"Historical Records. Fiftieth Biography of the Xiongnu" records the development history of the Xiongnu . The ancestors of the Xiongnu were Chunwei , descendants of the Xiahou clan. The Xiahou clan was the name of the Xia Dynasty. Because there was no record of the Xiongnu's lineage before the Xiongnu Chanyu Maodun, the development of the Xiongnu can only be found through the intersection with the Xiongnu from the Yao and Shun periods to the Qin and Han dynasties. Before Tang Yao, Yushun, there were Shanrong, 烃狁, and Hunzhou. They lived in wild places and migrated with herding. From the Xia Dynasty to the Qin Dynasty, the Rong tribe, Rong Yi, Xirong, Shanrong, Rongdi, Quirong, Yiqu, Loufan, Linhu, etc. were all the predecessors of the Xiongnu. .
One, the customs of the Huns.
Most of the livestock raised by the Huns were horses, cattle, and sheep, especially camels, donkeys, mules, harpoons, 騊駼, etc. 郃騠 is a horse bred from a male horse and a female donkey, and the 騊駼 is green. Mustang. They migrated wherever there were luxuriant water and grass. They did not have city walls or fixed residences, and they did not engage in agricultural production, but they did have their own pasture lands. They had no writing or books and relied on language to restrict people's actions. When they were very young, the Huns could ride sheep, draw bows and shoot birds and mice. When they grew up, they could shoot foxes and hares for food. Adult men can draw bows, and all are armored cavalry.
The custom of the Xiongnu is that when there is no war, they graze freely and shoot birds and animals for a living; when there is an emergency, everyone practices their offensive skills in order to invade and plunder. This is their nature. Their long weapons are bows and arrows, and their short weapons include broadswords and small spears. Attack when the situation is favorable, retreat when the situation is unfavorable, and do not consider running away as a shameful thing. As long as there is a profit, ethics and integrity will be ignored.
From the king down, everyone eats animal meat, wears animal skins, and wears fur coats. Young adults eat fresh, fat and delicious food, while the elderly can only eat leftover food.
They respect the strong and despise the old and the weak. If the father dies, the son can marry his stepmother; if the brother dies, the other brothers can marry his widow. Their custom is that people have names, but they don't avoid taboos, so they don't have surnames or given names.
2. The relationship between China and the Huns from the Xia Dynasty to the Qin and Han Dynasties.
After the decline of the Xia Dynasty, the ancestor of the Zhou Dynasty, Gong Liu, lost his hereditary agricultural officer. Gong Liu was the descendant of Hou Ji. According to records in "Historical Records. The Fourth Zhou Benji", after Hou Ji's death, his son Bucheng succeeded to the throne. In Bucheng's later years, the political decline of the Xiahou family abandoned the agricultural division and no longer paid attention to agriculture. As a result, Bucheng lost his official position as an agricultural division, so he wandered to the Rongdi area. After Buqi died, his son Ju succeeded to the throne. After Ju's death, his son Gong Liu succeeded to the throne. Gong Liu is Hou Ji's great-grandson.
Gong Liu lived in the Rongdi area, but he was still engaged in Houji's career, dedicated to agriculture, and patrolling the land to inspect what was suitable for planting. From Qishui, , Jushui, , across , Weishui, , and cut down trees for use, so that people who go out have travel expenses, and people at home have savings. People's lives have been greatly improved. The people were grateful to him, and many people came to join Gong Liu. The prosperity of the Zhou Dynasty began at this time, so poets all composed poems and music to commemorate his great achievements. Gong Liu changed the customs of Xirong. After Gong Liu died, his son succeeded to the throne in Qingjie and established the capital in Bin.
More than three hundred years later, King Tai of Zhou Gu Gong Dan's father succeeded to the throne. Gu Gong Dan's father rebuilt the great cause of Houji and Gongliu. He accumulated many merits and benevolence and righteousness, and the people of the country supported him. The Xunyu tribe of Rongdi came to invade and wanted to seize the property, so Gu Gong and Danfu took the initiative to give it to them. Later, the Rongdi people invaded again, trying to seize land and population. People are angry and want to fight back. Gu Gong Danfu said: "The people set up rulers to benefit them.Now the purpose of Rongdi's attack is to seize our land and population. What's the difference between our people here and theirs? I cannot bear it if the people go to war because of me and kill their parents and children to become their king. "So, Gu Gong and his father led their families to leave Bindi, crossed Qishui and Jushui, crossed Liangshan Mountain, and came to live at the foot of Qishan Mountain. The people of Binyi all supported the old and the young. They all followed Gu Gong Danfu to live at the foot of Qishan Mountain. People from neighboring countries heard that Gu Gong Danfu was so benevolent, and many people came to join him. Gu Gong Danfu abolished the custom of Rongdi. , built cities, built houses, and divided the people into villages and settled down. At the foot of Qishan Mountain, Gu Gong Danfu established a city and established the kingdom of
. More than a hundred years later, the king of Zhou Dynasty Xibo Chang attacked.玎 (quan) Yishi.
htm. l10
More than ten years later, King Wu defeated Zhou , built Luoyi, and returned to live in Fengjing and Hajing. He expelled the Rong Yi to the north of Jingshui and Luoshui, and asked them to pay tribute on time. It has been called "Desolate Service" for more than two hundred years. Later, when the fortunes of the Zhou Dynasty declined, King Mu of Zhou attacked the Quan Rong, but only four white wolves and four white deer were captured. From then on, the people of Huangfu no longer paid tribute to the Zhou Dynasty.
King Mu of Zhou later returned. For many years, King You of Zhou Because of his love for Baosi , he had a conflict with Shen Hou. In anger, he united with Quan Rong to kill King You of Zhou Dynasty under Lishan . Quan Rong took the opportunity to seize Jiao Huo of the Zhou Dynasty and lived in Jing. between water and weishui Qin Xianggong raised troops to rescue the Zhou Dynasty, Zhou Ping Wang moved eastward to Luoyi, leaving Fengjing and Hajing. Qin Xianggong attacked Quanrong and arrived at Qishan, where he was listed as a prince by Zhou Pingwang.
six Fifteen years later, Shanrong crossed Yan State and attacked Qi State . Qi Xi Gong fought with Shanrong in the wilds of Qi State and defeated Shanrong.
Forty-four years later, Shanrong attacked Yan. State, Yan State asked Qi State for help htm. l4 Duke Huan of Qi led the army to the north and attacked the Shanrong. The Shanrong were defeated and fled. More than 20 years later, Rong Di went to Luoyi and attacked King Zhou Xiang. King Zhou Xiang was unable to resist and fled to . Panyi of Zhengguo . At the beginning, King Xiang of Zhou wanted to attack the State of Zheng, so he specially married a woman from Rong Di to be his queen, and they attacked the State of Zheng together with Rong Di. Not long after, Queen Hui, the stepmother of King Zhou Xiang, wanted to make her son Wang Zidai the king. Therefore, Queen Hui, Queen Di, and Prince Dai acted as internal agents, opening the city gates for Rong Di and letting Rong Di enter the royal city. He drove away King Xiang of Zhou and established the prince as King of Zhou.
At that time, some people from Rongdi moved to Luhun and reached Weiguo in the east, and even more invaded and trampled the Central Plains area. is deeply hated by Chinese people. King Zhou Xiang wandered away for four years, and finally had to send an envoy to Duke Wen of Jin for help. At that time, Duke Wen of Jin had just succeeded to the throne and wanted to seek hegemony, so he sent troops to attack Rong Di, expel Rong Di, kill the princes and leaders, and welcome King Zhou Xiang back to Luoyi.
Qin Mu Gong
At that time, both Qin and Jin were powerful countries. After Rong Di was driven away by Jin Wengong, he lived between Hexi between Jishui and Luoshui, called Red Di and Bai Di . Duke Mu of Qin received the help of Yao Yu, so that all the eight kingdoms of Xirong attached themselves to the state of Qin . Therefore, from the west of Longshan there are Mianzhu, Gun Rong, Zhai, Huan and other Rong tribes; in Qishan, Liangshan, Jinghe and the north of Qihe, there are Yiqu, Dali, Wushi, Quyan and other Rong tribes. Jin Kingdom There are Donghu and Shanrong in the north. They live scattered in the valleys, each with their own leader. They often gather together, and there are more than a hundred Rong tribes, but they all belong to the same tribe.
More than a hundred years later, The Duke of Jin sent Wei Jiang to make peace with Rong and Di. Therefore, both Rong and Di surrendered to the Jin state.
More than a hundred years later, Zhao Xiangzi Zhao Wuxie crossed Gouzhu Mountain, defeated the Hu people in Bingdi and Daidi, and bordered the area where the Hu people and raccoon dogs lived.. After that, Zhao Xiangzi, Han Kangzi, Wei Huanzi worked together to defeat Zhibo and carve up the Kingdom of Jin. Zhao State occupied the land north of Daidi and Juzhu Mountain, and Hexi and Shangjun of Wei State were all bordering the Rong people. After that, the Rong people in Yiqu built a city wall to defend themselves, and the Qin State gradually encroached on the land of Yiqu.
By the time of King Huiwen of Qin , Qin State captured twenty-five cities in Yiqu. King Huiwen of Qin attacked Wei, and Wei ceded Hexi and Shangjun to Qin.
During the period of King Zhaoxiang of Qin , King Yiqu and Queen Mother Xuan of Qin committed adultery, and Queen Mother Xuan gave birth to two sons. Empress Dowager Xuan murdered King Yiqu in Ganquan Palace and sent troops to destroy Yiqu. From then on, the Qin State occupied large areas of Longxi, Beidi, and Shangjun. The Qin State built the Great Wall to resist the Xiongnu.
King Wuling of Zhao
King Wuling of Zhao also changed his customs, wore Hu clothes, practiced horseback riding and archery, and defeated Lin Hu and Lou Fan in the north. King Wuling of Zhao also built the Great Wall, along the foothills of Yinshan Mountain from Dai to Gaoque. As a pass, he also set up Yunzhong , Yanmen and Dai counties.
There was a capable general in Yan State named Qin Kai. He once served as a hostage to the Hu people. The Hu people trusted him very much. After he returned to Yan State, he led his troops to attack Donghu, who retreated more than a thousand miles. In those days, Qin Wuyang, who assassinated King Qin together with Jing Ke, was the grandson of Qin Kai. Yan State also built the Great Wall, from Zaoyang to Xiangping. The State of Yan established Shanggu, Yuyang, Youbeiping, Liaoxi and Liaodong counties to resist the Hu people.
At this time, there were seven major countries in China, including Qin, Zhao, and Yan, three of which were adjacent to the Xiongnu. Li Mu When Zhao was a general, the Huns did not dare to enter the Zhao border.
After the Qin State destroyed the six kingdoms and unified the world, Qin Shihuang sent Meng Tian to lead an army of 100,000 to the north to attack the Xiongnu, and recovered all the areas south of the Yellow River . They used the Yellow River as a frontier and built buildings along the Yellow River. Forty-four county towns moved all those who were punished to guard the border here. Qin Shihuang also built a straight road from Jiuyuan to Yunyang, using mountain sides, dangerous ravines, valleys and other repairable places to build cities, starting from Lintao in the west and reaching Liaodong in the east, a length of more than 10,000 miles. The Qin army crossed the Yellow River again and occupied the Yangshan and Beijia areas.
Qin Shihuang
At this time, Donghu was very powerful, and Yuezhi was also very prosperous. At the end of the Qin Dynasty and the beginning of the Han Dynasty, the Chu and Han Dynasties in the Central Plains were fighting each other, and the wars continued. The Xiongnu took the opportunity to grow stronger. The Xiongnu Chanyu Maodun led the Xiongnu to gradually become stronger and compete with the Han Dynasty . Han Emperor Liu Bang was in Baideng and was surrounded by the Xiongnu army for seven days and seven nights. After Liu Bang broke through the siege, he sent envoys to conclude a peace treaty with the Xiongnu. It was not until the period of Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty that the Han Dynasty army had the history of defeating the Xiongnu. The generals Wei Qing and Huo Qubing during the period of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty gave the Huns many painful blows. It is a pity that Huo Qubing died young. Because of the witchcraft disaster that occurred in the Han Dynasty, General Li Guangli Li Guangli of the Second Division thought that he had been exterminated by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty and surrendered to the Huns. During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the Xiongnu were not exterminated, and the Han Dynasty court under Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was also very tired.
original release, pictures from the Internet.
