Princess Wencheng Garment has a far-reaching influence. Even today, when Shaanxi people reach Tibetan , some Tibetans will call them "uncle", and they have always called Princess Wencheng "Ajie Jiasha" (meaning Han Ajie). The friendship between uncles and nephews in Han and Tibetan was laid a solid foundation for Princess Wencheng. In history, nearly 200 years later, the Tubo dynasty also formed an alliance with the Tang Dynasty.
Princess Wencheng: There is a kind of happiness called incarnation of Green Tara
According to the records of "Old Book of Tang Dynasty: Biography of Tubo", "Nongzan sent his prime minister Lu Dongzan to deliver a gift, donating 5,000 taels of money, and playing hundreds of things from Yubao." "Nongzan" is Songzan Gampo . Lu Dongzan was welcomed by Songzan Gampo with a betrothal gift. This year was 640. In 636, Tubo sent people to Chang'an to propose, but Tang Taizong had no answer. The second time he came to propose was 639. This time, Emperor Taizong of Tang agreed, so Lu Dongzan came to give a betrothal gift in 640 and Princess Wencheng got married in the first month of 641.
The custom of getting married in ancient times was not given a betrothal gift among the people, and there was no right to ask for marriage, and it was also between the two regimes of the Tang Dynasty and the Tubo. It took about 10 months for Lu Dongzan to travel between Tubo and the Tang Dynasty.
There are two historical records after Lu Dongzan came to Chang'an again. The first one is: At that time, Lu Dongzan was the only prime minister in Tubo. Emperor Taizong of Tang found out that he was a talented person, so he wanted to marry one of his own sister's granddaughters to him. " Old Tang Book " says, "At first, Emperor Taizong promised to surrender Princess Wencheng, and Zanpu sent Lu Dongzan to welcome him and summoned the order. Taizong respected him and had a superstar all the foreigners. He appointed Lu Dongzan as the general of the Right Guard, and also gave him the granddaughter of Princess Langya, and his wife was given by Princess Langya."
However, Lu Dongzan did not agree. He said, "I have a wife in my country, and my parents hired her, and I can't bear to be good." Emperor Taizong of Tang was not very willing to force him. The one he wanted to marry Lu Dongzan was the "Langya Princess", and the famous "Gaomi Princess" later. Taizong Li Yuan 's eighth daughter, his own sister, later married Duan Lun.
The second article is: "The Record of the King of Tibet" and other records, "When the princess left the capital, Lu Dongzan was taken hostage in Chang'an. After various means, it had been five months since she caught up with the bride-sending team." Similar content is also reflected in Banqin Sonan Chaba's book "New Red History", that is, when Emperor Taizong of Tang saw the princess off, he suddenly felt that "if a smart minister stayed (Tubo) would stay, the relationship between Han and Tibet would not be interrupted." Therefore, he temporarily decided to keep Lu Dongzan.
From Chang'an to today's Qinghai Sun Moon Mountain , Princess Wencheng has been away for nearly half a year.
Sun and Moon Mountain is located 40 kilometers southwest of Huangyuan County, Xining City, Qinghai Province. It belongs to the Qilian Mountains and is 90 kilometers long. It is a natural dam in the east of Qinghai Lake . The average altitude is about 4,000 meters, and the highest altitude is 4,877 meters. Sun and Moon Mountain not only has magnificent historical significance, but also has very important geographical significance. It is located on the dividing line between and non-monsoon zone in in my country, and is located in the superposition area between Loess Plateau and Qinghai-Tibet Plateau . It is a natural dividing line between the basins inside and outside Qinghai Province, and divides agricultural civilization and nomadic civilization.
Sun and Moon Mountain has always been the throat of the Mainland's Avenue to Tibet. As early as the Han, Wei, Jin, and Sui, Tang and other dynasties, they were all outposts and barriers under the jurisdiction of the Central Plains dynasty. Therefore, it is known as "Western Sea Screen" and "Grassland Portal". In the first year of the Divine Turtle of Emperor Ming of the Northern Wei Dynasty (420 AD), the monk Song Yun traveled west from Luoyang to seek scriptures, and then went to Tianzhu to take the road to Sun and Moon Mountain.
In history, Sun and Moon Mountain was still the dividing line between the Tang Dynasty and Tubo. According to legend, Princess Wencheng once passed by this mountain when she married Songtsen Gampo. She looked west at the top of the peak, and the sorrow arose from her hometown. She couldn't help but take out the "Sun and Moon Treasure Mirror" given by the queen when she was leaving to watch. The charming scenery of Chang'an suddenly appeared in the mirror. The princess was in a state of sorrow and joy, accidentally missed the "Sun and Moon Treasure Mirror" and fell on two small hills. The half on the east side faced west, reflecting the afterglow of the setting sun, and the half on the west side faced east, illuminating the rising moonlight, Sun and Moon Mountain was named after it.
At the foot of Sun and Moon Mountain, there is also a river called Daotanghe . It originates from the Chahan grassland on the western foot of Sun and Moon Mountain. It is the smallest branch in the Qinghai Lake water system. The river is winding and twisting, and the river water is clear and looks as magical and charming as a bright ribbon falling on the grassland. According to legend, when Princess Wencheng arrived at Sun and Moon Mountain, she looked west with desolation, missed her hometown and parents, and she was so sad that she kept flowing west. She burst into tears and her tears formed this upside-down river.
Today, there are Sun Pavilion and Yue Pavilion on Sun and Moon Mountain. Although they are not big, the incense in the pavilion is very strong. Before the inscription about Princess Wencheng Jinmao was engraved, there was a lot of change. I guess it was left by tourists and local Tibetans. There are many murals in the pavilion that describe the situation when the princess went to Tibet. Some were questions given to the envoy Songzan Gantou before Emperor Taizong of Tang agreed to marry him. One of the main ideas was to ask the envoy that an egg was eaten by one of the ten maids. How do you determine who ate it? The messenger's answer was to let the ten maids hold water in their mouths, and then spit it into the bowl. Whoever has the egg yolk shredded in the bowl will prove that whoever ate it.
There are also problems like this, such as separating 100 horses from their foals, how to determine which foal was born from which mare? etc. These are all sounds of a bell hanging on Sun and Moon Pavilion , which witness the intelligence and talent of the Tibetan people. The sound of the bell in the wind on the plateau is a bit hoarse and even desolate, just like the princess’ homesickness singing on the moonlit night.
Cypress Sea, the name of an ancient lake. Near the source of the Yellow River. That is, Eling Lake or Zaling Lake in Qinghai today. "Old Book of Tang: Biography of Tubo" records that Princess Wencheng went to Tibet, and Songtsen Gampo "led his troops to Bai Hai and personally welcomed him to Heyuan ". When Princess Wencheng arrived in Baihai, Songtsen Gampo held a grand welcome ceremony for her and gave a son-in-law ceremony to Princess Wencheng's biological father, Li Daozong. To this end, Songtsen Gampo set up a tent here early. Songtsen Gampo visited Li Daozong, the prince of Jiangxia, Tang, and performed the ceremony of his son-in-law. Under the witness of the relatives of the Tibetan Han envoys, he married Princess Wencheng into the tent of the king with the most solemn etiquette of Tubo. With this as a symbol, the conclusions of the research on racial ancestry of the two Tibetans and Han dynasties, which have the same origin, have deepened a layer of relationship.
Afterwards, Songtsen Gampo led the craftsmen to open up the road for Princess Wencheng. When the wedding procession passed by Yushu, Princess Wencheng and Songtsen Gampo were attracted by the scenery here. It happened that after many days of long journey, the wedding procession was also very tired at this time. So Songtsen Gampo ordered camping in a valley in Yushu for a month. Perhaps, at that time, Songtsen Gampo placed the beautiful wild flowers on the grassland on the princess' head. The princess accepted it charmingly, and ran hand in hand with Song and ran between the flowers and the green grass endlessly, smiling endlessly.
You come to me,
with a sincerity,
I come to you,
covered with dust all the way.
...
In the shepherd's singing, the pearl-like cattle and sheep bloomed into beautiful flowers on the grassland, leaving the princess Baihai's Sun and Moon Mountain far behind - the daughter who married far away is actually very happy!
Princess Wencheng entered Tibet, and the friendship between the Tang and Tibet has developed greatly. Due to Princess Wencheng's erudition and versatility, it has a great impact on the civilization of the Tubo country. It not only consolidated the western border defense of the Tang Dynasty, but also spread the Han nationality's culture to Tibet. Tibet's economy, culture and other aspects have also developed greatly through the nutrition of the Tang Dynasty's culture. Tang and Tibet Alliance Stele records: "...Align with Ye Sheshishi. In the year of Zhenguan, we married Princess Wencheng... and respect the same as the same as the same as the same as the same as the marriage. In the year of Jinglong, we married Princess Jincheng and marries Zanpu's yamen... uncle and nephew are united with Ye Sheshi. The friendship is long..."
When the team of welcoming and sending brides entered Lhasa in a mighty manner, the Tubo people prepared the highest-standard welcome ceremony for Princess Wencheng. Afterwards, Princess Wencheng and Songtsen Gampo held a very grand wedding in accordance with the Han etiquette.All the people of Tubo were happy for Princess Wencheng and Songtsen Gampo. Songtsen Gampo said excitedly to his ministers at the banquet: "My ancestors and parents have never had a precedent for intermarriage with Shangguo. Today I am so lucky that I can marry the princess of the Tang Dynasty. I want to build a gorgeous palace for the princess to leave it for future generations to watch." Since then, Tang and Tibet have become in-laws. In the past two hundred years, whenever Xin Zanpu ascended the throne, he would ask the Emperor of Tang to "register his life". The gorgeous palace built by Songtsen Gampo for Princess Wencheng is the famous Potala Palace in later generations.
Although Princess Wencheng was only a descendant of the Tang royal family, her status in Tubo was very high. According to the Tubo historical book "The Worship Banquet of the Sage", after Princess Wencheng entered Tibet, "Songtsen Gampo ascended the throne of celebration and crowned Princess Wencheng and was named queen." It can be seen that Princess Wencheng enjoyed the honorific title of Zan Meng (Queen), and there were sacrifices after her death. This was also a treatment that the Tubo queen had. Among all the women in Songtsen Gampo, only Princess Wencheng had this treatment.
Princess Wencheng not only has a high status in Tubo, but also is very rich. According to the "History of Yutian Teachings" written in the 8th to 9th centuries AD, she built a large temple in Tubo and presented land, slaves and livestock to the temple. All monks (pointing that monks who receive full precepts from their families) came here, and their lives were offered by the princess, and the Mahayana teachings in the Tubo area were further promoted and promoted.
Songtsen Gampo has married 6 famous women in total. Princess Wencheng has been with him for only 9 years, but they have lived together for 3 years, which is something that Songtsen Gampo has never had before. What kind of pampering a woman can be, and what else can be happier than this? " New Book of Tang " says that Songtsen Gampo almost obeys Princess Wencheng, if the princess doesn't like the custom of "painting the face with ochre" in the Tubo people, Songtsen Gampo immediately ordered it to be abolished. Even Songzan Ganbu took off the felt fur and instead wore silk silk. He also sent Tubo nobles' children to study in Chang'an and learn about the culture of the Tang Dynasty. Chen Tao " Longxi Travel " says: "Since the marriage of the Lord, half of the Hu style is like the Han family." It can be seen that it had a huge impact on Tubo's absorption of Han culture on its own culture at that time.
Songtsen Gampo died in 650. If it were according to the customs of that year, Princess Wencheng could have returned to the Tang Dynasty, but she was very wise. She sacrificed her personal happiness for peace with the Tang Dynasty and Tubo, and lived alone on the snowy plateau for more than 30 years until she died of illness in 680.
About the cause of death of Princess Wencheng Tang Shu is very clear, that is, he died of smallpox. The Tubo Dynasty held a grand funeral for her. The Tang Dynasty sent envoys to Tubo to worship her (Princess Cheng died, and Emperor Gaozong sent envoys to worship her). More than 30 years after Songtsen Gampo's death, Princess Wencheng still enjoyed the treatment of a queen. She has always lived a pampered life and is still loved by the Tubo people. She has devoted herself to the spread of Tubo's culture. The various grains, handicrafts, medicinal materials, advanced technology, and books she brought have played a great role in promoting the development of Tubo's agriculture, animal husbandry, handicrafts, and religious culture.
Because of this, the famous Potala Palace still preserves the bridal chamber ruins of Princess Wencheng and Songtsen Gampo. Her statue is still enshrined in the Jokhang Temple in Lhasa. In addition, her story with Songtsen Gampo and her achievements in promoting Tibetan culture are still widely spread among the Han and Tibetan ethnic groups in the form of dramas, murals, folk songs, legends, etc., and she is also considered the incarnation of Green Tara in Tibetan Buddhism.
Princess Wencheng's marriage has a far-reaching influence. Even today, when people from Shaanxi come to Tibetans, some Tibetans will call them "uncle", and they have always called Princess Wencheng "Ajie Jiasha" (meaning Han Jie). The friendship between uncles and nephews in Han and Tibetan was laid a solid foundation for Princess Wencheng. In history, nearly 200 years later, the Tubo Dynasty also met with Tang Dynasty .
Tang and Tibet Alliance refers to the Tang Dynasty and Tubo sent envoys to Chang'an, the Tang Dynasty and Tubo first swear in Chang'an, the Tang Dynasty, and the following year, the Tubo reunion was reunited in the Tubo Luxue (Lhasa) the following year.In 823 AD, a stone monument was erected by a silhouette, compared with Han and Tibetan characters, and the tree was placed in front of the Jokhang Temple in Lhasa. At that time, the Tubo Dynasty, which was in decline, was eager to establish a new friendly relationship with the Tang Dynasty in order to consolidate the royal rule. In 821, Zamp Chireba sent personnel to Chang'an three times in a row to request an alliance. At this time, the Tang Dynasty after the Anshi Rebellion was also in a situation where "there is no loss of sores and people are afraid of war", and expressed their agreement with the Tubo request to the alliance. Emperor Muzong of Tang ordered the prime minister and 17 other important officials to hold a grand alliance ceremony with Tubo alliance officials in the western suburbs of Chang'an. The following year, the Tang Dynasty sent Liu Yuanding and others to Tubo to find an alliance, and formed an alliance with Tubo monk Xiangbo Chanbu and Daxiang Shang Qixiner and others in the eastern suburbs of Lushe.
This alliance took place in the first and second year of Changqing in the Tang Dynasty, and is known in history as " Changqing alliance ". The two sides of the alliance reiterated the friendship between nephews and uncles who were "harmonious" in history, and were determined to "align the country" in the future, reconcile and help each other forever, fully expressing the common desire of the people of the Tibetan and Han ethnic groups to get along with each other. There are three "Tang-Tibet Alliance Monument" that records the content of this alliance, one of which stands in front of the Jokhang Temple in Lhasa. After the Changqing League, the united and friendly relations between the Tibetan and Han ethnic groups were further developed.
Tang and Tibet Alliance Monument is also called Nephew and Alliance Monument. It is about 4.83 meters tall, 0.96 meters wide, 0.51 meters thick, and is square cylindrical. Tibetan stele carvings are made of natural stones into rectangular bodies, consisting of three parts: the head of the stele, the body of the stele and the base of the stele. The steles in the Han area are finely carved, and the bases of the steles often have turtle-shaped patterns, and decorative patterns on both sides of the stele body; the steles in the Tibetan area are often quaint in shape, and the top is often covered with stone hats, forming the unique style of the stele carving in the Tibetan area. The stele of the Changqing Alliance of the Tang and Tibet is famous for its roof-style stone hats (Note: Wang Yao "Explanation of the Tang and Tibet Alliance of the Tang and Tibets", Historical Research No. 4, 1980). The text is as follows:
The Emperor of Civil and Military Filial Piet and the Holy Spirit Praise His Majesty’s two saints uncle and nephew, Jun Zhehong, I know that I am so proud of my mercy, and my kindness is overwhelming, and I have no inner and outer feelings. I discuss Ye Tong, and make all the surnames peaceful, and my thoughts are the same, and I am very happy to continue my kindness and affection, and reaffirm my neighbors’ favors. This is a great thing.
The two countries of the Bodhi and Han Dynasty are under their control. They are all in the Tang Dynasty in the east, and the territory of the Great Fan Kingdom is everywhere in the west. They do not attack each other, do not raise troops to rebel, and do not invade each other.
The situation may be blocked by the people, and after asking about the matter, they will give them clothes and food. The country is the same today, and for this reason, the country is the same.
However, the friendship between uncle and nephew is always passed down, and each other is coming and going, following the old road. The Han and Han dynasties joined the General's Valley to join the horses. The Sui Rongzhan was already in the east, and the Tang Dynasty was only in the west, and the Dafan was already in the west. The supply of the uncle and nephew must be intimate with the rituals of the uncle and nephew, so that the smoke and dust of the two worlds were not heard of, and the name of the enemy was not frightened. They were enfeoffed and prepared, and the land was safe. Such grace of joy and business has been passed down for generations, and the sound of beauty was illuminated by the sun and the moon.
The foreign countries received peace in the foreign countries, and the Han Dynasty also received joy in the Han Dynasty. This is how to match its great cause.
Following this oath, it will never be changed. However, the Three Treasures and the Sages Sun, Moon, Stars, Please be aware of the Three Treasures. In this kind of alliance, each of them conspires to establish a alliance, and sets up this approximation.
If you do not follow this oath, any monarch and minister of the Han Dynasty will first cause disaster, and you still need to repay evil. If you are conspiring, you will not be able to break the alliance.
The kings and ministers of the Han Dynasty also sued and made an oath. Zhou Xi wrote a text. The two kings used the official seal to sign their names in person. This oath was hidden in the jade palace.
The pictures in this article are from the Internet, thanks to the original author!
