During the Republic of China period, Tan Yankai was a well-known figure, although when people nowadays, the first thing they think of is the word "warlord". Yes, Tan Yankai is indeed the leader of the Hunan warlord, but he is not an ordinary warlord. He was the Huiyuan (the first place in the imperial examination) in the last imperial examination of the Qing Dynasty. Since Hunan had not won the Huiyuan for 260 years before him, his reputation and influence even surpassed the top scholar in that subject. Later, he actively promoted the road protection movement and the constitutional movement, which became the opposite of the Qing court again. After the victory of the Xinhai Revolution in Hunan, he was promoted to the throne of "Xiang Governor", and held this position twice in 1916 and 1920. The most wisest move in Tan Yankai's life was when Chen Jiongming rebelled, he firmly supported Sun Yat-sen, which allowed him to accumulate enough political capital and be able to rise all the way after the Ninghan merger. He served as the chairman and the president of the National Government. After his death, he also prepared great honors and was buried in Linggu Temple on the side of Zhongshan Mausoleum with the national funeral ceremony. Chiang Kai-shek went to the funeral in person.
Tan Yankai
Family background
Tan Yankai, named Tuan'an, and also named Weilu. In 1879 (Jimao in the fifth year of Guangxu), he was born in a large bureaucratic landlord family in Chaling County, Hunan Province. His father, Tan Zhongzi, whose courtesy name was Wenqing, was a Hanlin during the Xianfeng period and served as a censor. Later, he was sponsored by Zuo Zongtang and transferred to Gansu governor. When Zuo Zheng was struggling to the northwest, Tan Zhonglin worked very hard to supply the Zuo Jun’s food and fodder, and did the "flying straw to pick up grain" without avoiding difficulties. In the northwest, food and fodder were extremely important; so Zuo Zongtang compared Tan to Xiao He and recommended him to become the governor of Shaanxi and Gansu. Then he was transferred to the Governor of Fujian and Zhejiang and the Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi. Tan Zhonglin had five sons, Tan Yankai was ranked third, and he, the fourth and fifth brothers, were both born in the illegitimate family.
Tan Yanyan has been with his father Tan Zhonglin since he was a child and was taught by his words and deeds. Not only did he have a strong interest in politics, he was obsessed with the imperial examination since he was a child and was determined to do politics; he was able to experience the various aspects of the officialdom and accumulated rich political experience. During Tan Yanyan's future career, he was always able to get along with everything, just like a fish in water, which is not unrelated to this. Tan Zhonglin has served as the governor of Shaanxi, Gansu, Fujian, Zhejiang, and Guangdong and Guangxi. As the son of the governor, Tan Yanyan became a gazebo from his youth. He was collectively known as the "Three Princess of Hunan" by people at that time, Chen Sanli, son of Hunan Governor Chen Baozhen, and Tan Jixun, son of Hubei Governor Tan Jixun. Coupled with his success in the field of science, Hunan's influence continues to expand. With his father's reputation and his own efforts, young Tan Yanyan won a good reputation in Hunan, thus laying a solid foundation for him to stand out from the Hunan constitutionalists.
The career is smooth and simplified
Tan Yankai is smart and studious, and he entered a private school at the age of 5. His father stipulated that he should write an article in three days, a poem in five days, and practice writing a few pages of large pages, small regular script brush calligraphy. At the age of 11, he studied Yiyi Literature, and Emperor Guangxu’s master Weng Tonghe called him a “wizard”. In 1893, Tan Yankai went to Changsha to participate in the boy exam and passed the exam for scholars. Tan's father was old at that time. While accompanying his father to spend his old age, Tan Yankai continued to learn from famous teachers from all over the country. In 1904, Tan Yankai participated in the last imperial examination in the late Qing Dynasty. The first tribute scholar in the exam was Huiyuan. 0 was the only Huiyuan in Hunan in the Qing Dynasty. He participated in the palace examination in April, ranking 35th in the second class and was awarded the title of Jinshi. After being promoted to Jinshi, Tan Yankai was appointed as an editor of the Hanlin Academy by the court. He then returned to his hometown of Hunan and served as the supervisor of Hunan Middle Road Normal School and the general office of Mingde Academy.
At the end of the Qing Dynasty, the trend of demanding constitutionalism came from all aspects. The Qing court was forced to make a decision and had to prepare for constitutionalism. First, the Advisory Bureau of each province was established. Seeing that the situation of "wealth and honor" had arrived, Tan Yankai was engaged in a large-scale activity based on his inherent political capital - the status of aristocratic children and gentry. He had various conditions: First, he had a good time in , Futai , and Fantai Yamen; second, his father had many old friends and disciples; third, he had many academic qualifications in the province in the same year.The great gentleman of Hunan Province Wang Kaiyun , Shen Rangxi, Wang Xianqian , Ye Dehui , Peng Qingli, Long Zhanlin , and Wu Yanzhou can all help him. Young Master Tan San treats guests and gives gifts, and some are money. So the seat he wanted to get was like taking something out of his pocket and reaching out to get it.
1909, the Hunan Advisory Bureau was established, and Tan Yankai was elected as the speaker, and since then he became the head of the constitutional monarchy in Hunan.
Supervising Hunan
In the early years of the Republic of China, Tan Yankai controlled Hunan government affairs three times. After the outbreak of the Xinhai Revolution, revolutionaries Jiao Dafeng, Chen Zuoxin and others led the new army to hold an uprising in Changsha and established the Hunan Governor's Office. The two of them became the chief and deputy governors. The constitutional faction led by Tan Yankai established the Senate of Hunan Governor's Office, and Tan Yankai was elected as the president. Later, the Governor's Office established two ministries: Military Affairs and Civil Affairs, and Tan Yankai was appointed Minister of Civil Affairs, taking charge of Hunan's civil affairs. In the same year, Tan Yankai instigated the new army to launch an armed coup, killing Jiao Dafeng and Chen Zuoxin, and the Advisory Bureau elected Tan Yankai to succeed as the governor. From then on, he became the governor of Hunan and gained the power of Hunan. At that time, in order to take into account the overall situation of the revolution, the revolutionaries adopted a tolerant attitude towards him. 1912, Tan Yankai joined the Kuomintang and was appointed as the official governor of Hunan Province by Yuan Shikai. His power was at its peak.
1913, due to the murder of Song Jiaoren and Yuan Shikai's " aftermath loan ", the Tongmenghui launched the "Second Revolution", and the Jiangxi Governor Li Liejun declared Jiangxi independence and fought against Yuan by force. Asked about Tan Yankai in advance, as a member of the Kuomintang and who is actually a constitutional advocate, Tan Yankai passed by "I follow the crowd". Afterwards, Tan Yankai wanted to mediate the matter, but was coerced by the armed and coerced by the revolutionaries of Hunan. He had to hang a banner of defying Yuan in the early morning of July 25th of the Governor's Office in and officially declared independence.
Just half a month later, the political situation in Hunan was seriously threatened due to the huge military progress made by Beiyang government . Tan Yankai, who was originally a fence-based approach to "fighting Yuan by force", quickly abolished his independence under the name of "can avoid being miserable to life", hoping to obtain Yuan Shikai's understanding. Unfortunately, Yuan Shikai did not give him a good face. When he was officially elected as president, he removed Tan Hunan's position as governor and replaced him with Tang Xingming . Tan Yankai's first title ended.
11915, there was a clue that Yuan Shikai had become emperor. Hunan is at a key junction between the north and the south and has important strategic value. The revolutionaries sent Cheng Qian to Shanghai and went with Zhang Shizhao to persuade Tan Yankai to oppose Yuan. Tan Yankai, who has always been cautious, said that "the future is long" and "responsible for the discussion", but did not agree immediately. It was not until December 15 that Cai E raised the banner of "protecting the country" in Yunnan that Tan Yankai announced his opposition to Yuan and insisted on Yuan Shikai's resignation. In early June, Tan Yankai was invited by Xiang Governor Tang Xiangming's brother Tang Hualong , Tang Hualong , to start the second planning to lead Hunan in the name of mediating the conflicts between Tang and Hunan. After a series of planning, on July 1, the Hunan National Protection Army led by Cheng Qian marched into Hunan Changsha and expelled Tang Xiangming from Hunan. Later, Tan Yankai proposed to "return the Hunan people to Hunan", and joined forces with revolutionaries, Huang Xing , and others to prevent Chen Huan, appointed by Li Yuanhong, from entering Hunan, and finally forced Duan Qirui's government to appoint him as the governor of Hunan. This is the second time Tan takes charge of Hunan.
Although Tan Yankai fulfilled his wish this time, he knew very well that Duan Qirui's desire to eliminate himself will not die. Sure enough, together with the protector war, Duan Qirui asked the Fu Liangzuo, who is also a Hunanese, to only leave Tan Yankai a short governor . Tan Yankai decided to join forces with the warlords in the southwest to fight against the north, but the provinces did not come in any way, and delayed the fight against the north, and finally failed to fight against the north with force. On September 1, Tan Yankai had no choice but to resign from his position as governor in the name of being sick and waiting for medical treatment and went to Shanghai, ending his second supervision of Hunan. Before this, he transferred his confidants Liu Jianfan and Lin Xiumei's troops to , Hunan , leaving a backup plan for future resumption.
11917, in order to alienate the Hunan-Guangzhou Law Guardian Army, who was also in Hunan, the Beiyang government suddenly appointed Tan Yankai as the governor of Hunan.Tan was not moved by it. Afterwards, Tan Yankai obtained the support of the Guangxi Lu Rongting and decided to "use the contradiction between the two warlords of Zhili and Anhui to join forces with Zhili and Anhui." In 1918, with the support of Lu Rongting, the Guangxi clique, joined Hunan and was responsible for the important task of governing the army in Hunan. He set up a plan to force Cheng Qian to leave Hunan, and then obtained the title of commander-in-chief of the Hunan Army, and successively stationed in Lingling and Chenzhou. After expelling Zhang Jingyao in June 1920, he served as the governor of Hunan, the governor of the Hunan Army and the commander-in-chief of the Hunan Army. He proposed to "govern the Hunan people in Hunan", formulated a provincial constitution, elected the governor of the people, and implemented "unilateral autonomy".
When Tan Yankai held three positions, Zhao Hengti served as the commander-in-chief of the Hunan Army, mastered the strength of the Hunan Army, and formed his own faction. Old boss Tan Yankai was a few times in Hunan's political arena, and he was good at dancing with his sleeves. He was like teaching by example to Zhao Hengti, who was also ambitious. In November 1920, Zhao Hengti joined forces with another military force in Hunan, Cheng (Qian), to send soldiers Li Zhonglin and others to mutiny. Li Zhonglin and others publicly issued telegrams to force Tan Yankai to resign, while Zhao Hengti sat on the surface and secretly mobilized troops to Changsha to respond. Tan Yanyan was forced to leave his post and left Shanghai on November 27. Tan Yankai failed to supervise Hunan for the third time.
Tan and Zhao dispute
11922, Tan Yankai thought that the power of the Tan faction in Hunan still existed and participated in the competition for "elected governors" in Hunan. At that time, the forces in Hunan Province were divided into three factions: Zhao Hengti, Tan Yankai, and Lin Zhiyu (former acting governor of Hunan). An unprecedented and noisy "democratic election" activity in modern Hunan history kicked off.
Zhao took advantage of his real power and appointed himself as the election supervisor. He set up an election office. Within three months, "universal suffrage" was released. Three factions bought pawns and competed for votes. Political donors from all over the country, political hooligans traded votes in teahouses, taverns, and brothels, and even organized thugs, beating and fighting, showing their ugly appearance. The Zhao faction accounted for two-thirds of the elected provincial legislators, and one-third were the Tan faction and Lin faction. In the subsequent governor election, Zhao won the victory of the "official governor" with 1,603 votes. In this "cultural battle", Tan Yankai was once again at a disadvantage.
follows Sun Yat-sen
But as the "Governor of Hunan" who was up and down, Tan Yankai lost to Zhao Hengti, who was cultivated by himself. He was dissatisfied and wanted to wait for the opportunity to compete with Zhao Yi again. In February 1923, Tan followed Sun Yat-sen to Guangzhou and served as Minister of the Internal Affairs Department and Secretary-General of the Base Camp of Marshal. In order to regain the territory of Hunan, he instigated the brigade commander of the Mixed Brigade of the old Hunan Army, Chen Jiayou, Chen Ling garrison commander Cai Juedong, Baoqing garrison commander Wu Xuejian and others to overthrow Zhao. Sun Yat-sen then appointed Tan as the governor of Hunan and commander-in-chief of the Hunan Army, organized the anti-triad army to attack Zhao Hengti, and accused him of "willing to be with the north and betraying the southwest." Zhao's trick of "Zhongshan also tried to do it perfunctorily" was completely ineffective. After Tan Yankai entered Hunan, in order to break Zhao's fake sign of "Hunan Autonomy", he had to announce his abandonment of the "Hunan Provincial Constitution" proposition he had advocated in the past and turned to Sun Yat-sen's doctrine and the Three Principles of the People as a revolutionary call, while Zhao Hengti organized the so-called "Constitution Protecting the Constitution" to maintain the "Constitution". After several battles between the two forces, Zhao Li was unable to support him and fled from Changsha, so he asked for help from Wu Peifu. After Wu Peifu's reinforcements arrived, Chen Jiongming from Guangdong rebelled. Sun Yat-sen urgently sent a telegram to Tan Yankai back to the army to assist Guangdong. Tan had to return to the army to support. The Tan-Zhao war ended, and Zhao Hengti "since it was almost all under his control."
1923, Tan Yankai brought more than 20,000 Hunan troops out of Hunan and returned to the army to assist Guangdong, strengthening the power of the Guangzhou revolutionary government, breaking the conspiracy of Chen Jiongming, Deng Benyin and Fang Benren to encircle Guangzhou, and turning the revolutionary regime into danger.
1924, in order to get rid of the constraints of the Guangxi warlords of the Yunnan and Guangxi army, and to unite Anhui and Feng, Sun Yat-sen defeated Cao (Kun) and Wu (Pefu), and specially ordered Tan Yankai to lead the army to the Northern Expedition. Although this war failed, it hit the enemy's arrogance to a certain extent and reduced the pressure on the Guangdong revolutionary base.
1925, Sun Yat-sen died in Beijing. In early June, Yunnan warlord Yang Ximin, and Guangxi warlord Liu Zhenhuan colluded with Yunnan warlord Tang Jiyao and publicly rebelled. The acting Grand Marshal Hu Hanmin was hesitant, while Tan Yankai and Liao Zhongkai strongly advocated the siege.Tan went to Beijiang in person to mobilize the army, "to attach the backs of Yang and Liu" to make certain contributions to quickly quelling the rebellion and consolidating the revolutionary base.
On July 1, 1925, the Guangzhou National Government was officially established on the basis of the first Eastern Expedition and pacifying the victory of the rebels of Yang Xihe and Liu Zhenhuan. The National Government reorganized the revolutionary army in various provinces in Guangdong into the National Revolutionary Army. The founding Hunan Army led by Tan Yanjian was reorganized into the Second Army of the National Revolutionary Army. Tan also served as the commander of the army, Lu Diping as the deputy commander, and Communist Party member Li Fuchun served as the party representative and director of the political department.
However, due to the coexistence of the Kuomintang and the Communist Party within the National Government, the formation of the three left, center and right factions of the Kuomintang, and the right factions interfere, the government has caused a series of undercurrents and frictions. Tan Yankai always takes the qualifications to adjust people, and he has a "three no" theory: one is irresponsible; two is not advised; three is not allowed to offend people. With this, we will gain favorable impressions from all parties.
about good luck
11. After the "Second National Congress" of the Kuomintang, the Kuomintang's central military and political power was actually manipulated in the hands of Wang Jingwei , Tan Yankai and Jiang Qiaoshi. In order to compete for power, Wang and Jiang often suffer from friction, while Tan mediated and reaped profits. After the " Zhongshan Ship Incident " in March, Tan Yankai first prepared to respond to Wang's call and jointly fight back with all the troops; then acted as a transferee. Later, when he saw that both Soviet advisers and Chinese Communist Party leaders had compromised against Chiang, he took a sharp turn for the worse; especially after receiving the promise that Chiang would like to recommend him as the chairman of the National Government, he went with the flow and agreed to Chiang's unreasonable request. Wang Jingwei was unable to make a move, so he had to angrily resign and go abroad. Tan Yankai then acted as chairman of the National Government.
11926, the National Revolutionary Army captured Wuchang and defeated Wu Peifu's main force. The Second, Third and Sixth Armies also led their troops into Jiangxi and opened up the battlefield in Jiangxi. The National Government then decided to move the capital to Wuhan. But Chiang Kai-shek openly requested the capital to be moved Nanchang . Later, with the efforts of Deng Yanda and others and the mediation of Tan Yankai, Jiang Cai was forced to agree to move the capital to Wuhan.
1927 On March 7, 2027, Tan Yankai, He Xiangning, Li Liejun and others arrived in Wuhan. In order to express his support for the revolution, Tan changed his name to "Zuo'an". From March 10 to 17, under the leadership of Tan Yankai, the Wuhan National Government held the Third Plenary Session of the Second Central Committee and decided to increase the party's power, consolidate political, military, diplomatic and financial powers in the Kuomintang Central Committee, restrict the power of the commander-in-chief of the Northern Expedition Army, and implement a collective leadership system. Tan also used his influence to make the Second and Sixth Armies break through the Chiang army's encirclement and return to the Wuhan National Government. Although he expressed limited support for the two lakes of the workers and peasants' movement; as the national workers and peasants' movement, especially the Hunan peasants' movement, was in a hurry, and attacked the peasants' movement "too much", and even exaggeratedly claimed that he "can't escape this disaster by the tenant farmers in his family," and asserted that "this road cannot be done. If you have to force yourself to walk, your nose will be bleeding."
htmlIn April, Wang Jingwei returned to Wuhan, and Tan felt that "there were few cars and horses in front of the door", so he was quite cold to Wuhan's Eastern Expedition to fight against Chiang, and even "she fell asleep" at the meeting held by Boroting; and he was quite active in Ninghan's cooperation with the Qing Communist Party. When Jiang was forced to step down by the Guangxi clique and He Yingqin, he first responded to the Guangxi clique's call and went to Nanjing in person to negotiate cooperation with Ninghan. In September, he turned against Han and went to Ning, transformed himself into a transformation, became the chairman of the "Special Committee" of the Kuomintang Central Committee, and colluded with the Guangxi warlords to fight against the Tang Dynasty (Shengzhi). When Chiang Kai-shek resurrected again with the support of Japanese and British imperialism, he expressed his welcome, "weeting several visits and advising him to resume his post as soon as possible." At the same time, he secretly ordered Cheng Qian to give up the relentless pursuit of Tang Shengzhi's Hunan Army, and wanted to settle and appease him for his own use. When Cheng Qian was arrested by the Gui clan, he ran around for Cheng's release and the retention of Cheng Qian's Sixth Army. However, Chiang Kai-shek finally realized Tan's attempt to retain the Hunan power, and cut off Tan Yankai's wing on the grounds of internal strife of the Sixth Army.
suddenly died of illness
11928, at the Fifth Plenary Session of the Second Central Committee of the Kuomintang, Chiang Kai-shek was promoted to the Chairman of the National Government, and Tan Yan-kai was transferred to the position of the Executive President. At this time, he showed a stubborn attitude of fame and fame and freedom from the world, while actively helped Chiang Kai-shek eliminate dissidents. During the war between Chiang and Gui, he tried his best to win over He Jian and relieved the hidden worries of Hunan for Chiang.In 1930, in the Central Plains battle, Tan was in the rear, allowing Jiang Anxin to fight against Feng Yuxiang and Yan Xishan. He also often wrote to He Yingqin, the commander-in-chief in Hankou, to discuss the suppression of the Communist Party and inform the situation of the attack on Feng and Yan, and became a loyal lackey in Chiang Kai-shek's management of the backyard.
1930 On September 22, 1930, Tan died of sudden illness in Nanjing due to cerebral hemorrhage. Chiang held a grand funeral for him and set a anniversary of his death, which was considered a reward for his tragic remuneration for the Chiang Kai-shek regime.
