In 1945, the United States dropped two atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki on the Japanese mainland. The moment a huge mushroom cloud rose, the whole world was shocked. Since then, the power of the atomic bomb has made the world's capable countries rush to devote themselves to the development of this super weapon.
In 1949 and 1952, the Soviet Union and the United Kingdom successively had their own atomic bombs, thereby becoming one of the military powers. It is precisely in this regard that the United States and the Soviet Union are continuously engaged in an arms race and are frantically building nuclear warheads. Relying on the super weapon, the atomic bomb, the United States and the Soviet Union provoked disputes on the Korean Peninsula. After the outbreak of the war, the Chinese people had to go to North Korea in order to defend their home and country.
Resisting US Aid Korea During the war between China and the United States at Shangganling , the Americans saw the power of the Chinese. After the United States lost in the Korean battlefield, it once had the idea of using the atomic bomb again, which made Chairman Mao and others realize that the development of their own atomic bomb was imminent.
Fortunately, China and the Soviet Union were in the honeymoon period, and the strong nuclear strike capability of the Soviet Union made the US give up this idea. Around 1952, our country had entered the preparatory period for the manufacture of atomic bombs, and the Soviet Union also began to send experts to assist. However, my country's industrial level is really too backward, and professional and technical personnel are also insufficient. This matter has always been stuck there.
Just as Chairman Mao, Premier Zhou and others were worried about enriched uranium as the nuclear material for the atomic bomb, a group of mysterious Jewish businessmen suddenly appeared in Beijing. They were selling enriched uranium everywhere. This matter attracted great attention from Chairman Mao and Premier Zhou, and they ordered a thorough investigation of the origins of this group of businessmen.
So, who is behind this group of Jewish businessmen? Why do they "proactively" sell us enriched uranium? The content of this issue,I will tell you about the huge controversy caused by this group of businessmen in 1954 and uncover the terrifying conspiracy behind the incident.
Mysterious Jewish merchants
Before introducing these Jewish merchants to China, we must first understand what "enriched uranium" is. The so-called "enriched uranium" is actually the uranium 235 after the separation of the isotope . The content of uranium 235 exceeds the natural content of uranium metal. Uranium was discovered in 1789 by the German chemist Martin Heinrich Klaprott, who obtained it by continuously purifying bituminous uranium ore.
Before the discovery of uranium fission, the metal "uranium" has been used for the coloring of porcelain, and the separation of uranium 235 is not taken seriously. Uranium metal in natural ores often coexists with multiple isotopes, and the content of uranium 235 is usually only about seven thousandths, so obtaining uranium 235 is a very complicated technology.
According to the definition of International Atomic Energy Agency , uranium 235 with an abundance of 3% can be used for power generation in nuclear power plants. It is called "low enriched uranium." However, the " highly enriched uranium " used to make nuclear weapons needs to have an abundance of more than 90%, and 200 tons of raw materials uranium ore are needed to extract 1 kg of weapon-grade enriched uranium.
Although uranium has 12 isotopes (uranium 226 to uranium 240), only uranium 235 can easily undergo nuclear fission. At that time, China was unable to take the first step of its own as the key raw material for making the atomic bomb.
For China in 1954, enriched uranium, especially the higher abundance of enriched uranium, could not be extracted by itself. Even if Soviet experts came to China for technical assistance, they would not be able to teach us relevant core technologies.In the several countries that had nuclear weapons at the time, this technology was the top secret, and it was impossible to leak it.
In addition, the extraction of uranium not only tests the scientific research level of a country, but also tests the industrial level of a country. Regardless of the purification method, a strong industrial foundation is required as a support. Refining and enriching uranium requires the process of uranium ore survey and mining. After the roughest ore is mined, the uranium ore must be separated from other ore. Then, the process of "leaching" these uranium ore is carried out, and then the preliminary smelting is carried out. After the initial smelting, it needs to be "refined" repeatedly, and finally is the step of "concentrating and separating" the isotopes.
It can be said that each of the above tedious steps requires strong industrial capabilities to support. It not only involves the mining industry, but also involves all aspects of the machinery industry, chemical industry, etc., and it tests the comprehensive industrial level. Objectively speaking, China at the time was unable to meet the conditions for independently producing enriched uranium. After all, it was not a tea egg.
This is also the reason why Chairman Mao and others have made it difficult-can they not be made by themselves, can they not be bought? The result is certain. Of course we cannot buy enriched uranium. In 1954, there were only three countries with atomic bombs. The United States, Britain and the Soviet Union did not want us to make their own atomic bombs. The United States and Britain were hostile forces to us at the time, and it is understandable not to sell them to us. Then why don't the Soviets sell it to us? Because there are strategic considerations.
Although the Soviet Union had good relations with us at the time, the relationship between countries was complicated and confusing, except that the interests of the country would change at any time. The Soviet side hopes that China will form an alliance with them to check and balance the United States, but they do not want us to be really strong. They only hope that China will always be gathered under the wings of the Soviet Union. Chairman Mao and others are also well aware that China will one day get rid of its dependence on the Soviet Union and embark on a path of complete independence.
In this case,Suddenly a group of Jewish businessmen came to Beijing, secretly revealing the purchase and sale of enriched uranium. How can this not attract the attention of relevant departments? Soon, many people, including the Chinese scientific community, focused their attention on these businessmen.
Jews have always been known for doing business. As long as they have money to make money, they dare to do any business. During World War II, Jews were treated unfairly. At that time, some Jews fled to China, and the Chinese people also gave them some help. For example, in Harbin at that time, it once accommodated more than 20,000 Jews, and there were also Jewish gathering areas in Qiqihar and Shuangcheng areas.
Of course, the Chinese people during World War II were overwhelmed by themselves and did not spend too much energy and financial resources on the Jews. But generally speaking, the Chinese people who have been severely affected by the war have always maintained a kind of friendship and sympathy for the Jews. In this respect, did the Chinese people have contributed to the suffering of the Jews during World War II?
In addition, among the Jewish scientists, there are many people engaged in the field of atomic bomb research, and they have a certain right to speak. In the context of 1954, we really didn't know the details of these Jewish businessmen. Many people believed in the "samples" they brought.
Chairman Mao also attached great importance to the matter after learning about it. He immediately ordered Premier Zhou to temporarily put down his work and take full responsibility for handling the matter. However, the always alert Premier Zhou was keenly aware of something. After receiving these businessmen, he did not fully believe their words, but ordered the relevant person in charge to thoroughly investigate the authenticity of the samples held by these businessmen.
So, are the enriched uranium samples brought by these Jewish merchants true or not? What flaw has Premier Zhou judged by intuition? The results of the next investigation were surprising.
The difficult investigation process
First of all,The author can reveal that the enriched uranium samples brought by these Jews are indeed real. However, Premier Zhou and others did not buy the samples in their hands in the end, instead they saw through the tricks of these merchants. The key point here is the investigation of these samples.
Prime Minister Zhou, who was always vigilant, received a part of this batch of samples and gave them a task to the comrades of the Institute of Atomic Energy, asking them to find out the material composition of these samples within a time limit. This task can be said to be very simple for the United Kingdom and the United States and other countries, because at that time these countries have already manufactured an instrument called a "heavy isotope mass spectrometer" that can measure the content of enriched uranium very quickly.
But our country did not have this kind of instrument at that time, and even many scientists have never seen this kind of instrument. For the sake of safety, it is not possible to tell Soviet experts about inspecting samples of Jewish merchants, let alone let them intervene in this matter. Therefore, how to determine the authenticity of these samples really made it difficult for the scientists of the Institute of Atomic Energy.
Under the technological background at the time, the worldwide uranium enrichment and concentration enhancement technology was the "gas diffusion method". The famous "little boys" and "fat guys" were manufactured by the Oak Ridge factory in the United States using this method. In fact, the principle of this method is similar to that of the drum washing machine we use daily. Put uranium 235 and uranium 238 into the centrifuge to separate them.
Among them, the heavier uranium 238 will be close to the wall of the centrifuge, while the lighter uranium 235 is a gas that can be extracted near the axis. This principle is very simple to talk about, but it is very difficult to operate in practice. The speed of the centrifuge is much higher than the speed of sound. Scientists must ensure that the centrifuge has an ultra-high speed, but also ensure that the centrifuge does not deviate from the orbit and fly out during the rotation. At the same time, extracting uranium-235 gas is also a time-consuming and labor-intensive task.
purifies the uranium ore with an abundance of about seven thousandths to 20%,It takes several months, and there can be no mistakes in the middle. Enriched uranium with an abundance of 20% is an important node, because it only takes about a week to purify it into weapon-grade enriched uranium.
Scientists in my country probably knew about this purification process at that time, but the details are not clear to everyone, let alone involved in the purification of uranium ore. Naturally, Chinese scientists who have not even participated in the purification process cannot verify the purity of the samples handed over to us by Jewish merchants. Just when everyone was at a loss, a young scientist named Yang Chengzong stepped forward. He returned to the motherland in the autumn of 1951.
Yang Chengzong had been studying in France before, and his research direction happened to be radiochemistry. While studying in France, Yang Chengzong worked in the research room of Curie's daughter and was awarded a doctorate degree. At the call of the motherland in 1951, Yang Chengzong gave up hundreds of thousands of francs salary and returned to the embrace of the motherland.
But Yang Chengzong did not return empty-handed at the time. He brought a generous gift to the motherland and people.
With the help of Yorio Curie, Yang Chengzong purchased 10 grams of barium carbonate standard source and a 100-digit counter for measuring radiation, as well as a dozen boxes of other high-precision equipment . Before leaving, Joliot Curie asked Yang Chengzong to tell Chairman Mao that he must create an atomic bomb that belonged to the Chinese.
"The atomic bomb is not such a terrible thing, and its principle is not exclusive to the Americans, but shared by all mankind."
Joliot Curie admitted that the Chinese people want To move towards independence and self-reliance, we must train our own nuclear experts. She advocated against the use of nuclear weapons,But there is no objection to China owning it. Yang Chengzong returned home with a large amount of scientific equipment, but was made difficult by the French authorities. Finally, with the help of Joliot Curie, he passed from France to Hong Kong and finally returned to the embrace of the motherland.
In 1953, Yang Chengzong, who worked at Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , found 507 mg of radium source and supporting equipment from Peking Union Medical College Hospital . At the risk of being killed by the emissive material, Yang Chengzong and his assistants repaired the equipment destroyed by the Japanese and created China's first artificial radioactive source -a radon-boss neutron radioactive source.
It is this kind of academic background and equipment foundation that made Yang Chengzong lead everyone out of the predicament in 1954 and measured the enriched uranium samples brought by the Jews.
According to the internationally used measurement method at that time, a "heavy isotope mass spectrometer" must be used, but this type of instrument is only available in the United States and Britain. Therefore, Yang Chengzong used his knowledge of radiochemistry in France to find another measurement method, which was to determine the samples provided by Jewish merchants from the chemical level based on the "degeneration principle" of radioactive materials.
This method is extremely cumbersome. Yang Chengzong and colleagues at the institute had to work together, and finally sorted out the relevant data before calculating. To be on the safe side, Yang Chengzong also repeatedly tested it many times, and only reached a conclusion after confirming that it was completely correct.
The results show that the enriched uranium sample provided by Jewish merchants is indeed uranium, but it is far from the weapon-grade standard, and the abundance of uranium 235 is less than one percent. In other words, these Jews took a batch of substances equivalent to uranium ore and pretended to be enriched uranium to fool our scientists.
The reason they dare to do this is because my country's Institute of High Energy Physics does not have a "heavy isotope mass spectrometer." However, they did not expect Yang Chengzong to be able to chemically measure the abundance of the sample. Seeing that the conspiracy was exposed, these Jewish merchants had to leave dingy. At this time, Premier Zhou, who got the test report, took a deep breath, and fortunately left a lot of thoughts, so that he did not fall into the trap of others.
It turned out that the Jews at that time always wanted to restore their country, but this harmed the interests of the people of Palestine . Because on November 29, 1947, the United Nations resolution took out part of Palestine to establish Israel. With the support of the United States, Israel was finally established on May 14, 1948, and the two countries became closer and closer together.
The United States wanted to suppress China in terms of nuclear weapons, but they knew that they would inevitably expose the conspiracy, so they let Israeli Jewish businessmen act as pawns. Merchants who were entangled with the United States attempted to use insufficiently enriched uranium to interfere with my country's atomic bomb research, which unreasonably consumed the energy of our scientists and the already weak industrial strength.
However, their overly proactive behavior is showing their feet. In this country where the " Grandson Art of War " was born, how could they be deceived by this little conspiracy? In this country with a history of five thousand years, how can it be stumped by a small "heavy isotope mass spectrometer"? Our scientists, even with an abacus, can make their own atomic bombs just like American scientists who use computers.
Ten years later, the first atomic bomb "Miss Qiu" in Chinese history exploded successfully in Lop Nur , becoming the fifth country in the world to possess an atomic bomb.This embodies the wisdom and hard work of the Chinese people, and also shows the courage and courage of the Chinese people.
How can the Warriors dare to forget
After the incident of the Jewish businessman, Chairman Mao and Premier Zhou strengthened their determination to create an atomic bomb. As Sino-Soviet relations gradually became antagonistic, the Battle of Zhenbao Island finally broke out, and they attempted to force China to submit by means of "nuclear blackmail." In such a crisis situation, the motherland and people resolutely supported scientific research personnel in developing the atomic bomb, and Chairman Mao expressed his stance in public.
"The atomic bomb will be built in ten thousand years!"
When the Soviet experts withdrew in 1959, he said aggressively to our scientific researchers: "Leaving the Soviet Union, even if it is given to the Chinese for another 20 years, I can’t get an atomic bomb either!”
But what impresses the world is that Chinese scientists successfully exploded the first atomic bomb five years after the Soviet experts withdrew. At that time, it was three years of natural disasters. People all over the country tightened their belts to live. Our scientists were doing arduous work on the desolate Gobi desert. They lighted a kerosene lamp, used an abacus in their hands, and calculated with paper and pen to complete this almost impossible task.
Since the end of the 1950s, the slogan of "all private uranium mines" has been put forward. Thousands of people are hungry looking for ore. Without professional smelting equipment, they use physical methods to precipitate uranium ore into "uranium yellow cake", which is then sold to my country's Mining and Metallurgical Bureau. This method of national mobilization has provided Chinese scientists with 163 tons of uranium concentrate within three years, breaking through the blockade of other countries against my country.
This more than 100 tons of uranium concentrate is the raw material for my country's first atomic bomb. The "two bombs and one star" leaders represented by , Deng Jiaxian, and others, regardless of the danger of being injured by radioactive materials, worked day and night. They continue to make major breakthroughs and keep getting closer to the successful manufacture of the atomic bomb.But at the critical moment of building the atomic bomb, the Americans suddenly broke into Lop Nor in an attempt to interfere with the work of our scientists.
In 1963, US President Kennedy proposed to bomb Lop Nur, hoping to end our country’s atomic bomb research work. But in the end his trick failed, and Khrushchev of the Soviet Union played a big role.
After the rupture of Sino-Soviet relations, the Americans rely on their powerful satellites and reconnaissance planes to search for China's nuclear base. After investigation, they discovered that there were a large number of roads, vehicles, houses, and supply stations in the Lop Nur area of Xinjiang. In such a deserted place, traces of human life suddenly appeared, which quickly attracted the attention of the Americans.
As a result, they continued to monitor this area and finally confirmed that this is China's nuclear base. At first, the Americans did not think that the Chinese could build the atomic bomb independently, but after 1963, the Lop Nur area became more and more densely populated, which caused panic among US government officials, including Kennedy.
Kennedy decided to act first, and before the Chinese produced the atomic bomb
destroyed the nuclear base in Lop Nor. But he was afraid of the power of Chairman Mao and others, so he tried to win over Khrushchev of the Soviet Union. As a result, Khrushchev rejected Kennedy without even thinking about it, because he had already learned the power of Chairman Mao and the Chinese. The United States is naturally not threatened at one end of the Atlantic, but the Soviet Union is China’s neighbor. Khrushchev didn’t want to offend this neighbor completely. After becoming the president, I still have this idea. But if Khrushchev ignored him, the matter would not get rid of it.In 1964, China's first atomic bomb successfully exploded. All buildings, tanks, cars, Populus euphratica, seabuckthorn, cattle, sheep, pigs and horses within 100 kilometers in diameter instantly turned into powder. This huge mushroom cloud shocked the world.
Chen Yi, marshal of , who yelled "Atomic bomb when I became pants", was very excited when he heard the news. Premier Zhou Enlai announced the news in the Great Hall of the People as soon as possible. The people all over the country cheered, and the Chinese people's waists were completely hardened. Under Chairman Mao’s signal, Premier Zhou took the lead in writing to the then Prime Minister of Japan Yuto Ikeda , telling the Japanese government that China’s atomic bomb had successfully exploded.
"First, China makes atomic bombs not for aggression, but for self-preservation and peace; second, China will not take the lead in using atomic bombs under any circumstances for any reason; Third, China will not use nuclear weapons against countries that do not have nuclear weapons."
Since then, this 5,000-year-old country has been established, and no one will dare to insult us and blackmail us. The American conspiracy to suppress China was completely shattered. In 1968, US President Nixon officially visited China, and Sino-US relations began to normalize. China's status as a world power has become more stable from now on, and the peace and stability of the Chinese people will be more hopeful from now on.
Behind the explosion of this mushroom cloud is the 10-year journey of struggle of the Chinese people, and it is also the result of the patriarchs of science who have forgotten their lives. Scientists from the High Energy Research Institute have been working hard in the for more than a decade, but in the end they never returned to their hometown. They gave their lives for the motherland and people, and we should remember them forever.
Behind the "two bombs and one star", there are countless unknown scientific research and support staff. Their joint efforts have resulted in the ultimate victory. These great sages can be called unparalleled scholars, how dare we forget? Pay tribute to countless unknown heroes. May your heroes turn into stars in the sky, illuminating the bright future of the motherland!
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