With the integration of Chinese civilization and the changes in the Central Plains regime, these titles are gradually disappearing . So today we will learn about the meanings represented by these titles. Which ethnic groups they refer to in ancient times? Where did the nations represented by these titles eventually disappear? What are their historical influences?
Overview
Dongyi, Nanman, Beidi and Xirong were the titles of the surrounding tribes of the Central Plains by the ancient Central Plains dynasties, and collectively called them the Four Wilds, which also generally refer to other tribes that were excluding the central ruling center.
"Shangshu·Dayumo": "No laziness or desolation, the four barbarians come to the king."
"Mencius and King Hui of Liang": "I am visiting China and pacifying the four barbarians."
"Book of Rites: King System": "The east is called Yi, the west is called Rong, the south is called Man, and the north is called Di."
From the historical records, it can be seen that the ancient Han people called themselves China, so they called the people around China Dongyi, Nanman, Xirong, and Beidi respectively to distinguish China.
"Book of Rites": "Chinese Rongyi, the people of the five directions, all have nature and cannot be moved. In the east, it is called Yi, and there are those who are not fire-feeding; in the south, it is called Barbarian, and the carvings and the carvings and the carvings and the carvings and the carvings and the grains and the grains and the grains and the grains and the grains and the grains and the grains and the grains and the grains and the grains and the grains and the grains and the grains and the grains and the grains and the grains and the people in the west are called Rong, and the grains and skins are not eaten; in the north, it is called Di, and there are those who are not fire-feeding, and they live in caves."
In the pre-Qin period, the Central Plains ethnic regime had a relatively general title for the four barbarians . The Rong and Di did not separate their families, and the barbarians were always accompanied. It was just a term for ethnic groups outside the Central Plains in terms of region, which was used to distinguish them from the Central Plains region. The titles of this period were also Zhuyi, Zhuxia, etc.
As for Han Dynasty , there was a certain concept, forming a complete 下载文日本日本日本日本日本日本日本日本日本日本日本日本日本日本日本日本日本日本日本日本日本日本日本日本日本日本日本日本日本日本日本日本日本日本日本日本日本日本日本日本日本日本日本日本日本日本日本日本日本日本日本日本日本日本日本日本日本日本日本日本日本日本日本日本日本日本日本日本日本日本日本日本日本日本日本日本日本日本日� The concept of
gradually became more detailed after this, and many times it even refers to all the regimes in a certain region rather than a certain national regime. This concept became clearer and developed later.
If the "Five Emperors" era recorded in "Records of the Grand Historian: The Basic Annals of the Five Emperors" is an important stage in which many ancient ancestors of the Chinese nation reorganized through various forms such as war, migration, and integration, then between 4,000 years ago and 2,000 years ago, Chinese history has entered another important historical stage of the separation between China and the barbarians, and interacting with each other through various forms and reintegrating .
Below we take the timeline as the main focus, seeking the development and evolution of the theory of the Four Barbarians from many aspects, and exploring the whereabouts of the so-called "Four Barbarians".
. In ancient times, Dongyi had Taihao ; in the era of the Five Emperors, Huangdi fought against Chiyou
There was a saying that Dongyi was circulated in ancient times, and the Five Emperors era was included in this period. Through the ancient battle, we have a separate understanding of the two long-standing tribes, Dongyi and Nanman.
(I) Huangdi and Yandi, the Chinese foundation of the descendants of Yan and Huang
Huangdi is the legendary title of the ancient emperor Xuanyuan clan. His surname is Gongsun and was born in the hill of Xuanyuan, so it is called Xuanyuan clan.
Huangdi's tribe first lived near Jishui in the northwest of our country. He defeated Chiyou and unified the tribes of the Central Plains.
- When Huangdi ruled the Central Plains, many inventions and productions were made, such as text, music, mathematics, palaces, boats, clothes and compass.
According to legend, Yao, Shun, Yu, Tang and others are all descendants of him, so Huangdi is also regarded as the common ancestor of the Chinese nation.
According to legend, the third day of the third month is the day when Huangdi was born. Since ancient times, there has been a saying that " February 2 , dragon raises its head ; March 3, born Xuanyuan".
March 3 and Qingming Festival every year are the days when people today worship Huangdi.
Yan Emperor is the leader of the Jiang tribe in ancient times , also known as the Chidi and Lieshan clans, and is collectively known as the ancestor of the Chinese nation. Its tribe first lived in eastern Qishan, Shaanxi.
- ① Yan Emperor made farming tools, planted grains, opened up markets, treated hemp as cloth, made five-stringed zithers, cut wood as bows, and made pottery, which made great contributions to the development of early agriculture in my country and the reproduction of the nation.
- ② Yan Emperor also established the calendar day, determine the stars, divide the day and night, the sun and the moon, the moon is the thirty days, and November is the winter solstice.
"Mandarin·Jin Yu" records: "In the past, Shaodian married the Youqi family and gave birth to Huangdi and Yandi. Huangdi was formed with Jishui (now Qishui River in Guanzhong, Shaanxi), and Yandi was formed with Jiangshui (now Jianghe in Guanzhong, Shaanxi). It was accomplished and had different virtues, so Huangdi was Ji and Yandi was Jiang. The two emperors used their teachers to help each other, which was because of their different virtues."
Historical records record that Huangdi and Yandi were the leaders of two tribes with similar blood ties originating in the Wei River Basin. Later, the two tribes competed with each other.
In the Battle of Banquan, Huangdi defeated Yandi, and the two tribes gradually merged into the Huaxia tribe . Later generations called Huangdi and Yandi the ancestors of the Chinese nation and called themselves the descendants of Yan and Huang.
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even accepted the ethnic minorities (such as the Xiongnu, Xianbei, etc.) that also claimed to be descendants of Huangdi and Yanhuang .
Liao Dynasty minister Yelu Yan called the Khitan the descendant of Huangdi.
"History of Liao·Christians of Taizu" and "Preface to the World" advocate that Khitan is the descendant of Yan Emperor.
The Khitan legacy found in Yunnan has preserved a "Chief of Shi Dian" compiled in the Ming Dynasty. The beginning of the volume is accompanied by a seven-character poem, which says: "The ancestor of Liao, Shi Emperor Yan..." He believes that the Khitan is a descendant of Yan Emperor.
(II) Fuxi's descendants, Taihao founded Dongyi
According to legend, the ancestor of the Dongyi tribe was Taihao , and Taihao is a descendant of Fuxi, which is also called the Eastern Emperor or Qing Emperor.
Taihao lived more than 4,000 BC. Since Huangdi and Taihao were both descendants of Fuxi, it can also be said that Huaxia and Dongyi have belonged to the same bloodline since the beginning of the mythological era.
"Book of the Later Han Dynasty, Biography of the East Yi": There are nine types of Yi. It is said: 无体, 无体, 无体, 无体, 无体, 无体, 无体, 无体, yang Yi.
Here is the tribal division of Dongyi. It is based on the totem belief and has given birth to multiple tribes, even Huangdi, Chiyou and Shaohao all came from this.
Later, Huangdi joined forces with Yandi to defeat Chiyou, and used the Central Plains as the place to live to develop the Chinese nation.
, and Chiyou was defeated in the south, and since then he has Jiuliman Miao .
As for Dongyi, because it has been far away from the Central Plains for a long time, it has gradually developed tribal characteristics different from China.
After all, it is said that China originated from the Dongyi, and the barbarian Miao also originated from the Dongyi. This is the starting point of the relationship between China and the various barbarians.
(III) Huangdi and Chiyou, Huaxia and Man Miao
Jiuli is a group of ethnic groups in ancient Chinese legends, also known as "Li" . There is a tribe called Yuren or Yumin in its clan. They believe in and worship birds and beasts totems.
Some scholars also regard Liangzhu culture as the development of feathered people or feathered people . From various customs, Jiuli is likely to be derived from the descendants of Luo Yue from the south.
transliteration "Li" is the name of "snake" in Zhuang language.
Chiyou is the leader of the Jiuli Tribal Alliance.
"Records of the Grand Historian·Book of the Five Emperors·Collected Interpretations" Kong Anguo said: "Jiuli is called Chiyou."
"Mandarin·Chuyu" notes say: "Jiuli is a disciple of Chiyou."
"Book of Lu Xing Interpretation", "Lüshi Chunqiu·Dangbang" and "Warring States Strategies" Gao Yu notes, all said that Chiyou was the king of Jiuli, so it was called "Chiyou Jiuli" or "Jiuli Chiyou".
Jiuli was a tribal alliance in ancient times and the ethnic groups were relatively concentrated. It initially lived and developed in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, and was the earliest ethnic tribe in China to enter the agricultural era.
The earliest existing document mentioned by Jiuli is "Mandarin": "Jiuli is chaotic and moral, and the people and gods are mixed, and things cannot be divided into two parts."
Later, with the migration and development, it settled in the Yangtze River Basin, which is now Hubei, Hunan and Jiangxi. Some people also believe that in ancient times, the Yangtze River, Hanshui basins were all in Jiuli.
Jiuli has nine tribes, each tribe has nine clans, headed by Chiyou, with a total of eighty-one brothers, all of whom are chiefs, and Chiyou is the chief.
They believe in witch , worship ghosts and gods, and have compiled criminal laws.
About 5,000 years ago, Yan Emperor formed an alliance with Huang Emperor and fought with Chiyou in Zhuolu . Chiyou ended in failure and Jiuli migrated to a more remote southern forest.
"Customs and Common Meanings" says: " Zhuanxu has a son called Li, who is the Miao people." At the same time, the ancient "Miao Jing" and the Miao people "Song of the Surnames" both said that the leader of the ancient Miao people's great surname was "Wen Li You", that is, "Jiu Li Chi You".
"Chiyou Jiuli" is also the earliest ancestor of the Miao people . "Jiuli" is one of the three major tribal alliance groups (Huangdi, Yandi, Chiyou) in ancient Chinese history. Its leader Chiyou is a hero worshipped by the Miao people for generations.
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Later, the Zhou people could not bear the invasion of Rong Di. They began to migrate from their grandson Gong Liu, until they settled in Zhouyuan, Shaanxi during the reign of the father of Gu Gong. Through their development in Zhouyuan, the Zhou Dynasty was established by the time of King Wu of Zhou.
, Xia, Shang, Western Zhou , the fusion of the Xia and the Four Barbarians gradually formed Huaxia
In ancient times, the climate in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River in China was warm and suitable for , with moderate rainfall and fertile soil, so I entered the Chengkou farming society earlier. At this time, the land was called China and people were called Huaxia.
Because the natural conditions in the border areas outside the Central Plains at that time were poor, most of them were lived by hunting and animal husbandry, so they were called Yi. The barbarians are people with bows.
Beyond China are the four free
When the word "Huaxia" was first used, it refers to the Central Plains (Henan), or the place where there is a lifestyle in the Central Plains region.
Hua and Xia were once mutually common, and the two characters were synonymous. Hua was Xia , and "Zhonghua" was also called "Zhongxia". During the Zhou Dynasty, all princes who followed Zhou rituals and obeyed the rituals of etiquette and morality were called Xia.
Ancient books use "Hua" and "Xia" as the Central Plains, and "Yi" and "Second" as the four directions. China is also known as China, Zhongxia, Zhongtu, and China.
Yi has multiple meanings, and its main meaning is "ping".
Eastern Han Xu Shen 's Shuwen Jiezi said Yi's character "From the Dacheng Gong". It is said that the Dongyi people first invented bows and arrows and were good at shooting archery. Therefore, there is a saying that "Dongyi" is the archer in the east.
Legends and classical documents believe that Houyi, who shot nine days, was the leader of the Dongyi.
However, in the Shang and Zhou dynasties, "Yi" was actually a corpse or a human character, and had nothing to do with the bow. Therefore, the saying that the word "Yi" was determined by the word "Da Cheng Gong" was considered an archer by people in the Han Dynasty.
At this time, should have multiple meanings, which generally refers to all the surrounding ethnic groups, that is, the meaning of people from all directions .
Zhuxia andZhuyi
The so-called Huaxia is the predecessor of the Han people, and its direct source is the ethnic groups of the three eras: Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties.
These all barbarians refer to the tribes around China at that time.
The separation of China and the barbarians, their mutual struggle and integration, ultimately laid the foundation for the formation and development of the Chinese nation.
Historical documents and archaeological materials fully demonstrate that Xia, Shang and Zhou have their own sources. If looks at the perspective of family development, there was a long-term independent coexistence relationship between the three. And if looks at it from the perspective of establishing the Central Plains dynasty, there is a relationship of succession.
However, these were not originally indigenous residents of the Central Plains region centered on the Fen, Wei, Yi and Luo river basins. However, it is still difficult to explain the origin of the Xia people and the early residences of the people of the Xia people.
Therefore, in general, the early Jiyi and Jixia belong to a stage of continuous integration with each other .
(I) The origin of Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties and the formation of Xia, the fusion of Xia
, Xia Dynasty
on the eve of the establishment of Xia Dynasty, the activity center of Xia people was in the southern Shanxi region of , Dayu and Xia Qi, which were centered on the southern Shanxi and western Henan areas.
At that time, there were many cultural groups distributed in the north and south of my country. These tribes all experienced the historical transformation from clans to states at the same time. Because the country established by the Xia people was in the middle, it was called China.
, Shang Dynasty
The merchants came from the Dongyi Group in the northeast of the Xia Dynasty ruling center. They initially belonged to Xia. When they arrived in Tang, the Western Shang Dynasty attacked Xia and established the Shang Dynasty.
The Shang Dynasty not only occupied the territory of the Xia Dynasty, but also inherited the culture of the Xia Dynasty, allowing the Xia people and the Shang people to achieve cultural integration.
, Western Zhou
weeks people emerged in the western ruling center of Shang, and they were successively the western countries of the Xia and Shang dynasties.
By the end of the Shang Dynasty, the power of the Western Zhou Dynasty gradually became stronger. During the reign of King Wu, he united the tribes of the West and the southwest, went east to defeat Shang, occupied the Central Plains at that time, and established the Western Zhou Dynasty.
When Xia became the Communist Party of China in the early days, the merchants were far away in the east, while Zhou people were in the west. Compared with the Shang people and the Zhou people, the Xia people at that time lived in the center.
After King Wu defeated Shang, built Luoyi on the Yiluo Plain, the ruling center of the Xia Dynasty, as the center of control of the world. This is not only an important consolidation measure, but also proves the Zhou people's recognition of traditional culture since the Xia and Shang dynasties.
At that time, Zhou Gong produced rituals and music, which was based on inheriting the fine cultural traditions of Xia and Shang dynasties.
Confucius praised: "Zhou was supervised in the second generation, and it was so depressed that I followed Zhou."
, Xia, Shang and Western Zhou cultures are integrated, which is for the Chinese
In view of the Western Zhou Dynasty's recognition of Xia and Shang culture, the original Xia people, Shang people and Zhou people in the Western Zhou Dynasty can be called Xia people.
The place where the Xia people live is at the foot of Mount Hua. At that time, the indigenous people in this area have been widely used to use rose patterns as ethnic symbols since the Yangshao culture, and because they are called Chinese.
to the Western Zhou Dynasty, due to the cultural identity of the three eras, the various vassal states that were enfeoffed by the Western Zhou Dynasty and their populations under were named "Zhuhua" , or "Zhuxia", and collectively called "Huaxia".
(II) All the barbarians and the Xia, wars and exchanges
. After the Western Rong destroyed the Shang Dynasty, the Quan Rong destroyed the Western Zhou Dynasty
Xirong appeared earlier, and the word "Rong" appeared in the inscriptions of Yinxu. During the Yin and Zhou dynasties, there were Gui Rong, Yu Wuzhi Rong and other .
The name of Rong as a clan began in the Zhou Dynasty. Before the destruction of Shang, Rong was mainly used to refer to the tribes near Zhou State that were enemies with Zhou State. They were concentrated in the Longshan area west of Zhou State, so they were called the Western Rong.
When the Western Zhou Dynasty emerged, the Western Rong was still , a nomadic Gui Rong in Longji and Jingluo. In fact, it is also the general name of many tribes , and it also has many different names in different periods.
King Wen of Zhou once ruled the tribes of the Western Rong , under the banner of "striving Yin and treasoning Zhou", that is, under the banner of Shang King , the so-called "three parts of the world are two", and prepared conditions for destroying Shang.
Then, the Western Rong countries continued to become stronger, and Quan Rong even destroyed the Western Zhou Dynasty. This is the story of the former Western Zhou Dynasty Youwang playing with the princes. . (When the Shang Dynasty was destroyed, the King of Zhou ruled the Western Rong, and the Western Rong participated in the demise of the Western Zhou Dynasty.)
- ①Guirong
- This tribe is not a tribe, but a tribe with the same tribe called . They have entered the class society and have not yet formed a unified regime. In the war, the tribes cooperated with certain alliances and unified orders.
- ②Quanrong
- Quanrong is also called 黑黑黑黑黑黑黑黑黑黑黑黑黑黑黑黑黑黑黑黑黑黑黑黑黑黑黑黑黑黑黑黑黑黑黑黑黑黑黑黑黑黑黑黑黑黑黑黑黑黑黑黑黑黑黑黑黑黑黑黑黑黑黑黑黑黑黑黑黑黑黑黑黑� After the demise of the Western Zhou Dynasty, the Quanrong became further strengthened. Since then, the Quanrong has become one of the biggest enemies of the Chinese nation.
. Beidi and Xirong, at this time, there is no separation,
The title of Beidi first began in the Zhou Dynasty. It was the general term for northern ethnic minorities in . "Di" has the meaning of being powerful and fast.
"Erya Shibun" says: "Moe, extremely powerful, Di".
"Book of Rites·Music Records" says: "The flowing evil spirits disperse, and Di Cheng cleansed the indiscriminate sound."
Archaeological culture confirmed that the Northern Di was mainly nomadic at the beginning, and it once went to the south of Yanshan Mountain, Hetao , and Yinshan areas, and was deeply influenced by Shang and Zhou cultures.
Its clan surname is le (homophone), was also originally called Shanrong , Beidi during the Spring and Autumn also originated from Guifang and Lun in the Shang and Zhou dynasties, and belonged to the Qiang and Rong clan.
Shang Dynasty oracle bone inscriptions, common titles of "Xi", referring to foreign people captured as slaves. Add to the inference of the Xi tribe during the Southern and Northern Dynasties period, Xi at this time is a name for Beidi .
Archaeological discovery, by the late Shang Dynasty and the Western Zhou Dynasty, the Bronze Age was also entered north of Yinshan. In the southern Siberia , the upper reaches of the Ob River , and the Kazakh region, there are bronze culture named Karasuk culture. And its most important feature is the origin of Beidi, which has a great connection with Shang .
. There are many mountains and forests in the southern barbarians. The earliest record of the title of the southern barbarian comes from the " Rites " of the Zhou Dynasty. Its description refers to the ethnic group with patterns on the forehead in the southern barbarians that is, the southern barbarians , and most of them like to eat lettuce.
- ① during the Xia Dynasty, the southern barbarians were mainly Sanmiao.
- ② during the Shang Dynasty, the barbarians in the south include Jingman , Yong, Pu, Shu, Hun, Wei, and Yue.
- ③ During the Zhou Dynasty, the ethnic composition of the Southern Barbarians is quite complex, and can be roughly divided into three major clans: Baiyue , Baipu and Bashu. The more famous tribes or countries such as Yangyue , Jingyue, Baiyue, Nanman, Jingman, Ba, Shu, Pu, and Min.
During the reign of King Zhao of Zhou, he once conquered the southern barbarians three times, resulting in the destruction of the six armies of the emperor. King Zhao of Zhou himself also died in the southern . At that time, the southern barbarians took advantage of their geographical advantages and their power developed very strongly.
. Dongyi has many swamps, Houyi usurped the summer and became a country of recovery, Huaiyi dominance
0 tribes, the first occurrence was the record of the "corpse" (中) side using oracle bone inscriptions. Ancient books record There were many tribes of the barbarians in the east of the Xia Dynasty .
, and the Nine Yi people are found in the ancient version of "Bamboo Annals" about the relationship between the Xia Dynasty and the Eastern Yi people.
"Bamboo Annals" record that there were Huaiyi and Lanyi in the Xia Dynasty; " Shangshu·Yugong " records that there were birdiyi in Jizhou between the two rivers (also called islandiyi, the shape of the characters is similar to that of error); Qingzhou has Jaiyi and Laiyi in the east of Mount Tai to the sea; there were Huaiyi from the south of Qingzhou to Huaihe ; there were also birdiyi in Yangzhou between Huainan and Huaihai (also called islandiyi).
The word "Yi" first appeared in the bronze inscriptions of Western Zhou , but before this, it was mainly pictographic "corpse" and "fang". The ancients believed that "corpse" and "fang" were Dongyi.
Mr. Guo Moruo said: "The corpse is the East Yi. If there is the Huai River Basin where the corpse is sent, then the corpse of The Yin Dynasty is the combination of the island barbarians and the Huai Yi in Shandong."
The bronze inscription of the Western Zhou Dynasty officially appeared in the title of "East Yi".
Documents record the war against the East in Zhou Dynasty. In different periods of , different titles such as Dongyi, Huaiyi, Nanhuaiyi, Nanyi, etc. appeared. These titles actually reflect the summary of the different geographical locations of the Eastern tribes during different periods of the Zhou Dynasty.
In the early Western Zhou Dynasty, only the "Dongyi" was seen. The bronze inscriptions of the targets of Zhou Gong and King Cheng's expeditions were generally called Dongyi.
"Records of the Grand Historian: Zhou Benjian" says: "Zhao Gong was the guardian, Zhou Gong was the army, and he attacked Huaiyi in the east, and moved his king Bogu."
Historical records at that time said that the Dongyi was mainly in the central and southern part of Shandong Province today. This was the origin of Dongyi , and it was also the core area of the Eastern Yi during the Xia and Shang dynasties.
The wars between Xia, Shang, Western Zhou and Dongyi were very frequent
Xia Qi killed Youqiu's clan and became the queen (king), which was passed down to Taikang, and the great change of the "representing Xia Zheng" occurred. Then Han Wu reigned Yi, and for 40 years, Shao Kang's clan and recovered from the country. It was not until Shaokang's son Houzhu that the Youqiong clan was eliminated, allowing the Xia Dynasty to be consolidated.
The activity location of Dongyi afterwards was transferred from the junction of Henan, Shandong and Hebei to east of Mount Tai.
When the Xia Dynasty was destroyed, that is, Xia Jie fled to the south nest after the defeat of the Mingtiao Battle, which is the area of Dongyi .
Dongyi and the Shang Dynasty also had a long war. Their conquest lasted for a long time and were also large in scale, and they were far away from the Huaihe River Basin.
Historical records: "The Shang Dynasty was in charge of the elephant and abused the Dongyi", "Zheng Shang was a thug of Li, and the Dongyi rebelled against him."
The large-scale war between King Zhou of Shang and the Dongyi was one of the main reasons for the demise of the Shang Dynasty , "Zhou defeated the Dongyi and died."
After the establishment of the Western Zhou Dynasty, Wu Geng, son of King Zhou of Shang, was granted the title of Wu Geng as a prince. After the death of King Wu, Wu Geng joined forces with the Eastern Yi to attack the Western Zhou , triggering the East Expedition of Duke Zhou.
The two main objects of the Eastern Expedition at that time were: Yan and Bogu
- ① Yan is located in the east of the old city of Qufu County, Shandong Province, which is the center of Shaohao Group.
- ②Bo Gu is in the southeast of Boxing County, Shandong Province.
- ③ Both countries belong to Shaohao Group and are the country of Shang Dynasty. At the beginning of the Western Zhou Dynasty, they were also the two countries with the largest power in the Eastern Bible.
"Mencius Teng Wengong" says: "Duke Zhou was the prime minister of King Wu, and killed Zhou and Daiyan. In three years, he defeated his king and destroyed fifty countries."
Zhou Gong, after King Cheng's expedition, the forces of the East were in a slump. , and the Zhou Dynasty conferred Taigong in Qi and was granted the title of Prince of Zhou Lu to the East.
To the mid-Western Zhou Dynasty, Huaiyi rose in the Huaihe area and became the strongest among the Dongyiyi. After Chengkang, the main opponent of the Zhou Dynasty and Dongyi was Huaiyi.
After that, King Cheng went through many Eastern Expeditions, which finally made Dongyi completely quiet. During this period, Qi and Lu were able to establish a stable country.
From the late Western Zhou Dynasty to the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the military activities on the Dongyi in historical documents have involved the Jindian area of Luoyi in Zhou, but its distribution range of did not exceed the Haidai and Huaihe River Basins .
During the reign of King Mu of Zhou (about 976 BC-922 BC), the center of the Dongyi power shifted to the Huaihe River Basin, which was generally called Dongyi.
historical records show that Nanyi and Nanhuai appeared together, which should refer to Jingchu . In the late Western Zhou Dynasty, the royal family declined and the princes became stronger. Chu in the south and Huaiyi in the southeast became threats to the weekly chambers.
In the early days of the establishment of the Western Zhou Dynasty, King Wu once named King Zhou's uncle Jizi as the king of Jizi, the king of of in Korea, and this is sometimes regarded as one of the Eastern Yi.
. The four barbarians in China are separated. The pre-Qin theory of the four barbarians
After the establishment of the Western Zhou Dynasty, the places outside the area outside the sealed the area, called "Four Earths" or "Four Territories". The people living in these places are collectively called "Four Barbarians" .
While the separation between China and the Four Barbarians was formed, the competition and power between the two sides were also in a situation of increasing and declining.
In the late Western Zhou Dynasty, the Zhou Dynasty declined, and the four barbarians continued to invade the Zhou Dynasty's rule center, and eventually destroyed the Western Zhou Dynasty.
. With the demise of , the Eastern Zhou Dynasty was established and entered the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. The various vassal states took the opportunity to quickly strengthen and continuously annex various small countries. In this process, the development of the barbarians and Xia entered a new stage.
During the Warring States Period, on the basis of the great powers of Xia, a number of regional centers that integrate the Xia and the barbarians emerged.
- ①Qin develops to the west and southwest, forming the fusion center of the Xia and the Xirong, Qiang and the Yi ethnic groups in the southwest;
- ②Yan and Zhao develops to the north and northeast, forms japanese and Xiongnu, Donghu, Linhu, FFFFF ;
- ③all develop to the southeast coastal areas, forming the center of the integration of the Xia and the Dongyi, Xuyi, Huaiyi and other tribes;
- ④ Chu develops to the south, forming the fusion center of the Xia and the Baiyue, Baipu, and southwest tribes.
The Rongdi ethnic groups that entered the Central Plains since the Spring and Autumn Period and the small Rongdi countries living around the major countries have been annexed and assimilated by major countries.
At this point, under the influence of traditional cultures of the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties, the Xia and the Yi in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. After a long and complex historical development process such as alienation and assimilation, finally showed a historical trend towards unity .
(I) Rong Di does not separate his family, and Qin unified the eight tribes of the Western Rong.
The title of Xirong came from the Zhou Dynasty and was the general term for Western ethnic minorities at that time. That is, uses Rong as the general term for all non-Huaxia people in the West.
Xirong can also refer to some countries established by the Western Rong people during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.
Ying Shao's "Common Common Meanings" says: "Rong is a bad thing."
Ancient version of "Bamboo Book Annals" records: "In the 35th year of Wuyi, King Zhou attacked the West and fell into Guirong and captured the twelve Diwangs."
The Book of Songs often contains epics of the war between the Zhou Dynasty and the Western Rong, such as "Hehe Nan Zhong, but Bo defeated the Western Rong."
After the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period, Di and Rong had obvious differences in their regions.
However, throughout the entire Spring and Autumn Period , and even before the mid-term of the Warring States Period , Rong Di still often called , and some tribes still had the titles of Rong and Di.
The surnames of the Northern Di tribes in the Spring and Autumn Period, and the Rongdi cultural relics in northern Shaanxi, Shanxi and Hebei all show that The Rong and Di in the Spring and Autumn Period were only clearly differentiated in the regional distribution, but the races were relatively close to .
The rise of the Western Rong
1, In the early Spring and Autumn Period, there were seven types of Rong , namely: the Rong of Ji; the Northern Rong, that is, the Shanrong or the Wuzhong; the Rong of Yun surname is, the Rong of Yinrong or the Rong of Luhun; the Rong of Yiluo; the Quanrong, also known as the Fengquan, Kunyi, Fuyi; Lirong; Rongman.
2, When Qin emerged, there were the eight Western Rong countries , namely Mianzhu, Fu (Du) Rong, Zhai Rong, Rongrong, Yiqu, Dali, Wushi, and Quyan. The approximately location of the Barong was originally in the upper reaches of the Yellow River and northwest of Gansu. Later, it continued to move eastward as it grew, forcing the Zhou Dynasty to move eastward. Later, the Western Rong tribe gradually reached the eastern part of Gansu, closest to the Qin State.
3, There are Lin Hu and Lou Fan Zhirong in northern Shanxi.
4 and There is Shanrong in north Yan. There are many tribes distributed among the valleys, which are not unified.
The Western Rong declined and died
Because Qin and the Western Rong were approaching, they communicated the most, and there were wars . The King of Yiqu was killed for Empress Dowager Xuan of Qin and , and Yiqu Rong was destroyed; Qin Ligong Duke Dalirong destroyed; when Qin Mugong, he obtained Yu Yu sent by Mian Zhurong to test the situation of Qin, and in turn learned about the situation of the Western Rong countries, and unified the eight Western Rong countries in one fell swoop.
At the same time, Lin Hu and Lou Fan were destroyed by Zhao ; Yan State expelled Donghu and established five counties in the north and northeast ; while Shanrong disappeared from history.
The Western Rong countries also have some relatively weak subordinate tribes, such as Qiang.
"Shuowen" says: "Qiang is a shepherd from the Western Rong.Following people and sheep, the sheep is also the sound of it”;
"Civil and Common Meaning" also says: "Qiang is originally the humble and humble Western Rong, and the main shepherds the sheep. Therefore, the "Qiang" followed the sheep and the man, so he thought it was called. ”
After the Qin and Han Dynasties, in the entire ancient China, the Qiang refers to the tribes of Di and Qiang in a narrow sense, and in a broad sense, it includes the various ethnic groups in western China.
(II) After the division between Rong and Di, the Northern Di integrated into the East and West Hu, and the Huns went south
During the Spring and Autumn Period, although Rong and Di were divided, their title was still in a relatively general stage. ml7 The two are also in the stage of frequent fusion .
Di, as a name for the nation, records it in the Spring and Autumn Period and it began in the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period; but the "Mandarin·Zheng Kingdom" records that it appeared on the Western Weekend.
The name of the Central Plains is the name of some tribes and countries in the north by the Xia people in the Central Plains, not their self-proclaimed.
"Spring and Autumn Period" records in the 32nd year of Zhuang Gong: "Winter, Di defeated Xing. ”
At this time, the first record of Di appeared in "Spring and Autumn". During this period, The relationship between Jin Xiangong and the Di people was complicated , but Rong and Di were still often mixed.
In the early Spring and Autumn Period, there were many tribes north of Qin, Jin, Zheng, Wei, Xing and other countries, which were threats to the Xia people in the Central Plains. However, at that time, it was still called Rong with the Western Rong and the Yiluo region. Only was called Beirong in the direction, which was the later Beidi .
to the middle and late Spring and Autumn Period, records of Di appeared. was called Beidi because it was in the north.
Around 100 years after the emergence of Di clan name, appeared in Chidi , Baidi, Changdi and many other titles .
In the late Warring States Period, the Hu people rose up. There was Donghu east of the Hu people, and Dingling north of the Hu people.
late Warring States Period and After the Qin and Han Dynasties, the Northern Di referred to in ancient China refer to the Hu people and Donghu people.
North Di and the Qiang and Rong tribes in the Spring and Autumn Period , while North Di refers to the Hu people and Donghu tribes in the late Warring States Period and after the Northern Di refers to the Hu people and Donghu tribes in the Qiang and Rong tribes, which are completely different from the Qiang and Rong tribes.
entered the Warring States Period, and they There is a part of that gradually merged into the Hu people after the Hu people went south, becoming an important part of the Hu people .
Northern Di was in the Spring and Autumn Period, and the one adjacent to Yan in the north of was called Shanrong ; at the end of the Warring States Period, it was distributed east of the East Hu people in , and it was called Donghu .
In the Warring States Period, the Hu people went south . A considerable number of Chidi and Baidi in northern Shaanxi, Shanxi, Hebei and other places had been assimilated into the Hu people. Therefore, the Beidi and Hu people and Donghu people in the Spring and Autumn Period were both different and related.
The difference is that Hu people originated from the north of Yinshan Mountains, Donghu people originated from the Daxinganling Mountains, and Qiangrong originated from different in the Longshan area; the connection is in Guifang, Yuhu and Beidi in the Spring and Autumn Period. A considerable tribes melted into the Hu people, becoming one of the important sources of the Hu people, and their origins are also related to Shang.
(III) There are many forest and swamps in the southern barbarians, and the Bashu, Wuyue, Jingchu, Fujian
Nanman areas are wet and hot, and the conditions are harsh, mainly mountain forest and swamps.
In the pre-Qin period, it was called Nanman, Jingman, Jingyue, Yangyue, Baiyue, Fujian , Fujian, Yong, Baipu, Ba, Shu, Zhuyun, Huifu Island Yi, Youmiao, Sanmiao, Heyi, and Nuguo.
Chu State was once also known as Chu Man . Later, Chu worked hard to learn Central Plains culture and continued to annex the barbarians in the war, gradually developing from a 50-mile viscount country to a southern power with a radius of 5,000 miles.
Chu State is the vassal state that eliminated the most barbarians, and most of the barbarians integrated into Chu State.
(IV) Integrated into Qi State and became China. Since then, many foreign countries in Dongyi
In the late Western Zhou Dynasty, Dongyi appeared again in Dongyi. Its founding of the country, Xu State, Xu State became increasingly powerful under the development of Xu Yanwang , and constantly threatened neighboring countries.
King Mu of Zhou and Chu He defeated King Xu Yan, and then in 512 BC, King Helu of Wu completely destroyed Xu's Kingdom.
At the same time, the Northeastern Yi of the pre-Qin period also includes Sushen (Xishen homophone translation).
"Records of the Grand Historian: The Basic Annals of the Five Emperors" describes the story of Shun's time "five thousand miles apart, as for the wasteland." Be cautious among the nations who come to tribute.
"Collected Interpretation" quotes Zheng Xuan's annotation: "Xi Shen, or Su Shen, Northeast Yi."
During this period, there was Ji Zi and North Korea , which was established by Ji Zi, the uncle of King Zhou, when the Shang Dynasty was destroyed.
Until Qi , after Duke Huan of Qi won over in the Spring and Autumn Period, he defeated the Dongyi, and the Dongyi gradually integrated into Qi .
. The four barbarians of Qin and Han dynasties changed a lot. Qin Emperor and Han Wuwei plus internal and external
(I) Qin dominated the Western Rong and expanded its territory
With the attack on the Western Rong by the kings of Qin throughout the Qin Dynasty, by the time of Duke Mu of Qin, the Western Rong had basically unified , and a large number of Western Rong tribes integrated into Qin, laying the foundation for Qin to unify the six kings.
During the Qin and Han dynasties, in addition to integrating into most tribes of the Chinese nation, a branch of the Quanrong moved north to the Mongolian grassland, becoming one of the earliest nomadic peoples on the Mongolian grasslands.
(II) Northern Di and Donghu, the rise of the Huns
The Northern Di mentioned in ancient China after the Qin and Han Dynasties all refer to the Hu people and Donghu people.
, Ding Ling and later translated names such as Tiele and Chile can be pronounced with Di .
》 Dante Ling, Tiele, and Chile are the Chinese translations of these ethnic groups. Di is the name of the Xia people in the Central Plains for northern ethnic groups. The two have different etymology and different meanings.
During this period, Emperor Wu of Han adopted the policy of "isolating Hu and Qiang", and at the same time used Zhao Chongguo's move to farm in Huangzhong to control the Qiang , indicating that the Qiang and Hu had clearly distinguished between Qiang and Hu during the Western Han Dynasty.
"Records of the Grand Historian" and "Book of Han" did not write biographies for the Qiang people. The ancestors and historical relics of the Qiang people are only attached to the "Biographies of the Xiongnu" and the narration of . "Book of the Later Han" contains "Biographies of the Western Qiang".
At this time, the Beidi tribe, which had not been integrated into China, became part of the Xiongnu .
When Emperor Wu of Han defeated the Huns, the Huns split, the Southern Huns surrendered to the Han Dynasty, and later the Eastern Han Dynasty continued to attack the Huns, The Huns gradually moved westward, while most of the Northern Di disappeared .
The remaining part of the Beidi tribe gradually disappeared in the Liao Dynasty and integrated into the Chinese .
(III) Conquered Baiyue and the South China Sea. The Southern Barbarians surrendered to
At the end of the Warring States Period, as Qin accelerated its pace of unifying the six kingdoms, Qin Shihuang destroyed the Chu State.
It ordered the general Wang Jian to attack Baiyue and established Kuaiji County.
A few years later, Qin Shihuang launched an army of hundreds of thousands of troops to conquer Baiyue, and captured the entire Baiyue , including Wuyue, Minyue, Nanyue, Ouyue, etc. Until today's South China Sea area, the Baiyue people began to belong to the rule of the Qin Dynasty.
By the Han Dynasty, Emperor Wu of Han conquered the South China Sea Kingdom and conquered the southwestern Yi , further expanding southward.
After hundreds of years of rule in the Han Dynasty, most of the Nanman people were Chineseized and became part of China.
By the end of the Han Dynasty and the Three Kingdoms period, the Southern Barbarians basically integrated into China, and those who did not integrate also fled far away from the mountains and forests, with a sparse population. After the attack from Shu Han, a very small number of them began to migrate to Myanmar, and most of them integrated into local life. They either integrate into the Han people or become ethnic minorities, but they are all part of the Chinese nation.
(IV) The Dongyi gradually disappeared and integrated into Qin
Under the repeated conquests of the Central Plains dynasties and the attacks of the surrounding vassal states, the Dongyi gradually weakened.
When Qin Shihuang unified the world, the Dongyi no longer existed. Part of it was integrated into Qi State, and the other part became a citizen of the Qin Dynasty. There was no Dongyi tribe or vassal state, and it was completely integrated into China.
Dongyi after the Qin and Han Dynasties mainly refers to the Northeastern Yi of the pre-Qin period, and also listed the Japanese in it. It refers to the ethnic and states of the East. There are obvious differences between and the pre-Qin Dongyi in terms of region and ethnicity, and it is no longer the same concept.
, the Five Barbarians entered China, the Four Barbarians entered Xia
During the Western Jin Dynasty, many nomadic peoples outside the Great Wall took advantage of the rebellion of the Eight Kings of the Western Jin Dynasty and their national strength was weak, and several non-Han regimes were established one after another, forming a period of confrontation with the southern regime.
"Five Hu" mainly refers to the five Hu tribes of the Huns, Xianbei, Jie, Qiang and Di, but In fact, the Wuhu is the representative of the Hu people who entered China at the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, and the number is far from five .
For more than a hundred years, there have been dozens of countries established by various ethnic groups and Han people in the north, with varying strengths and sizes. Among them, there are a long period of existence and , which have a significant influence, namely the Five Barbarians and Sixteen Kingdoms .
Among the more than ten regimes of the Five Barbarians in China, the former Qin Dynasty of the Di tribe was first, and the Northern Wei of the Tuoba Xianbei unified the entire north.
The Five Husbands entered China and led to a large reduction in the population of Han people in the Central Plains, but also objectively promoted the further integration of ethnic groups . With the development of the unified Sui and Tang regimes in the later period, ethnic groups that did not actively integrate were forced to move back to the north, and even migrate westward.
Among them, some white barbarians of relocated and gradually disappeared from China .
After this, most of the four barbarians in the original pre-Qin period were basically integrated into China.
. In the Tang Dynasty and later, multiple tribes merged, and new nations gradually formed
The title of the Four Barbarians changed in the Tang Dynasty. With the birth and death of various ethnic groups in history, the title of the Four Barbarians had new concepts:
- , Dongyi: Goryeo, Baekje, Silla, Japan (Japan), etc.
- , Xirong: Tubo, Nipola, Dangxiang Qiang, Gaochang, Tuyuhun, Yanqi, Kucha, Shule, Khotan, Tianzhu, Fubin, Kangguo, Persia, Fuqi (Eastern Roman Empire), Dashi (Arab Empire), etc.
- , Nanman: Linyi, Zhenla, Tahuanheling, Dongnu Kingdom, Nanzhao, Piao Kingdom, etc.
- , Beidi: Turks, Uighurs ( Uighurs) , Tiele, Khitan, Xi, Shiwei, Mohe, Bohai Kingdom, etc.
During this period, the Four Barbarians refer more to foreign countries or foreign tribes, rather than other tribes of the same origin during the early days of China. Among them, only Tubo, Turks, Khitan, Marine, Uighurs, Shiwei, Xi, Tiel, Nanzhao, Dangxiang Qiang, Tuyuhun and other parts belonging to the Chinese nation.
This situation was also basically integrated in the subsequent Song and Liao dynasties. ethnic groups, like the Khitan in the Liao Dynasty, actively assimilated and integrated into the Chinese nation .
After the Song Dynasty, Tubo became a Tibetan nation in China by the Ming and Qing Dynasties. In addition to moving to Southeast Asia, Nanzhao, which had not been integrated, either integrated into China or became one of the ethnic minorities. The nomadic peoples evolved from Beidi gradually evolved into Mongolian, Manchu, Oroqen, etc.
Archaeological excavation of Siyi culture
, Dongyi , representing Dawenkou culture, Longshan culture, Yuekou culture, etc.
Dongyi is the fastest-progressing population among the four barbarians. By the time of Qin and Han dynasties, they had basically integrated into the Chinese nation.
, Nanman , representing Hemudu culture, Liangzhu culture, Qujialing and Yonglang culture, etc., as well as Sanxingdui civilization.
Most of the descendants of the Southern Barbarians have become Chinese people, and some have become ethnic minorities , such as Miao, Zhuang, Tujia, Buyi and Yi.
, Xirong , representing cultures are Yangshao culture, etc.
At the Qin and Han Dynasties, most of the people in the Western Rong were integrated into the Chinese nation. The modern Qiang people are descendants of the Western Rong, and some Tibetans also come from the Western Rong .
, Beidi , representing Shimao culture, etc.
Most of the descendants of the Beidi people joined the Huaxia people, and some became members of modern northern ethnic minorities such as the Mongolian people. Some white people moved back or gradually disappeared .
In thousands of years of ethnic integration, the integration of the Chinese nation and surrounding ethnic groups has been further developed.The so-called theory of the Four Barbarians is not for foreign races, but a regional definition of other groups except for their own groups by the Xia, Shang and Western Zhou dynasties.
and even in the early days, Qin and Chu were also called barbarians. It does not represent nations, but its more meaning is the collective name of a group that is far away from the center of ruling.
and even later with the development of ethnic integration, most of it quickly disappeared during the Qin and Han Dynasties. The theory of the Four Barbarians in the later Tang Dynasty and even later dynasties was different. The Four Barbarians in later generations more refer to foreign tribes and foreign countries. At this time, even remote ethnic minorities in various parts of China were not among the four barbarians. For example, the Qing Dynasty called Britain the Western Barbarians, but the Tibetans were no longer among the four barbarians, because the four barbarians at this time specifically refer to foreign countries and foreign tribes.
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