation Movement". Many academic heritages of Persia, India, Greece , Roman were translated into Arabic literature, laying the literary and ideological foundation for the subsequent European Renaissance .
By the time of the Caliph Maimon, the Arab Empire continued to promote the translation movement of works in the fields of science and philosophy. Maimon himself loves Greek philosophy and is a fan of philosophers such as Aristotle . He invested heavily in establishing institutions, specializing in organizing personnel to engage in the translation career of science and philosophy.
Maimon is proficient in philosophy, medicine, astronomy, mathematics, mechanics, , architecture, ' Quran ', doctrine, Arabic law, and established a comprehensive academic institution in Baghdad - " Palace of Wisdom ". It covers libraries, research institutes and translation libraries, and has become the largest academic institution in the history of the Middle East after the "Alexander Library". The Iraq region, especially Baghdad at that time, brought together the light of civilization of all mankind and became one of the most developed cultural places in the world at that time.
Not only that, based on rational cognition, Caliph Maimon advocated freedom of thought, and regarded Islamic philosophical schools as state religion, denying the Arabic and the Quran "apocalypse" propositions (created by heaven rather than man), vigorously promoting the "created" proposition (created by man, and able to be rationally recognized by man, and believed that humans can actively distinguish good and evil based on doctrine), achieving the heyday of the Abbas dynasty, which was called the "golden age" of Islamic culture by later generations.
However, after the mid-9th century, the Eastern Turks entered the core of power, and the Caliph lost power. After the independence of North Africa and Morocco and Tunisia , the leaders of the Fatima clan claimed to be the Caliph as descendants of Ali, established a regime and controlled North Africa and Egypt except for Morocco , and used Cairo as the capital. In 971 AD, it occupied most of Syria, known in history as the Fatima dynasty . Because of its admiration for green, Chinese history books also called it "green and large food."
In addition to the "white food" of the Houmaiye Dynasty and the "green food" of the Fatima Dynasty, from the mid-ninth century to the thirteenth century, the dynasties that coexisted with Abbas include the Tahir dynasty from 820 to 872 AD, the Safar dynasty from 867 to 903 AD, the Saman dynasty from 962 to 1186 AD, the Bweshi dynasty from 945 to 1055 AD, the Hamdan dynasty from 929 to 991 AD, the Seljuk dynasty from 11th century AD, the Tulun dynasty from 868 to 905 AD, and the Ihshid dynasty from 935 to 969 AD, etc.
They all respect the Abbasid Caliph as the supreme ruler on the surface, but in fact they are in their own right and have a high degree of autonomy. The Abbasid Dynasty is in name only.
From the 11th to the 13th century AD, European feudal lords, great merchants and Catholic churches took advantage of the small Arab Empire to launch a war of aggression against the Islamic world in the name of maintaining Christianity and regaining Jerusalem , which is known in history as " Crusade ".
The Eastern Expedition was carried out eight times, and the Islamic state's resistance to the aggression of Christian states continued for more than two hundred years. This "jihad" that was widely publicized by Europe massacred a large number of Muslims and plundered a large number of spoils, and only a few thousand devout Christians came to Jerusalem.
In 1127 AD, under the leadership of Urdiddin Zanji, the Arabs blocked the crusaders in northern Iraq, and conquered the important Syrian stronghold Aleppo . In 1187, the Islamic general Saladin led his army to attack the Jerusalem Kingdom established by European Christians, and recovered the coastal cities and Jerusalem. By 1291, after the Islamic state conquered the last Christian stronghold in Asia, the "Crusade" was declared completely failed.
This protracted war between the East and the West inadvertently promoted the expansion of trade and accelerated the spread of Islamic culture, especially the Arabic translation of ancient Greek culture and scientific ideas to Europe. However, due to the plundering and atrocities of the Crusaders and the tenacious resistance of the Islamic countries, all Islamic countries and European Christian countries were severely damaged.
So much so, when the Mongolian army on the East Asian continent came from the east, neither Christian nor Islamic countries could resist the Iron Cavalry of the Mongolian army. In 1258 AD, the Mongols conquered Baghdad, and the Abbasid Dynasty, which had long been in name only, was completely destroyed.
OK, this article is all for sharing. I hope it will be helpful for you to understand the history of the Middle East. In the next article, we will enter the Abbasid Dynasty and take a closer look at this magnificent wave of more than 500 years. This is the 625th article I have shared with you. Welcome to read it. See you next article.
