Beiyang Government (1912-1928) In just 16 years, the political situation has changed and the Prime Minister has changed frequently. 31 people have served as Prime Ministers. Among them: the well-known Tang Shaoyi , Xu Shichang , Duan Qirui , etc.; there are also the rare Gong Xinzhan , Jia Deyao , Hu Weide , etc. Their term of office varies. The elderly are only more than a year, the shortest are several months, and even worse, just a few days, just a flash in the pan (the shortest one, Zhu Qiqin, only worked for two days, and the most was Duan Qirui, who served as prime ministers for four times).
Gu Weijun (1888-1985), whose courtesy name is Shaochuan, is from Jiading, Shanghai. He studied in the United States in his early years and obtained a doctorate degree. He was considered the number one diplomat in the Republic of China. He angrily criticized Japan for becoming famous in the war in the Paris Peace Conference; he stood firm in the Beiyang government; during the National Government, he signed the " United Nations Charter " on behalf of China during the National Government.
He is both handsome and talented. He is known as one of the four beauties of the Republic of China and is elegant. Marriage four times in a lifetime represents father's destiny, power, wealth and true love. After retirement, he was elected as a judge of the International Court of Justice of the Hague for 11 years and died in New York, USA at the age of 98.
Time of employment: 1924.7.2—1924.9.14 (Agent) 1926.10.5—1927.6.16
Preface
11 On June 25, 1945, the United Nations Charter was unanimously adopted by 50 founding countries in San Francisco, USA.
The next day, the five sponsors of United Nations - China, the United States, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, and France - signed in alphabetical order. The Chinese delegation ranked first, signed by Gu Weijun, the chief representative of the Chinese delegation, Song Ziwen . Since then, his name has been closely linked to the UN Charter.
Gu Weijun's ancestors
Gu Weijun 888 was born in Jiading District, Shanghai. The ancestors moved from Kunshan to Jiading , and by the time of their ancestors (Grandpa Gu Weijun), they had become a big family in Jiading.
Gu Weijun's father Gu Rong, whose courtesy name is Qingchuan, was born in 1856. When he was four years old in 1860, the Taiping Army occupied Jiading City. Gu Weijun's grandfather was arrested by the Taiping Army and imprisoned in prison. The Gu family spent their property to redeem the people. But he died soon after due to serious physical and mental injuries during imprisonment.
In order to avoid the war, Gu Rong's mother, Zou, dragged her young son and daughter to the concession in Shanghai, and supported her family with the traditional embroidery craftsmanship in Jiading.
Gu Rong entered a grocery store as an apprentice when he was 14 years old. After getting married and getting married, Gu Rong worked in his father-in-law's customs declaration shop, and with a fixed income, his family began to improve.
But when Gu Rong's 23-year-old wife Jiang Fu'an became pregnant with her fourth child, the customs declaration bank went bankrupt due to economic recession, and Gu Rong lost his job for a while. Jiang Fu'an was very worried about this. She already had two men and one woman, so she used some folk remedy to take Chinese medicine for miscarriage and did not want this child.
But folk remedies do not work. Fortunately, soon, Gu Rong had a better job (Shenyu Foreign Company General Office). Gu Rong and his wife regarded the fourth child in their womb as a lucky star, and it was his arrival that brought good luck to the Gu family.
After Gu Rong got a new job, he moved into a big house built by Xiaonanmensuozi. The fourth child, Gu Weijun, was born in the new house. Soon, the family had a little daughter.
Gu Weijun's family photo when he was four years old (back row from left to right: sister, mother, grandmother, father, elder brother Front row from left to right: sister, Gu Weijun, second brother)
In 1892, Gu Rong was appreciated by Sheng Xuanhuai and worked in Shipbuilding China Merchants Group . In 1901, Gu Rong was in charge of finance for Yuan Shuxun, Shanghai Daotai, and soon received Yuan Shuxun's appreciation. In 1908, Yuan Shuxun was promoted to governor of Shandong, and Gu Rong still worked for Yuan.
After Gu Rong was rich, he built 2,300 mu of land in his hometown Jiading, donated it to run the "Chengyu Yizhuang" to run schools for the children of the clan and support the poor in the clan.In May 1911, Gu Rong was once again valued by Sheng Xuanhuai and served as the general office of the Shanghai Branch of the Bank of Communications, and was appointed as the second-ranked candidate for Zhili.
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Gu Weijun grew up in such a wealthy official and business family in Shanghai Concession . When he was four years old, he followed his second brother to study in a private school. Gu Weijun studied in a private school for seven years, laying a solid foundation for him in traditional culture.
1899, eleven-year-old Gu Weijun was admitted to Shanghai Yinghua Academy founded by Christianity. Yinghua Academy is an accommodation system. Gu Weijun started learning English at this school and was exposed to Western culture. Although he was the youngest, he was very talented in his studies and ranked among the best in his grades.
dropped out of school the second year due to a serious illness for several months. It was because of this medical treatment that his first marriage was made. The father of the original wife Zhang Rune, Zhang Yunxiang, was very skilled in medical skills and often went to Gu's house. The two families are in a good match.
This time Gu Weijun was cured again. Zhang Yunxiang felt that this little guy was extremely smart since he was a child, so he immediately asked a matchmaker to match him. So the twelve-year-old Gu Weijun had a baby marriage with ten-year-old Zhang Rune. Both families were very happy, and Gu Weijun was naturally confused.
1901, at the age of thirteen, Gu Weijun was admitted to St. John's College in Shanghai. is also a Christian school, with high tuition fees and all students come from wealthy families. In this school founded by the American church, Gu Weijun got the initial understanding of the United States.
At this time, China is facing a serious national crisis. The Eight-Nation Alliance invaded, and the foreigners in the concession were arrogant. Growing up in the concession, Gu Weijun has a personal experience and experience of the privileges enjoyed by foreigners in China.
There was a Saturday when he took a rickshaw home from school as usual. When I crossed the Waibaidu Bridge and , the coachman on the uphill road pulled very slowly. The British man who was following a carriage behind was anxious to go to the racecourse to bet on horses. He thought the rickshaw was blocking his way, so he beat the rickshaw with a horse whip.
Gu Weijun turned around in anger and scolded the British in English: "Are you a gentleman?" This was a very severe rebuke for foreigners at that time.
Young Gu Weijun
Another time, Gu Weijun rode his bicycle to school. In order to avoid the vehicles on the road, I followed a British boy to the sidewalk. The British police let the boy in front of him go, but detained him.
This incident was very exciting to the young Gu Weijun. When he wrote a memoir outline in his later years, he listed this incident and the Waibaidu Bridge as two things that he could not forget during his study, and nationalist consciousness took root in his heart.
html At the beginning of the 120th century, even in the concession in Shanghai, bicycles were a luxury, which shows that Gu Weijun's family background was quite good at that time.
teenager Gu Weijun
Academic master of studying in the United States First involved in marriage
In August 1904, sixteen-year-old Gu Weijun went to the United States to study with Hubei official Fei Sheng at his own expense. The Hubei students studying in the United States were supervised by Hubei Shi Zhaoji for contact and entered the preparatory course of Cook College in New York State .
In September 1905, seventeen-year-old Gu Weijun was admitted to Columbia University in New York, pursuing a bachelor's degree in in Literature. Gu Weijun was unable to fully adapt at first. Five courses in the first semester, one B, three C, and one D. But he has a strong learning ability. In the second semester, he already has one A, four B, and three C. Gu Weijun took three years to complete the credits required for four years of undergraduate studies one year in advance.
Columbia University in the Republic of China
Just in his junior year, Gu Weijun received a letter from his home, hoping that he would return to China to marry Zhang Rune. He had long forgotten his childhood marriage and was very confused, so he wrote several long letters in a row, saying that he would put his studies first and declined the marriage.
Gu Weijun's rejection made Gu's father very angry.Later, under the persuasion of his elder brother Gu Jingchu, Gu Weijun made concessions, but he made several requests: the woman must liberate Xiaozu and learn English. In addition, Gu Weijun also made a special statement that this time he returned to China, he was just trying to get in touch first, not getting married immediately.
Just before Gu Weijun returned to China in 1908, Tang Shaoyi, the Qing government’s special envoy who went to the United States for diplomatic activities, invited forty representatives of student studying in the United States to visit Washington as his guests.
At this time, Gu Weijun had already made his mark. He served as the editor-in-chief of the American "Chinese Student Monthly" and could speak and write. At the welcome banquet held by Tang Shaoyi, Gu Weijun spoke as a representative of international students. His graceful demeanor and eloquence left a deep impression on Tang Shaoyi. After the meeting, Tang Shaoyi even met Gu Weijun privately, and expressed his appreciation and encouragement for his speech.
Tang Shaoyi
In the summer of 1908, Gu Weijun returned to his home from the United States at the appointment. As soon as he got home, his parents used both soft and hard work, and insisted that he marry Zhang Rune immediately, and even threatened to take a hunger strike. In desperation, Gu Weijun had to make concessions and expressed his "willing to get married in form."
This old-style wedding was held with a huge glory and the pomp was very large. There were many mount police officers, lantern teams, and drum bands, and the streets were filled with drums and music.
What is even more unexpected is that when the wedding night was about to be celebrated, the groom Gu Weijun actually "disappeared". Later, at his mother's plea, he had to return to his new house, but refused to have the same bed. And in the days that followed, they never slept with the same bed.
At this time, Gu Weijun had considered the feelings of the bride Zhang Rune? I guess Zhang Rune will definitely be even more embarrassing!
After the wedding is completed, Gu Weijun will return to the United States to continue his studies. Before leaving, his father warned him that Zhang Rune was the only daughter of the Zhang family and was responsible for her. So Gu Weijun had to take Zhang Rune with him and go to the United States together.
However, as soon as he arrived in the United States, Gu Weijun sent Zhang Rune to the home of a kind old couple of German descent in Philadelphia , living with them and tutoring in English, while he himself went back to New York to go to school alone. In fact, it is not difficult to see that Gu Weijun has no feelings for Zhang Rune, but is just perfunctory about his parents' orders.
At the beginning of the new academic year in September 1908, Gu Weijun became a graduate student in the Department of Politics at Columbia University, majoring in politics and international law.
Columbia University
1909 after receiving both bachelor’s and master’s degrees, Gu Weijun began to pursue a doctorate degree. His supervisor is Professor Moore. When Gu Weijun was in his 80s, someone asked him who had the greatest influence on his life? He replied that it was Professor Moore.
Professor Moore is an authoritative international law authoritative, and has compiled a multi-volume international law masterpiece "International Arbitration". He also has rich diplomatic practical experience. Later, he served as assistant secretary of state in US State Department .
Gu Weijun and Professor Muer
When preparing their doctoral thesis, Gu Weijun determined the title "Foreign claims against the Chinese government". The introduction of is intended to provide a general background of Sino-foreign relations, the status of foreigners in China, the nature of the treaty that binds China, and the extraterritorial legal rights enjoyed by foreigners living in China.
The main part of the text focuses on analyzing all cases of foreign countries making claims to China, as well as general principles to resolve these claims. The outline of the paper was recognized by Professor Moore, who believed that this was a topic of great practical significance.
During the writing process of the paper, Gu Weijun wrote an article "China's Diplomacy Private Discussion". A detailed explanation of the "losing rights and interests" and the corruption and incompetence of the Qing government since the Opium War.
He concluded: "There are three reasons why China's diplomacy is corrupt and broken and cannot be curbed. One is the idea of injustice, the court and the country do not know what the law is. The second is the method of no system, the ministers and the officials in the border areas have different opinions, and the governors and the subordinates are different.Third, if you have no courage and know how to get along with a family, you will delay it at first to avoid it, and then politely slow it down."
Finally, he proposed to use "fairy to fight for power", which foreshadowed the impact of the study of international law on his subsequent handling of diplomatic affairs.
1912, Gu Weijun, who was preparing his doctoral thesis, received a notice from the Chinese Embassy in the United States to go to Washington. After arriving at the embassy, the minister Zhang Yintang told him that Yuan Shikai, who had just served as interim president, asked him to return to China to serve as the English secretary of the Presidential Office.
Yuan Shikai
Afterwards, Gu Weijun knew that this was the recommendation of Tang Shaoyi, who served as Prime Minister of the Cabinet, but was not mentally prepared for it at the time, so he declined on the grounds that he had not completed his studies.
His supervisor Moore had a completely different view after learning about this. He told Gu Weijun that studying for a doctorate in international law and diplomacy was to serve in the government office, and Yuan Shikai's invitation was a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity, so he strongly advocated that Gu Weijun accept the invitation to return to China for service.
At that time, Gu Weijun's doctoral thesis only completed the introduction and the other three chapters (Nine chapters of the Plan). When he was in a dilemma, Moore said after reading the completed part that the introduction was enough to be a complete doctoral thesis. Gu Weijun successfully passed the oral examination with this introduction.
Gu Weijun's doctoral thesis was last written as "The Status of Outsiders in China", which was published as the 126th series of History, Economics and Public Law at Columbia University in 1912.
Let's go back to Gu Weijun's wife Zhang Rune. He placed his wife in Philadelphia more than 100 kilometers away from New York, allowing her to learn English there. On weekends, Gu Weijun will visit his wife in Philadelphia. However, he respected her like a guest, had no feelings, and was not a husband and wife.
A year later, in 1909, Gu Weijun filed a divorce request to Zhang Rune. After all, Zhang Rune was a child of a wealthy family and was influenced by new ideas. She was very tolerant and open-minded, and agreed calmly.
1911, the two of them signed the divorce agreement . Later, after Miss Zhang returned to China, she saw through the world, became a nun, and lived a pure life of eating vegetarian food and chanting Buddha's name. (In 1933, Gu Weijun learned that Zhang Rune's life was hard, so she specially wrote a letter of confession, accompanied by a huge sum of 50,000 yuan, and sent someone to the Lu family Guanyin Hall. But Zhang Rune returned the money and letter to him intact).
In April 1912, Gu Weijun accepted Yuan Shikai's invitation, stood up and returned to China, and devoted himself to the vigorous historical torrent of the Chinese nation. At this time, Gu Weijun was only twenty-four years old!
(To be continued)
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