Among the neighboring countries in China, the "anti-China film" has quite a market, such as South Korea, India, and Mongolia. Behind these "anti-China film" is the complicated historical entanglement between China and these countries. For example, in 2013, Mongolia released the "anti-China movie" "Anuhatun", telling the story of Anuhatun, the wife of the Mongolian Junggar Khanate Khan Galdan, "for the benefit of his beloved husband and the nation, he walked out of the yurt and crossed the horse From the Rong, rushed into the battlefield to rescue Gardan Khan and unfortunately died in action". Behind the film is the Qing Dynasty and the Oirat Mongolian Junggar tribe after more than a hundred years of war and peace between the Kangxi, Yongzheng, and Qianlong dynasties, which finally destroyed the last Mongolian khanate and unified Mongolia and included Xinjiang in the Chinese territory.
The Junggar Khanate that dominates Inner Asia
Since the death of the Northern Yuan Dynasty, the Mongols who have retreated outside the Great Wall have fallen into a state of division, Oala, Tartar, and Wuliang The three major ministries coexist in Kazakhstan. It started from the breakup of the Wara tribe, and even the direct descendants of Genghis Khan from Tatar Khan to Lindan Khan. They fought endlessly to unify Mongolia and restore the glory of the past, but the so-called unification is a short-lived after all. Monan Mongolia, a descendant of Genghis Khan, was finally conquered by the Manchus. The second Emperor of the Manchu Khan Taiji took over the position of the Mongolian Great Khan from the Chahar tribe and declared that Genghis Khan’s destiny had been transferred to him. In 1636, the Kurieltai Conference was held in Shenyang and elected as emperor by Manchurians, Monan Mongolians, and Liaodong Han people, establishing the Qing Dynasty.
As the French historian René Grousset said in the book "Prairie Empire", "The conquest of Genghis Khan and the Genghis Khan empire were only created by the Eastern Mongols (that is, Monan Mongolia). The completed...Western Mongols...only played a subordinate role.” When Monan Mongolia, a descendant of Genghis Khan, was conquered by the Qing Dynasty, “the protagonist fell on the Western Mongols again. They were still in the desolate valley of the Altai Mountains. Very tenacious and warlike. At the beginning of the 17th century, they were involved in the tide of expansion."
The so-called Western Mongols refer to the Wara Tribe of Mongolia in the Ming Dynasty, and to Western Mongolia in the Qing Dynasty, that is, Erut Mongolia, Oirat Mongolia, Kalmyk, and Mobei Mongolia or Khalkha Mongolia and Monan Mongolia are listed as the three major tribes of Mongolia in the Qing Dynasty. In the Qing Dynasty, Moxi Mongol was mainly composed of four tribes, namely, the Junggar tribe, the Durbert tribe, the Turhute tribe, and the Heshuote tribe. In addition, there were small tribes such as the Huite tribe.
Both the Junggar and Durbert tribes were named Churos and developed from the Wara tribe. Their ancestors were the leader of the Wara tribe in the Ming Dynasty and the 28th governor of the Zengyi tribe who ruled Mongolia. Mongolian Khan also first son Ashi Timur, eldest son Borona Hall. The Tuerhu Special Ministry is the descendant of Genghis Khan’s foster father and Mongolian leader of the Klie Tribe Wang Han. In the Ming Dynasty, the first father Tuohuan changed the Klie Tribe to the Turhu Special Tribe. The Heshuote Ministry was the brother of Genghis Khan. After Hesar, the grandson of Hesar VIII, Uruktmur was the ancestor. After he defeated Tatar, Uruktmur was moved from the Ulyangha area. Oirat, he called them Heshuote.
According to the unwritten rules on the grassland, only the descendants of Genghis Khan's golden family can be called Khan, and tribal leaders who are not from the golden family can only be called Hongtaiji or Hutaiji. Thanks to the identity of the descendants of the Golden Family, in the 31st year of Ming Jiaqing (1552), the leader of the Heshuote tribe, Bobemir, began to call Oirat Khan, and became the leader of the fourth branch of Moxi Mongol. However, with the rise of the Junggar Ministry, the leadership of the Heshuote Ministry gradually suffered. At the end of the Ming Dynasty and the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, under the squeeze of the Junggar, the Heshuite tribe Gushi Khan moved to Qinghai, and the Turhute tribe moved westward to the lower Volga River. Moxi Mongolia was finally unified under the banner of the Junggar Khanate. Historically, Batur Hongtaiji succeeded Hongtaiji in 1635 as a sign of the establishment of the Junggar Khanate.
Starting from Batur Hongtaiji, going through Sangge, Gardan, Cewang Aabtan, Gardan Ceiling, Junggar Khan for more than 100 years The Kingdom conquered the Yarkand Khanate, Hami, and Turpan established by the descendants of the Chagatai Khanate who believed in Islam to the south, and attacked the Kazakh Khanate to the west, defeated the Bukhara Khanate and crossed Central Asia, and resisted north. Living in Russia’s cannibalization, Khalkha Mongol was shocked eastward, and Tibet was onceUnder the control of the Junggar Khanate, a Mongolian empire dominated Inner Asia.
According to the "Steppe Empire", the Junggar Khanate "rules the Siberian border from Russia, on the one hand to the border of the Bukhara Khanate, and on the other hand to the border of China, it also rules from The area between Kobdo and Tashkent and from Kobdo and Klulen River. Their "capital", Kobdo, and Gurza seem to be destined to replace Helin."
The ambition of unifying Mongolia meets Emperor Kangxi
In the history of the Junggar Khanate, the most famous leader is Galdan, who is also the husband of Anuhatun and Batu, the founder of the Junggar Khanate. The sixth son of Erhongtaiji, the only one among the rulers of the Galdan Khanate called Khan. After the death of Batur Hongtaiji in 1653, his fifth son Sengge succeeded him. In 1670, after Sangge was murdered by his half-brothers Chechen Taiji and Zhuot Babatur, Galdan was rushed back to the Junggar tribe from Tibet, and succeeded as the leader of the Junggar Khanate with the support of Oqiertuhan of the Heshuote tribe. And married Anuhatun, the granddaughter of Oqiertuhan and the wife of Sengge.
Judging from the geographical situation of the Junggar Khanate at that time, the northern part is a series of colonial towns established by the Russian Empire after more than a century, aiming at the Gar Khanate; the southeast is descended from the Chagatai Khanate Turpan and Hami ruled; the east is Khalkha Mongol and the powerful Qing dynasty that has conquered Monan Mongolia; the southwest is the Yarkand Khanate that believes in Islam and rules southern Xinjiang, and in the southeast of Yarkand is composed of Heshuo The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is jointly controlled by the Ministry and the Gelug Sect of Tibetan Buddhism; the west is the Kazakh Khanate and the Hezhong area. In terms of military power alone, the Qing Dynasty and Russia are the most powerful, not comparable to the Junggar Khanate; the Kazakh Khanate, the Qinghai Heshuote Ministry, and Kharkha Mongolia are second, and their military strength is weaker than the Junggar Khanate; Hami, Turpan, and Yark The Qiang Khanate and the Hezhong area belonged to the "oasis-type" farming economy, with extremely developed economies but extremely weak military strength.
Thus, Galdan adopted the expansion strategy of "close attack", that is, "distant close and close attack". On the one hand, it maintains friendly relations with the Qing Dynasty and Russia, and even does not hesitate to confess to the two sides to obtain a large amount of supplies in short supply through bilateral trade. On the other hand, it launches offensive against weak and small neighboring countries. In 1675, Galdan first defeated the Oziertuhan of the Heshuote tribe and annexed the Heshuote tribe who remained in Moxi. From 1679 to 1685, he successively conquered or defeated Hami, Turpan, Yarkand Khanate, Hezhong area and Kazakhs.
When Galdan settled the tribes in the south and west of the Junggar Khanate, he directed his expansion goal to Khalkha Mongol in the east, and he was greeted by the Qing Dynasty in its heyday. In 1678, Galdan intervened in Khalkha Mongolia by taking advantage of the contradiction between the Khan Chenggun of the Zasaktu tribe of Khalkha Mongol and the Khan Chahundorji of Tushetu tribe, which caused the Qing Dynasty to vigilant. In 1688, Galdan formally attacked Khalkha Mongol. The Tushetu Khan's Chahundorji was defeated and moved to Inner Mongolia to seek help from the Qing court. Galdan controlled the entire Mobei area.
In 1890, the Qing army defeated Galdan in Ulan Butong, Chifeng District, Inner Mongolia, 300 kilometers north of Beijing. In the following year, Khalkha Mongol swears to Kangxi as a minister at the former site of the Yuanshang Duolunnuo, and Khalkha Mongol was incorporated into the territory of the Qing Dynasty. In 1695, Galdan made a comeback to invade Khalkha Mongol, and threatened to obtain the support of tens of thousands of Russian soldiers. In the following year, Kangxi's imperial conquest, once again defeated Galdan in the southern suburbs of Ulaanbaatar, the capital of Mongolia. Anuhatun died in the battle of Zhaomodo, and Galdan escaped with only more than 20 riders. , Died a year later.
1f1eba#11d4d2a#0a7d Later, Sengge's eldest son Cewang Alabtan succeeded as the leader of the Junggar tribe. In fact, during Galdan’s first eastern expedition to Khalkha Mongol, Cewang Aabtan raised troops against Galdan and joined the Qing court to attack Galdan.The defeated policy vainly takes the credit of Arabutan. After Cewang Aabtan succeeded to the throne, he resumed proclaiming his vassal to the Qing court. Emperor Kangxi did not enter Moxi Mongolia. It seems that for the Qing court, as long as Mongolia is not unified, there is no threat to it. However, the ensuing expansion of Cewang Arabutan touched the Qing court again and eventually led to the death of Junggar.
is not a simple territorial issue
Since Kublai’s seal of the Sakya Sect of Tibetan Buddhism (Flower Sect) the fifth generation of His Holiness Ba Sipa as the national teacher, Lamaism was introduced into Mongolia. Gradually became the main religion in the Mongolian area, and once dominated the eastern Mongolian region, the Tatar Tumote leader Alta Khan's exclusive Tibetan Buddhism Gelug Sect (Yellow Sect), which gave the Gelug Sect a special status among the Mongolians. The Gushi Khan of the Heshuote tribe of Moxi Mongol was invited by the leader of the Gelug Sect to send troops directly to Qinghai and Tibet, and attacked the Khalkha Mongol Qetukhan that controlled Qinghai and the Tibetan Buddhist Kagyu that controlled Tibet. The Pai (White Sect) Zangba Khan regime established the dominance of the Gelug Sect in Tibet, and Gushi Khan became the actual ruler of Qinghai and Tibet and the Gelug Sect’s apologetic king. He was known in history as " Heshuote Khanate". It was also under the impetus of Gushi Khan that the Fifth Shida went to Beijing to meet with Emperor Shunzhi and was awarded the "Da Lama".
The Junggar tribe has a close relationship with the Gelug Sect. When Galdan was 4 years old, he was recognized as the important living Buddha branch of the post-Tibet Gelug Sect. The third Yinzan Hutuktu was reincarnated. At the age of 12, he went to the Jokhang Monastery in Lhasa to receive the fifth Da Lama's empowerment, and then went to Houzangzha Shilunpo Monastery worshipped the Fourth Panchen Lama as his teacher. After the death of the Fourth Panchen Lama in 1662, he returned to the Jokhang Temple to follow the Fifth Panchen Lama. While following the fifth Shida, Galdan got to know Diba, the highest official of the Tibetan local government, and Sangye Gyatso who actually controlled the Tibetan regime after the death of the fifth Shida.
Gerdan returned from Tibet to Oirat and was able to serve as the leader of the Junggar tribe without the support of the Da Lama. The reason why Galdan became the only khan of the Junggar Khanate was his "Bosoktu Khan" The name was also bestowed by the V Shida. It was also with the help of the Gelug Sect and the support of Diba Sangye Gyatso that Galdan made his move to Khalkha Mongol. In terms of religious inheritance, the third Yinzan Hutuktu was the teacher of the leader of the Khalkha Mongol Lamaism and the first Zhebzundan Ba Hutuktu, and it was also the third Yinzan Hutuktu who inspired the next generation of Zhebu. Zundanba Hutuktu changed to Gelugpa.
For the Qing Dynasty, Lamaism was one of the most important tools to rule the Mongols. Just as the "Grassland Empire" stated when the Manchus conquered Monan Mongolia, the Mongols who were at the peak of fully converting to the Yellow Religion of Tibet "The Mongolian spirit in awakening hung in the moo of Lamaism prayers, and the Qing Dynasty will successfully Tame these monk-like warriors who indulge in prayer". When the 5th Dad passed away in 1682, Dipa Sangye Gyatso kept secret, and set up Cangyang Gyatso as the 6th Dad. The relationship with Lazang Khan of Heshuote deteriorated and the civil war broke out, which led to the head of the Junggar tribe. When Alabutan took the opportunity to march into Tibet, war broke out again between the Qing court and the Junggar tribe.
The dispute between Diba Sangye Gyatso and Lazang Khan, and finally Lhazang Khan defeated Lhasa, Diba Sangye Gyatso was killed, and Lazang Khan deposed the sixth Da Cangyang Gyatso , And established Yixi Gyatso as the sixth Da Lama. However, the three major monasteries in Lhasa did not recognize Yixi Gyatso, and believed that Gesang Gyatso, who was born in Litang, was the reincarnation of the VI. In 1715, the Nobles of the Heshuote tribe of Qinghai took Yixi Gyatso to the Taer Monastery in Qinghai, and supported it as the seventh dad to fight against Lazang Khan.
In 1717, Cewang Arabutan sent troops to Tibet in two ways, and went all the way through southern Xinjiang to Tibet, and tried to entrap the VII through Qinghai. The Junggar army that entered Tibet via southern Xinjiang led by Celing Dundub successfully occupied Lhasa and deposed Yixi Gyatso, but the Junggar army that entered Tibet via Qinghai was defeated. In 1720, Kangxi sent troops to Tibet with the emperor's fourteenth son Yinti as General Fuyuan, regaining Tibet in one fell swoop, and Ceiling Dundub fled back to Junggar. At the same time, the North Road Qing army attacked the Junggar Division as a containment, once occupied Urumqi, but withdrew due to the death of Kangxi. The entry of the Qing army into Tibet actually included Tibet in the territory of China instead of its previous independence.
During the Yongzheng period, Cewang Arabutan also instigated Rob Zangdan, the leader of the Qinghai Heshuote tribeTianjin rebelled, but it was put down by Nian Gengyao. Since then, war and peace between the Junggar tribe and the Qing dynasty were intertwined. After more than 30 years of seesaw, Junggar was finally settled during the Qianlong period, Xinjiang was included in the Chinese territory, and Qianlong’s "perfect martial arts" was achieved, and the Junggar tribe disappeared in history. .
