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The Qin Dynasty, the first unified feudal dynasty in Chinese history, only existed for a short period of fifteen springs and autumns from its establishment to its demise. There are two essays that have been famous for eternal history to summarize his historical lessons in an artistic way. One is Jia Yi's "On the Passage of Qin", and the other is Du Mu's "A Fang Gong Fu".
The palace is named "Afang", which means that there are curved eaves around the palace. The former site was built by Emperor Qin Shihuang in Afang Village, southwest of Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province. The Qin destroyed the Six Kingdoms, and the palaces of various countries were painted. They were still built in the north of Xianyang, with a total of 145 palaces. Qin Shihuang thought he was small and re-employed migrant workers to build the front hall of Afang Palace. The hall’s "five hundred steps from east to west, 50 feet from north to south, can sit ten thousand people on the top, and build a flag of five feet on the bottom." Zhou Chi is the pavilion road, from his highness to Nanshan, and the summit of Nanshan is regarded as the fault. Crossing the Wei, belonging to Xianyang, with Xiang Tianji, pavilion and Taoism, the Han Dynasty also visited the camp room." ("Historical Records · The Book of Qin Shihuang") Such a hugely expensive, unprecedentedly magnificent and magnificent building was the ruler of Qin's extravagance and cruel oppression of the working people. A historical testimony of
The Afang Palace in history along with the city of Xianyang, the capital of Qin Dynasty, was later destroyed by Xiang Yu in a torch. Today, people can no longer see the true face of Mount Lu. Du Mu's "A Fang Gong Fu", but with magnificent artistic imagination and colorful brushes, restored this magnificent landscape in the history of architecture. The beginning of the article outlines the location of the Afang Palace and the scale of the building:
"Over 300 miles of pressure, isolated from the sky. Lishan is constructed from the north and turns westward, going straight to Xianyang. The two rivers melt and flow into the palace wall. ”
From Lishan Gouge Road to the north leads to Afang, and turns to the west to Xianyang. On the ground for more than three hundred miles, huge buildings are continuously covered. Communities, tall buildings and stern words, cover the sky and the sun. Even the cave and Fan Erchuan where the water flows are grand, have to pass through the palace wall docilely. The above writes the perspective and the exterior, and then retracts the pen and ink, and writes the near and interior: "Five steps on the first floor, ten steps on a pavilion", "I don't know how many thousands of them fall." Using several definite and uncertain numbers, as well as the word "check", it shows that the palaces are towering, row upon row, innumerable. "The corridor backs back slowly, the eaves pecking high; each grabs the terrain and fights with each other", describing the strict symmetry between the corridors, eaves and buildings. It also uses visual metaphors such as "panpan", "sleepy", "beehive", and "water vortex" to describe the dense, twisted, and interconnected buildings.
Write the eaves of the pavilion, and then expand the pen and ink, direct the eyes to the distance and look up, and write the bridge road: "Long bridge lies in the wave, and the cloud is not the dragon? The road is empty, and the rainbow is not?" Na Heng Across the long bridge on the waterslide, the painted and mid-air repetitive roads are really like a maze, mistakenly thinking that the dragon is lying on the waves and the rainbow is hanging high. The author makes full use of the specialties of Fu and arranges layer by layer to render the magnificence and majesty of Afang Palace, objectively praising the wisdom and great achievements of the ancient working people. However, judging from the full text, it is mainly to expose the crimes of the Qin rulers and summarize historical lessons, and pave the way for the sigh and ridicule of "poor scorched earth".
The work revolves around Afanggong, exposing and escorting the ruler of Qin from the two aspects of indulgence and pleasure and labor. Qin Shihuang was an emperor with great historical contributions in the process of ending the separatist regime of the princes since the Spring and Autumn Period and establishing a unified centralized Qin Dynasty. But at the same time he was an overbearing, tyrannical and extremely arrogant emperor. After the reunification of the country, on the one hand, he wanted to "heirs follow karma" and pass on for generations to come; on the other hand, he wanted to indulge in sensuality and lewdness. This article strongly exposes the latter. "Resign from the lower hall and be buried in Qin." Qin Shihuang ordered that the beauties of the harem of the Six Kingdoms were selected into the Afang Palace and became the palace maidens of the Qin Kingdom. The author uses makeup mirrors with stars and stars, like clouds, fat water flowing, orchid incense and fog, car thunder haze and other silhouettes of life in the palace, which show the huge amount of beautiful women hidden in the palace. Such a large number of beauties, either in a hurry to tune in, dance to the song and screen, or compete in extreme states, stand up and hope fortunately, and only serve a tyrant of "lone husband", how lewd is thisShameless!
The sentence "There are unseen people, thirty-six years", pointed out that some palace ladies would never see Qin Shihuang in their lives. The sympathy for the palace ladies and the indignation towards the latter were beyond words. Qin Shihuang also searched for the treasures of the Six Kingdoms and entered Afang Palace for him to enjoy and splurge. The three sentences "Yanzhao" are written horizontally as "the treasures of the six countries"; the three sentences "Yanzhao" are written vertically as "the treasures of the six countries".
These treasures "leaned like a mountain", and the number was astonishing, but the Qin rulers spent money like the earth and "thrown away the warmth", which is no shame. The author wrote along the way, as a list, exposing the crimes of the Qin ruler's extravagance and desirability to the fullest, and has a profound understanding of the corrupt nature of the feudal ruler.
The article connects the enjoyment of a few rulers with the painful conditions of millions of working people, revealing the reasons why Qin lost himself, which is especially profound. Qin Shihuang unified the six countries, abolished the feudal system, and implemented a centralized system of prefectures and counties, which conformed to the trend of historical development. But he did not go on, creating opportunities and conditions for the people to recuperate and develop productive forces. Instead, he intensified his efforts to expropriate all kinds of labor, build civil engineering, build palaces, build grave foundations, and repair the Great Wall, which greatly increased the burden of the working people. The so-called "criminals" who were confiscated to build the Afang Palace and Lishanji alone amounted to 1.5 million people, and the financial resources they spent were even more unwinnable. At the beginning of this article, the six characters "Shushanwu, Afangchu" is a high-level generalization and irony of Qin Shihuang's practice of scavenging people's wealth for the construction of palaces. Below "The Pillars That Make Negative Buildings", six pairs of sentences are used to expose specifically: Afang Palace uses more pillars than peasants in the fields, more rafters than female workers spinning on looms, and nails more than warehouses. There is more food, more seams than people’s yarn, more railings and thresholds than city walls across the country, and more music and singing than the voices of the city people. In reality, one is more and one is less: more money is spent, and fewer people are engaged in production.
Under the brutal rule of Qin Shihuang, heavy servitude, heavy taxation, and harsh punishment made the people unbearable and unbearable, "I dare not speak but anger. "It is bound to rise up to overthrow tyranny. "The guard screams, Hangu lifts; Chu people have a torch, pitiful scorched earth" two dialogues, although there are expressions of regret for the burning of the Afang Palace built by the working people with their hands and blood and sweat, but they are more important to the Qin rule. The sharp attack and irony of those who hurt the people and the wealth, the extravagance misunderstood the country, and their own demise.
Of course, Du Mu wrote this fu for a purpose. This fu was written in the first year of Tang Jingzong Baoli (825). Tang Jingzong was a mediocre and incompetent emperor. After he came to the throne, he made a lot of effort to build palaces, and was indulged in obscene pleasures, which led to the deterioration of his government. Du Mu had a long history of great ambitions for economic prosperity, and he hoped that the court would rise up and restore a unified and prosperous situation. Therefore, he used the historical lessons of Qin's death to warn the supreme ruler. He concluded that: "Those who destroy the six countries are not the Qin countries. The Qin people are the Qin people, not the world." The demise of the Qin dynasty was due to the blame, and the ruler did not cherish the people, but desperately enslaved them. , Finally lost popular support, aroused popular anger, and thus made himself go to ruin. "Qin people have no time to mourn for themselves, and later generations mourn; later generations mourn without learning it, and later generations will mourn again for future generations."
The author politely Warned Tang Jingzong that if he did not take the fall of Qin as a lesson, change course and rejuvenate the government, he would inevitably "make future generations mourn for future generations", repeat the same mistakes of Qin's own defeat and add another piece of history to future generations. lesson. This ending is very powerful, just as "Hundreds of Ancient Chinese Writing Skills" said: "End with the word'sorrow', the words are endless and the meaning is endless, and the main brain of an article is here."
This fu has a meticulous structure. The beginning of the sentence is abrupt, singing into the cloud; the ending is profound, revealing the theme, but also inexhaustible. In the middle of the story, there are undulations. The first half is extremely prosperous and magnificent, and it is foreshadowing the destruction of the second half. There are narrations and discussions. The narration has levels and details. Discussing elite police is unique and has a strong realistic meaning. It is not like the persuasion of the Han Fu to persuade a hundred and satirize one by one, "it is only the evil of the king". Full of imagination, parallelism and duality are often used throughout the article, instead of stagnant. The words are carefully selected, the syntax is well-crafted, and the rhyme of the thirteen chapters in the article is changed, and the reading is strong and strong. The whole article is unrestrained, vigorous, and colorful, worthy of the Tang DynastyFamous articles in Fu. According to "Tang Yanyan", in the second year of Yamato (828) Luoyang Jinshi Examination, the chief examiner was Cui Bi, the minister of rites, and Wu Wuling recommended "A Fang Gong Fu" to Cui Bi, which was greatly appreciated. Du Muguo High School's fifth scholar. It can be seen that this gift had a great influence at that time.
Du Mu (803-852), the word Muzhi, the name Leichuan, was born in Jingzhaowannian (now Xi'an, Shaanxi Province). Grandson of Prime Minister Du You. At the age of twenty-six, he was promoted to be a scholar in Hongwenguan. Liguan supervised Yushi, Huang, Chi, and Mu invited Zhou Shishi, Si Xun Yuan Wailang, Guan Zhongshu Sheren. Poetry, Ci, Fu and ancient prose are both good, and poetry has the highest achievement, especially good at Qi Lv and Qi Jue. Later generations were called "Little Du" to distinguish him from Du Fu. There are 20 volumes of "Fan Chuan Collected Works", one volume of "Outer Collection" and "Other Collection".
