An introduction to the 15 emperors who have reigned the longest in China

The Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty

Aixinjueluo Xuanye (sound ye), reigned for 61 years, from February 5, 1661 to December 20, 1722. The 4th emperor of the Qing Dynasty, the 2nd emperor of the Qing Dynasty since entering the customs, the 1st emperor to hold real power after the Qing Dynasty dominated China, the era name "Kangxi", the first year of Kangxi from 1662.

Emperor Kangxi

Emperor Kangxi succeeded to the throne at a young age, and the government had to be handed over to the auxiliary minister. In his youth, Emperor Kangxi began to pro-govern after he captured the powerful minister Ao Bai. During his reign, he paid attention to alleviating class conflicts, adopted an agricultural policy of light rationing and low endowment and the people's livelihood, paid attention to farming, developed the economy, reformed taxation, and dredged water transport. At the same time, it also used large-scale troops against the anti-Qing forces in San Francisco, Mingzheng, Galdan and other places, and signed a treaty with Tsarist Russia to ensure the control of the Heilongjiang River Basin and the vast northeastern region, and to achieve the integrity and unity of the Qing Dynasty.

Emperor Kangxi worked hard to adjust the relationship between the Manchus and the Han, Mongolian, Tibetan and other ethnic groups, respected Confucianism, and opened up a wide-ranging study of Confucianism to win over Han scholars and officials; he implemented the "Duolun Association" to appease the Mongolian ministries, and ordered the revision of the "Regulations of the Lifan Academy", Determine the ruling policy of consolidating the frontier; canonize the fifth Panchen Lama as "Panchen Erdeni", send troops into Tibet to expel the Dzungar Khanate that invaded Tibet. He also opened customs, developed domestic and foreign trade, reused overseas missionaries, and learned Western modern science. During this period, the relatively stable situation of "the world is at the beginning of peace and the world is peaceful" has emerged in Chinese society, laying a solid foundation for the prosperous era of Kang, Yong and Qiang for more than 100 years. In his later years, Emperor Kangxi was immersed in the great achievements of the first half of his life, and began to get tired of government affairs. The struggle for succession also had a negative impact on the politics of the Qing Dynasty.

Kangxi also used Dai Nanshan (Dai Mingshi)'s Nanshan case in prison to implicate many people in order to suppress the rebellious thoughts of Han scholar-bureaucrats, and even Fang Bao, a writer of the Tongcheng School, was almost beheaded.

Kangxi had thirty-five sons and twenty daughters. Of these, only 20 sons and 8 daughters survived to adulthood. The emperors of Kangxi first followed the characters "cheng", "bao", "long" and so on, and later all followed the word "yin". After Yongzheng Emperor Yinzhen came to the throne, in order to avoid the emperor's taboo, the word "Yin" in the names of the princes was changed to "Yun". After the death of Yunxiang, the Prince of Yiyi, Emperor Yongzheng changed his name back to Yinxiang.

• The eldest son of the emperor, Yin Tu, formerly known as Baoqing, was the king of Zhijun, and was later downgraded to the rank of shellfish.
• The second son of the emperor Yinreng, formerly known as Baocheng, the second son, the second son, when Empress Xiaochengren died in childbirth, Yinren was established as the crown prince by Kangxi when he was two years old. The crown prince reigned for thirty-eight years. Second waste → (posthumously titled) Prince Li → Posthumously named Mi, he is Prince Li Mi.
• The third son of the emperor, Yinzhi, is the King of Chengyin, and his posthumous name is Yin, and he is the King of Chengyin.
• The fourth son of the emperor, Yinzhen, Prince Yong→Emperor Yongzheng (Yongzheng), Emperor Shizong of the Qing Dynasty.
• The fifth son of the emperor Yinqi , Prince Heng, whose posthumous name is Wen, is the Prince of Constant Temperature.
• Yinzuo, the sixth son of the emperor, died at the age of 6 and has no posthumous title.
• Yinyou, the seventh son of the emperor, is Prince Chun, whose posthumous title is Du, and he is Prince Chundu.
• The eighth son of the emperor, Yinsi, Prince Lian, was later deposed as a commoner by Emperor Yongzheng.
• The ninth son of the emperor, Yinyu, the tenth son of the Baylor
• , the king of Dunjun (descended) → Duke Fuguo → Beiziyin (1-year-old, unidentified).
• The eleventh son of the emperor, Yin Hu, was 11 years old and had no posthumous title.
• The twelve sons of the emperor, Yin Ying, are the Prince of Lu, whose posthumous name is Yi, the Prince of Lu Yi.
• The emperor's thirteenth son Yinxiang, Prince Yi, posthumously named Xian, is Prince Yixian.
• The fourteenth son of the emperor, Yinyu, (formerly known as Yinzhen), the king of Xunjun, with the posthumous name Qin, is the king of Xunqin County, Yintu (2 months old, no serial teeth).
• The fifteenth son of the emperor, Yinzhen, was the king of Yuke, and his posthumous name was Ke, and he was the king of Yuke.
• The sixteenth son of the emperor, Yinlu, was named Prince Zhuang after he succeeded Prince Ze, and his posthumous name was Ke, and he was Prince Zhuangke.
• The eighteenth son of the emperor, Yin Yin, was 8 years old and had no posthumous title.
• Yinzhen, the nineteenth son of the emperor, died at the age of 3 and has no posthumous title.
• The twenty sons of the emperor Yinyi , Jane Baylor, posthumously named Jing, is Jane Jing Baylor.
• The twenty-first son of the emperor, Yinxi, was the king of Shenjing, and his posthumous posthumous name was Jing, and he was the king of Shenjing.
• The twenty-two sons of the emperor, Yinhu, Christine Baylor, whose posthumous name is Qin, is Christine Baylor.
• Yinqi, the twenty-third son of the emperor, is Chengbeile of the grade of the king of the county.
• The twenty-fourth son of the emperor, Yin Mi, the prince, whose posthumous name is Ke, is the prince of Ke.

Zeng Guofan commented on Kangxi: "I have a family of the Sixth Patriarch, and the great achievements were made in Kangxi. After the Yongqian period, the wise and sages came out in large numbers, all of them were like the teachings of the sage ancestors, and the fools seem to know this. The name is also." "All the previous sanctuaries called the ultimate dena line, and Fan Wuyi was not prepared. From the sky, the geography, the calendar, the music, the examination ceremony, the practice of the teacher, the criminal law, the agricultural administration, down to the archery, Medicine, Qimen, Wang Dun, Manchu, Mongolian, Western Regions, and foreign languages, almost all of them are incomprehensible, and all of them create new laws, and do not enlighten the way of discipline. Later, high talents and superb skills were never beyond their scope.”

Mao Zedong commented on Kangxi: "Kangxi conquered Galdan three times, united the Mongolian tribes, and firmly guarded Xinjiang. He entered Tibet, revitalized the Yellow Sect, honored the Dalai Lama, escorted the sixth Dalai Lama into Tibet, defeated the Dzungars, and defended the The unification of the southwest frontier has taken a crucial step. He entered and suppressed Taiwan, fought fiercely in Penghu, and completed the great cause of reunification of Taiwan.He recovered Yaksa in the Northeast, organized the people of all ethnic groups in the Northeast to fight against Russia, and signed the Treaty of Nerchinsk with Tsarist Russia, guaranteeing that we will keep Heilongjiang forever, and achieved the victory of independent diplomacy, and made a major contribution to the consolidation of the Northeast frontier. contribute. "

On November 13, Kangxi's sixty-one years, Kangxi collapsed in the Qingxi Bookstore in Changchunyuan, Beijing, at the age of 68. The temple name is the Holy Ancestor, and the posthumous name is Hetianhongyun, Wenwu, Wenwu, Ruizhe, generous, filial, filial, honest, and meritorious. The emperor, commonly known as Emperor Ren, was buried in Jingling in the Eastern Mausoleum of Qing Dynasty. Emperor Kangxi reigned for 61 years and ten months, the longest reigning emperor in Chinese history.

Qing Gaozong Emperor Qianlong

Qianlong Emperor (youth)

Aixinjueluo Hongli, reigned for 60 years, from October 18, 1735 to February 9, 1796. After Emperor Qianlong ascended the throne, he governed with the concept of "meriting leniency and violence" and pacified Xinjiang successively. , Mongolia, and also made Sichuan, Guizhou, and other places continue to reform their land and return to the original state, and the population continued to increase. At the end of the Qianlong period, it exceeded the 300 million mark, accounting for about one-third of the world's population at that time. In the thirty-eighth year of Qianlong (1773 Year) ordered the compilation of "Siku Quanshu", which took 9 years to complete and was the largest encyclopedia in the world at that time. During the reign, together with the two dynasties of Kangxi and Yongzheng, it was called "the prosperous age of Kang, Yong and Qian".

The fifty-eighth year of Qianlong (1793) , British envoy George Macartney went to China to seek residency at the age of 83 when Qianlong was 83 years old, but the two sides appeared to meet with Emperor Qianlong and adopted "kneeling on one knee" (the British advocate) or "three kneeling and nine knocking" ( After returning to China, George Macartney wrote a report to the British Parliament: "China is a shabby ship. For 150 years, it has The reason why it didn't capsize is because I was lucky to meet a very cautious captain. Once caught up with the faint-hearted captain, the big ship could sink at any time.China has no modern military industry at all, and China's military strength is three to four centuries inferior to that of Britain." Macartney's diary has the following records: "Although there are several kinds of Chinese industries, they are far beyond those of the Europeans. However, on the whole, the knowledge of chemistry and medicine is in a very naive position. ”, also: “The administrative mechanism and power of the Chinese government are so organized and efficient that they can quickly overcome all difficulties and create any achievements if they have the conditions. ".

Emperor Qianlong was fond of poetry, calligraphy, and paintings, and he wrote many works, with as many as 40,000 poems (38,630). Most of his works used "Yu Inscriptions" as inscriptions and postscripts. Most of the plaques and couplets in the palace of the Forbidden City, It is also from his imperial pen. Qianlong had a hobby of inscribing poems and using seals on famous paintings and calligraphy collected in the palace, which was considered to have a certain historical value, but this behavior also destroyed the artistic value of the original works.

Emperor Qianlong

Qianlong fifty In the seventh year, Qianlong wrote "Shiquan Wugong Ji" himself, calling himself "the old man of Shiquan". He ordered people to inscribe his martial arts in Manchu, Han, Mongolian and Tibetan to show his martial arts. Dzungar is two, Dinghui is one, Sweeping Jinchuan is two, Jingtai is one, and one is surrendered to Burma and Annan. That is to say, the two Gurkhas are now surrendered, and they are combined into ten.” Looking at the various martial arts of Shiquan, there is a strong force among them. Those who fought and defended the Qing Dynasty's strong soil and integrity; but there were also actions that consumed a huge amount of money and gained very little actual military value. The mainstream historical view believes that the theory of perfect martial arts is an exaggeration, and there are many people who exaggerate the martial arts of Emperor Qianlong.

The mid-Qianlong period Later, Qianlong went to the south of the Yangtze River many times to appease the people, inspect the army, inspect water conservancy, increase the imperial examinations and exempt taxes.

Emperor Qianlong was from Manchuria with the Yellow Banner and was the fourth son of Emperor Yongzheng. The time of the throne did not exceed the oath of his grandfather Kangxi Emperor, so Zen was located in his son Yongyan (later Jiaqing Emperor).At this time, although Qianlong was the Supreme Emperor, he still "trained the government" and continued to use the reign title of Qianlong in the palace, becoming the de facto supreme ruler until his death on the third day of the first month of the fourth year of Jiaqing (February 7, 1799 ) Chen Ke, who lived at the age of eighty-eight (annual age of eighty-nine), is the longest-lived emperor in Chinese history and the emperor who actually held power (in power) for the longest time in Chinese history (a total of 64 years).

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty

Liu Che, reigned for 54 years, from March 9, 141 to March 29, 87. The seventh emperor of the Western Han Dynasty, Emperor Wu, was in the early days of his ascension, when the country was resting for 70 years, and commercial trade reached its peak. Then, due to the expansion strategy, the territory increased significantly, but it led to the decline of people's livelihood and economic decline, which had a profound impact on the national situation of the two Han Dynasties. In terms of internal policy, he created the inspection system and promoted the imperial school, and cultivated many famous officials and generals; promulgated " and " to weaken the power of local princes; brought salt, iron and coinage rights to the central monopoly; He dismissed a hundred schools of thought and respected only Confucianism, and Confucianism has since become the mainstream thought in Chinese society. There are also epoch-making measures such as opening the Silk Road, using the title of the reign, setting up the governor, and strengthening the power of internal officials.

Han Wudi

In terms of foreign policy, Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty changed the tradition of harmony and kinship pursued by the imperial court after the siege of Liu Bang Baideng, the emperor of the Han Dynasty, and used force to deal with the Xiongnu , launched the second Han-Hungarian War, and successively captured many places before the Qin Dynasty However, in the end, he failed to relieve the threat of the Xiongnu in northwestern China since the Qin Dynasty.

Emperor Wu of Han also used force to successively break through Dongou, Nanyue, Minyue, Weiman Korea, etc., and set up prefectures and counties to govern and canonize Yelang Kingdom; at the same time, Zhang Qian was dispatched twice to the Western Regions to open up the Silk Road and expeditions. Dawan spread the influence and control of the Han Empire far into Central Asia, and was the heyday of martial arts in the Han Dynasty.

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty set up thirteen prefectures in the locality, namely Ji, Yan, Henan, Qing, Xu, You, Bing, Liang, Jing, Yang, Yi, Shuofang, and Jiaozhi, a total of 13 prefectures. Lieutenant Commander; he patrols the department in August every year to strengthen local governance and combat local tyrants. At the end of the year, the capital reported to the imperial censor Zhongcheng. The governor at this time was the inspector with a rank of 600 shi, which was lower than the rank of the county governor with a rank of 2,000 shi.

In Chinese history, the era name was invented and first used by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. The first era name was Jianyuan (140 BC - 135 BC). The previous emperors only had the number of years, not the era name.

Famous officials in the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty included Wei Qing , Huo Qubing, Huo Guang, Dong Zhongshu, Zhang Qian, Sima Qian, Sima Tan, Li Guang , Li Ling, Sang Hongyang, master Fu Yan, Su Wu, Sima Xiangru, Dongfang Shuo, Ji An , Dou Ying, Han Anguo, Tian Qianqiu, Li Gan, Gongsun Hong, Jin Riding, etc.

In addition to the northern expedition of the Xiongnu, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty also used force to pacify the Quartet and greatly expanded the territory. In the southwest, the Han Dynasty eliminated Yelang and Nanyue Kingdom, and successively established seven counties, so that today's Guangdong and Guangxi regions have been reclassified to China after the Qin Dynasty. territory. For the first time in history, Hainan Island has truly been included in China's territory. In the East, he dispatched troops to destroy Wei's Korea from 109 BC to 108 BC, and divided the territory of Wei's Korea into four counties - Lelang County, Zhenfan County, Lintun County and Xuandu County.

At the beginning of the Western Han Dynasty, the titles and fiefs of the princes and kings were inherited by the eldest son alone, and other descendants could not get the size of the land. Although Wenjing and Jing took certain measures to reduce the vassal, in the early years of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, "the feudal lords may have dozens of cities and thousands of miles, and if they are slow, they will become arrogant and easy to become promiscuous. Capital", a serious threat to the centralization of power in the Han Dynasty. Therefore, in the first month of the second year of Yuanshuo, Emperor Wu adopted the suggestion of his father, Yan, and issued the "Praise Order".The decree of Tuen Eng learned the lessons of Chao Cuo's decree of cutting down the vassal, which caused the rebellion of the Seven Kingdoms, and stipulated that the princes and princes, except for the eldest son to inherit the throne, should be appointed princes in the original country, and the newly appointed princes would no longer be under the jurisdiction of the kingdom, and be directly under the control of the kingdom. County to manage, the status is equivalent to the county. This makes the feudal kingdom not have any cuts in name, and avoids the possibility of arousing armed resistance of the feudal kings. As a result, "the vassal state was first divided, and the sons and daughters were completed." As a result, the feudal state became smaller and smaller, and the power was greatly weakened.

Emperor Wu of Han adopted the suggestion of Dong Zhongshu , "Abandon all schools and respect Confucianism". Ended the situation of "different teachers, different people, different methods" since the pre-Qin period, and "unified later scholars". It paved the way for the special status of Confucianism in ancient China, and also made Confucianism the basic ideology of Chinese society. It has had a profound impact on the political, social and cultural fields of Chinese descendants. However, some people think that he used Confucianism to educate the people, and at the same time used magic and punishment to consolidate the authority of the government.

Liao Shengzong

Yelu Longxu, reigned for 49 years, October 14, 982 - June 25, 1031. The sixth emperor of the Liao Dynasty , the Khitan name was Manjusri. He was the longest reigning emperor of the Liao Dynasty, reigning for 49 years. Liao Jingzong eldest son, mother Queen Xiao Chuo. When he ascended the throne, at the age of 12, the Empress Dowager Xiao Chuo was in power. In 983, Yuan Tonghe was changed, and the country name "Da Liao" was changed to "Great Khitan" [3]. In the fourth year of Tonghe (986), the Empress Xiao was established. During the Empress Dowager Xiao's reign, she carried out reforms and made great efforts to manage it, focusing on farming and mulberry, building water conservancy, reducing taxes, rectifying officials, training the army, and making the people rich and the country strong. In the 9th year of Tonghe (991), the remnants of the Bohai Sea were destroyed, and in the 22nd year of Tonghe (1004), Liao Shengzong and Song Zhenzong reached an alliance of Yuanyuan.

After the 27th year (1009) of the reunification of the Holy Emperor, the Liao Dynasty ( Khitan ) has entered its peak, basically continuing the style of the Liao Dynasty when the Empress Dowager Xiao was in power, and also opposed harsh punishments and laws, and did not give corrupt officials. Opportunity to take. During his reign, he fought in all directions and entered the peak of the territory of the Liao Dynasty.

Ming Shenzong Wanli Emperor

Zhu Yijun, reigned for 48 years, July 5, 1572 - August 18, 1620. He was the thirteenth emperor of the Ming Dynasty, Wanli, and the third son of Emperor Muzong of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Zaicui. In the sixth year of Longqing (1572), Mu Zong died, and the nine-year-old Zhu Yijun ascended the throne as Ming Shenzong. Reigned for 48 years, he was the longest reigning emperor in the Ming Dynasty.

Wanli Emperor

Fifteen years before the reign of Emperor Shenzong of Ming Dynasty, the Ming Dynasty once presented a scene of ZTE, known in history as Wanli ZTE, and in the middle of his reign he also presided over the three major expeditions of Wanli to protect vassals and consolidate territories. After Zhang Juzheng passed away, he became pro-government. He was tired of the government due to issues such as the dispute over the national capital. Since then, he did not go to court. The operation of the state machine almost stopped, and the collection of mining tax was also criticized as a serious illness. During the Wanli period, it also became lively and open. Matteo Ricci visited the Emperor Wanli and began to learn from the West. At the same time, the party struggle in the east of the imperial court began to sprout, and there were post-Gold forces outside the Great Wall, eyeing it, and occupying most of the Northeast of the Ming Dynasty in his later years. , so that the Ming Dynasty retreated to Shanhaiguan, and finally went to the end of the situation.

In the second year after the death of Zhang Juzheng, the teacher of Emperor Wanli, the first assistant in the cabinet, and the planner and executor of the Wanli New Deal, Emperor Wanli scolded Feng Bao and ordered Zhang Juzheng's title and posthumous title to be recovered. In the case of Liu Tai's injustice, the officials who were punished for opposing Zhang Juzheng were used.From the seventeenth year of Wanli (1588), Emperor Wanli began to neglect the government (one said he was addicted to alcohol, another said he was addicted to opium), and Luo Yuren, the left commentator of Dali Temple in December of the seventeenth year of Wanli, wrote " "The Four Precepts of Wine, Color, Wealth and Qi": "The emperor's ailment is also caused by wine, color, and wealth. If you drink too much, your stomach will collapse. If you are lustful, you will consume your essence. If you are greedy for money, you will be disturbed.

Shenzong appointed capable generals in the military, and successively presided over the Battle of Bozhou, which quelled the Yang Yinglong Rebellion in Bozhou, (Zunyi), the Battle of Ningxia, which quelled the Rebellion of Ningxia, and resisted the Japanese Toyotomi Hideyoshi's invasion of Korea and slavery. The Korean campaign of Gandusi maintained the internal unity of the Ming Dynasty and the authority of the suzerain. These three wars are collectively known as the Three Great Wars of Wanli.

The Wanli Korean War under the command of the Wanli Emperor enabled Korea to preserve the country and avoid the great danger of subjugation. Although the Koreans have deep feelings for the Wanli Emperor, in the records of the Korean envoys, more of them are negligent towards the Wanli Emperor. Criticism of bad behavior such as politics, greed and luxury. The image of the Wanli Emperor created by the Korean envoys also reflects the change in North Korea's collective imagination of Chinese society after the mid-Ming Dynasty. The image of the Ming Kingdom has been shaped by the early days of North Korea. decline. However, after the Ming and Qing Dynasties, North Korea's respect for the Ming Dynasty went to a new peak. The North Korean king set up a big newspaper altar, and Wandong Temple worshipped Ming Taizu, Ming Shenzong and Ming Sizong.Emperor Xiaozong of the DPRK even planned to expedition the Qing court in the north, and the scholars of the DPRK secretly used the Chongzhen era name for nearly three hundred years, despising the Qing Dynasty, and praised "Zhou Siming" and "Spring and Autumn Righteousness" headed by Song Shilie and others, calling themselves "Remnants of the Emperor Ming Dynasty" Even if they live in seclusion in the mountains, there are many people who will not serve as Da Ming festival watchers. Even when Emperor Gaozong of modern Korea proclaimed emperor, it has been more than 200 years since the demise of Da Ming. Yu, although the righteousness is the ruler and the minister, the kindness of the father and the son... woo! The destiny is endless, the imperial society has a house, the emperor falls to the ground, and the only big newspaper is a altar, which is sent by Huangchun Yiguan... , it is advisable to inherit the lineage of Daming", all the etiquettes are taken from the "Daming Huidian".

During the reign of Shenzong, Western missionaries came to China one after another, among them Matteo Ricci was the representative. Matteo Ricci also visited Shenzong in the twenty-eighth year of Wanli (1601), and presented to Shenzong Western objects such as the "Wan Guo Tu Zhi", the self-ringing bell, the Atlantic qin, etc., and won the trust of Shenzong. Matteo Ricci also had the best friendship with Xu Guangqi, a scholar from the Imperial Academy. In addition to Matteo Ricci, the missionaries who came to China included Xiong Sanba and Ai Julius from Italy, and the Germanic Tang John and others.

Emperor Wu of Liang

Xiao Yan, reigned 47 years, April 30, 502 - June 12, 549. The founding emperor of Nanliang during the Northern and Southern Dynasties, the temple name is Gaozu. Xiao Yan was born in Moling (now Nanjing), and his father Xiao Shunzhi was the clan brother of Emperor Qi Gao, and he was named Marquis of Linxiang County and served as Yin of Danyang. Mother Zhang Shangrou. Xiao Yan received a good Confucian education when he was young, and he had good personal morals and did not pay much attention to personal enjoyment. He was one of the eight friends of Jingling, a famous literary scholar. Originally a minister of power, after his elder brother Xiao Yi was murdered, he gradually had the ambition to become emperor. In the second year of Zhongxing in the Southern Qi Dynasty (502), Emperor Qi He was forced to Zen in Xiao Yan and established in Nanliang, which was Emperor Wu of Liang.After proclaiming himself emperor, Xiao Yan improved many of the abuses left by the previous dynasty, and presided over the compilation of classics and historical documents many times. However, in his later years, he became a monk many times, and devoted all his efforts to fund the development of Buddhism, which directly led to the emptying of the treasury. After the Hou Jing Rebellion broke out, he went on hunger strike and died. Xiao Yan, Emperor Wu of Liang, reigned for 48 years, ranking first among the emperors of the Southern and Northern Dynasties.

Liang Wudi

Xiao Yan was versatile and knowledgeable when he was young. His political and military talents were among the best among the emperors of the Southern Dynasty, and he was not under the other three founding emperors. During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Southern Qi Dynasty, he often went in and out of the cultural center at that time, the west residence of King Jingling and Xiao Ziliang. Together with Shen Yue, Xie Hao and others, he was called "Eight Friends of Jingling". During this period, he published many poems. He has made achievements in both academic research and literary creation.

html In 2520, Emperor Wu of Liang changed to the Yuan Dynasty. This year is regarded by Chinese historians as a watershed in the development of Liang in the Southern Dynasties. Beginning in this year, Emperor Liang Wu began to believe in Buddhism and became a monk many times. In his later years, Emperor Wu of Liang worshipped Buddha even more. He often ate one meal a day and did not eat after noon, all he ate was bean soup and coarse rice. Believing in Buddhism, because he is not close to women, he used to have no luck in the harem for 40 years. The most prominent act of worshipping Buddha is that he sacrificed himself to become a monk many times, and he sacrificed himself four times in Tongtai Temple. redeem him. His fourth sacrifice was in March of the first year of Taiqing (547), which lasted for one month, and the ransom money spent was "100 million", which brought a huge amount of money to Tongtai Temple.

Bodhidharma, the founder of Zen Buddhism, came to China to preach the Dharma during the Northern and Southern Dynasties and had talks with Emperor Wu of Liang. However, due to the disagreement of ideas, the words were not speculative, so they left Liang Chao and went north.

On March 8, the eighth year (527 years), Emperor Wu of Liang went to Tongtai Temple for the first time to become a monk. He returned three days later to amnesty the world and changed his name to Datong, which was the first year of Datong (527).

On September 15th in the third year of Datong (529 years), Emperor Wu of Liang went to Tongtai Temple for the second time to hold the "Four Uncovered Conference". Nirvana Sutra. On the 25th of the month, the ministers donated 100 million yuan, prayed to the "Three Treasures", and asked to redeem the "Emperor Bodhisattva". On the 27th, Xiao Yan returned to the secular world.

On April 10, the 12th year of Datong (546), Xiao Yan became a monk for the third time, and this time the ministers used 200 million to redeem him; in the first year of Taiqing (547), on March 3, Xiao Yan returned He became a monk for the fourth time and lived in Tongtai Temple for thirty-seven days. On April 10, the imperial court invested 100 million yuan to redeem Emperor Wu. Guo Zushen described: "There are more than 500 Buddhist temples in the capital, which are extremely poor and magnificent. There are more than 100,000 monks and nuns, and their assets are rich." At this time, the national power was declining.

In addition to his status as an emperor, Emperor Wu of Liang was also famous as a scholar who left a lot of writings in the fields of classics, history, poetry, and Buddhism. In terms of religion, the vegetarianism of today's Han Buddhism is headed by Emperor Liang Wu. He compiled the Lianghuangbao Confessions of Buddhism, and he also authored hundreds of volumes of Yiji of various scriptures such as "The Great Parinirvana Sutra", "Dapin Prajna Sutra", "Jingming Jing", "Three Wisdom Jing" and so on. In Taoism, he combined the Confucian "ritual law", the Taoist "wu" and the Buddhist "karma", and created the "three religions homology theory", which occupies an extremely important position in the history of ancient Chinese thought. Due to Emperor Liang Wu's contribution to the circulation of Buddhism, Emperor Liang Wu and his eldest son, Prince Zhaoming, were enshrined together as Dharma protectors in the temple.

In terms of literature, Emperor Wu of Liang also liked the creation of poems and poems very much. There are more than 80 ancient poems, Yuefu poems and other poems. Xiao Yan, Wang Rong, Xie Yu , Ren Fang, Shen Yue, Fan Yun, Xiao Chen, and Lu Jie are collectively known as the Eight Friends of Jingling, and they were quite famous in the literary circles of the Qi Yongming era.

Liao Daozong

Yelü Hongji, reigned for 46 years, August 28, 1055 - February 12, 1101.The eighth emperor of the Khitan and Liao Dynasty, during his reign, the Liao political corruption, the national power gradually declined. Daozong did not carry out reform and innovation, and he himself was decadent and extravagant. At this time, the landlords and bureaucrats rapidly annexed the land, and the people were suffering and complaining. Daozong also reused Yelu Yixin and other traitors, and he ignored the government and government, which led him to listen to Yixin's slander, believing that the empress Xiao Guanyin and the actor Zhao Weiyi committed adultery and gave the empress to death, which is known as the Shi Xiangci injustice case. At the same time, Yixin, in order to prevent the prince Yelu Jun's ascension to the throne, was not good for him (because the Daozong only had the son of the crown prince), so he framed the crown prince to rebel and killed the crown prince.

Later, a woman surnamed Li asked Daozong to "rely on Google", and Daozong brought the sons and daughters of the crown prince into the palace. At that time, when he murdered the emperor's grandson, Daozong accepted the minister's advice and ordered the emperor's grandson to hunt with him in autumn, so that Yixin's conspiracy was resolved.

In the ninth year of Dakang, Daozong posthumously named the old Prince Zhaohuai Prince Zhaohuai, and he was reburied with the emperor's ritual. In October of the same year, Yelu Yixin attempted to take refuge in the Song Dynasty with a hidden weapon, but the incident happened and he was executed.

Dao Zong believes in Buddhism, and during his reign, he has greatly repaired Buddhist temples and pagodas. Liao's decadent rule aroused dissatisfaction among the people of all ethnic groups, during which the Jurchen people, who were oppressed by the Liao rulers, began to rise and eventually became the gravediggers of Liao.

On the 13th day of the first month of the seventh year of Shouchang (February 12, 1101), Daozong of Liao died at the age of 70.

Ming Sejong Jiajing Emperor

Zhu Houjun, reigned for 45 years, from April 20, 1521 to January 23, 1567 (December 14, Jiajing 45th). The 11th emperor of the Ming Dynasty, the temple name was Sejong, and the era was Jiajing. In the sixteenth year of Zhengde (1521), Ming Wuzong died without heirs. Posthumous title "Qin Tian Lu Dao Ying Yi Holy Spirit Xuan Wen Guang Wu Hong Ren Da Xiao Su Emperor".

The Emperor Jiajing

Sejong carried out reforms in the early stage, and he was determined to rule, and he did a lot. He said: "Today, there are too many officials in the department. At the beginning of my Taizu, I didn't have many, but later added redundancy, so that the people were embarrassed, and the day after day. Even for a day." He ordered the expulsion of the former dynasty's government, and strictly controlled it. History said that "Sejong was accustomed to seeing the disaster of eunuchs during Zhengde, and after he ascended the throne, the imperial attendant was very strict, and he was punished to death, or his corpse was displayed as a warning... And all the people who guarded the inner ministers and the Dianjing camps in the world were removed, and they were not re-established for more than 40 years. Therefore, the trend of inner ministers was only in the Jiajing Dynasty. Killing clouds less." He successively cut more than 170,000 leather brocade guards. In addition, the treacherous officials such as Wang Lun, Qian Ning, and Jiang Bin of the previous dynasty were killed, and the world was ruled by the emperor, and it was called Jiajing Zhongxing at that time.

However, Sejong was criticized more. For example, in order to pursue the issue of his biological father, King Xingxian, he caused a serious conflict with the courtiers such as Yang Tinghe, that is, the Great Rites Meeting. For this matter, Sejong carried out a serious purge of the ministers. In the middle and late period of Sejong's reign, he gradually became unwilling to govern, and he was obsessed with alchemy. He only controlled the court through the cabinet, which gradually formed the dictatorship of Yan Shifan's father and son, and abused the people's power due to the prosperity of construction. There were numerous popular uprisings. In the palace, Sejong was also tyrannical and ruthless. Because of the abuse of the palace maid, the maid launched the Renyin Palace change and almost died.

During the reign of King Sejong, the earthquake with the largest number of deaths in human history occurred in Shaanxi Province, known in history as the "Jiajing Earthquake". This earthquake caused the Ming Dynasty treasury to be depleted for two consecutive years.

Zhu HoujunWhen he was 14 years old, he entered the imperial family, because he wanted to reclaim the title of "Emperor and Empress" from his biological parents, but the old ministers such as Yang Tinghe and his son Yang Shen asked him to change to Ming Xiaozong as his adoptive father. During the three-and-a-half-year dispute over the great ceremony, the court staff killed 16 people; despite the opposition of the courtiers, Sejong respected his biological father as Emperor Xingxian and his biological mother as Empress Dowager Xingguo, and renamed Xiaozong "Huangbo Kao".In the seventeenth year of Jiajing (1538), Emperor Xingxian in September was honored as "Emperor Ruizong Zhitianshou Dao, Hongde Yuanren, Mu Chunsheng, respectful Jianjing Wenwen Emperor", and promoted Ruizong's tablet to the Taimiao Temple, ranking it above Ming Wuzong. The tomb of King Xian was changed to Xianling, and the event of the Great Rites finally ended.

The chiefs of the Jiajing period include: Yang Tinghe, Jiang Mian , Mao Ji, Fei Hong, Zhang Wei, Jia Yong, Yang Yiqing, Xie Qian, Zhai Luan , Fang Xianfu, Xia Yan, Gu Dingchen, Yan Song, Xu Zan, Zhang Zhi, Li Ben, Xu Jie, Yuan Wei.

will be: Yu Dayou, Hu Zongxian, Qi Jiguang, Li Chengliang.

Emperor Jiajing was obsessed with Xiyuan Xiu Xian Zhai, until he finally died, but he was always "although he lived in abyss, but his authority did not change." Great punishments and rewards are all arbitrary and unmeasurable." Ming Shizong was very smart and diligent, and it was planned that he would often end up in the second half of the night for reviewing and rewarding books. However, in the late Jiajing period, corruption and bribery and extravagance of officials in the DPRK and China had indeed become a common phenomenon.

Tang Xuanzong

Li Longji, reigned for 44 years, from September 8, 712 to August 1, 756. The ninth emperor of the Tang Dynasty, the longest reigning emperor of the Tang Dynasty, the third son of Tang Ruizong, the mother of Concubine Dou De. The name of the temple is Xuanzong, and the posthumous title is Dao Dasheng Da Ming Xiao Emperor. The Song Dynasty avoided the sage ancestor Zhao Xuanlang, and the Qing Dynasty avoided the Kangxi Emperor "Xuan Ye". The character is wise and decisive, versatile, knows the rhythm, is good at calligraphy, and has a majestic and handsome appearance.

Tang Xuanzong

In the first year of Tang Long (710), Li Longji and Princess Taiping joined forces to launch the Tang Long Revolution, executed Queen Wei, supported Ruizong Li Dan, and mastered the actual military power of the imperial government and the capital.In 712 AD, Li Danchan was located in Li Longji. He was Xuanzong. He immediately launched a congenital change and gave the death of Princess Taiping, who might compete for the throne, and obtained the supreme ruling power of the country. During the 44 years of Emperor Xuanzong's reign, the first 30 years of Kaiyuan's rule was the most prosperous era of the Tang Dynasty. In the later period of his reign, due to his negligence, policy mistakes and reuse of , An Lushan, , etc. During the Anshi Rebellion, he fled to Sichuan, paving the way for the decline of the Tang Dynasty.

Tang Xuanzong was arrogant and extravagant in his later years, and he only cared about playing with Yang Guifei all day long. He dismissed the good chancellor Zhang Jiuling and appointed the traitorous chancellor Li Linfu, and the government went from bad to worse. Xuanzong originally did not believe in ghosts and gods, but later he believed in the alchemist Zhang Guo, and became more and more like gods; and he respected Taoism and longed for immortality. After Li Linfu died, Yang Guozhong, the elder brother of Yang Guifei, served as the prime minister. When Li Linfu was in power, he could stabilize the government. Yang Guozhong not only did not have the talent of Li Linfu, but condoned corruption, and the situation became uncontrollable. Soon, Yang Guozhong clashed with An Lushan, the military envoy of Fan Yang, who held military power. An Lushan was determined to preempt and rebel.

In the 14th year of Tianbao (755), An Lushan took advantage of the emptiness and corruption within the Tang Dynasty and launched a mutiny. History is known as the Anshi Rebellion. Xuanzong decided to flee to Sichuan, on the way to Maweiyi Station, the soldiers mutiny, the soldiers hacked and killed Yang Guozhong, and forced Xuanzong to give Yang Guifei to death.

Tang Xuanzong is rich in musical talent and has a significant influence on the development of music in the Tang Dynasty. He likes to play the pipa and Jie drum personally, and is good at composing music. He has composed "Neon Clothes and Feather Clothes", "Little Breaking Array", "Spring is Good", "Autumn Wind is High" " and more than a hundred pieces of music. He once selected musicians, and court ladies sang and danced in the pear orchard of the forbidden courtyard.

After Xuanzong ascended the throne, he first used Yao Chong and Song Jing as his prime ministers, and then Zhang Jiazhen, Zhang Shuo, Li Yuanhong, Du Xian, Han Xiu , and Zhang Jiuling as his prime ministers. Tang Xuanzong was very frugal during this period, and stipulated that ministers below the third rank and concubines below the inner palace should not wear ornaments made of gold and jade, and dismissed the maids to save expenses. He also ordered that all parts of the country were not allowed to mine pearls and jade and make splendid embroidery, which changed the extravagant style of the harem since Wu Zetian. He also ordered Yu Wenrong to check the country's fugitive hukou and foreign fields, which greatly increased the Tang Dynasty's tax revenue and military sources. Through these measures, the Tang Dynasty's finances became abundant, and the country's granaries were enriched, resulting in lower prices and more food and clothing for the people. By the first year of Tianbao (742), the population of the Tang Dynasty was about 48.91 million, which shows the rule of Emperor Xuanzong during his thirty-year reign.

Song Renzong

Zhao Zhen, reigned for 41 years, from March 23, 1022 to April 30, 1063. The fourth emperor of the Northern Song Dynasty, the sixth son of Song Zhenzong, his biological mother, Concubine Li Chen. He was the longest reigning emperor of the Song Dynasty. It is said that the prince in the "civet cat for the prince" is an insinuation of Song Renzong. Song Renzong's personality was benevolent, diligent and thrifty. He was full of compassion and kindness, and he practiced loyalty and benevolence. If it were not for the actions of future generations, Renzong's government could lay the foundation for the future of the Song Dynasty for three hundred years.

Song Renzong

The temple name "Renzong" was the first emperor in Chinese history to receive this temple name. The posthumous title was "Emperor of filial piety, Emperor of Divine Literature, Sage and Wuming", and later he was given the posthumous title of "Emperor of Filial Piety, Emperor of Wisdom, Falun Gong, Falun Gong and Quande".

" History of the Song Dynasty " records, "After the news of Zhao Zhen's death came out, the capital (Bianliang) walked out of the city and cried for several days. Although beggars and children, they all burned paper money and cried before the big house."

Renzong reigned for 41 years and was the longest-ruling emperor of the Song Dynasty. He was by nature respectful, frugal and forgiving. Some officials once petitioned to expand the royal garden at the burned Yuqing Palace site. Song Renzong said: "I inherited the garden of the previous emperor. I still think it is very big, why do you want to do this (expansion)?" After Song Renzong's death, even when the obituary was sent to the Liao Kingdom, "people in Yanjing cry nowhere near or far", Liao Daozong Yelu Hongji cried bitterly. "Forty-two years have passed since I did not know how to fight soldiers." History records that he "worshipped again in shock, saying: 'If I were born in China, I would only carry the whip and hold the capital of Yuhou'er with me!'"

Song Renzong for China The protagonist of the famous opera "The Civet Cat for the Prince", the "Prince" in the title of the play is Song Renzong Zhao Zhen himself when he was just born as a baby. The play is mainly about the harem competition. When Concubine Li Chen gave birth to Zhao Zhen, the concubine Liu De's housekeeper Guo Huai used a civet cat to change the package, trying to make the then emperor Song Zhenzong mistakenly believe that Concubine Li Chen gave birth to a freak. Into the cold palace. The real prince, Zhao Zhen, would have been thrown into the Yuhe River to drown, but was rescued by the palace maid Kou Zhu and the emperor's inner servant Chen Linmi, and ran away to be alone with the Eight Sages King Zhao Defang... A series of twists and turns and bizarre stories; Ten years later, under the unannounced visit of Bao Zheng, the governor of Kaifeng, the conspiracy of cheating and deceiving the emperor was exposed. This opera is also known as "Playing the Dragon Robe" and "The Secret History of the Song Palace".

Important ministers of Song Renzong period: Lu Zongdao, Fan Zhongyan, Ouyang Xiu, Bao Zheng, Yan Shu, Wen Yanbo, Yu Jing, Ouyang Xiu.

After Shuhan, the master

Liu Chan, reigned for 41 years, from June 10, 223 to December 23, 263. The son of Liu Bei, Emperor Zhaolie of Shu Han, the last emperor of Shu Han. Historians call him Empress of Shu Han. He reigned from 223 to 263 and lasted for 41 years. He was the longest reigning emperor of the Three Kingdoms.According to " Three Kingdoms ", Liu Shan was born to Empress Zhaolie, Liu Bei's concubine, and was the eldest of Liu Bei's three concubines. In 212 (the 17th year of Jian'an), Liu Bei entered Shu, and Sun Quan sent someone to take back Mrs. Sun. Mrs. Sun wanted to take the five-year-old Liu Chan with her, and Zhuge Liang dispatched Zhao Yun to take it back.

In the early stage of his succession, Liu Shan did obey his father's will, and delegated power to the prime minister, Zhuge Liang, to handle major military and political affairs.

After the fall of Shuhan, Liu Shan moved to Luoyang, the capital of Wei Kingdom, and was named the Duke of Anle County (Chang Qin was the Duke of Anle Township, Beiwu County). One day, Sima Zhao hosted a banquet to entertain Liu Shan, and when he ordered to play music of Shu, and cheered him up with singing and dancing, the old officials of Shu Han remembered the pain of losing their country, and they all covered their faces or bowed their heads in tears. Liu Chan alone is at ease, not sad. When Sima Zhao saw this, he asked Liu Shan, "Does Duke Anle miss Shu?" Liu Shan replied, "I'm happy here, but I don't think about Shu." But his old minister heard this and said to him while he was going to the toilet, "Your Majesty. , next time if Sima Zhaoruo asks the same thing again, you should first stare at the top of the palace, then close your eyes for a while, and finally open your eyes and say seriously: 'The tombs of the ancestors are far away in the land of Shu. There is not a day I don't miss!' In this way, Sima Zhao can let His Majesty go back to Shu." After listening to Liu Chan, he kept it in his heart. When the wine was half full, Sima Zhao asked the same question again, and Liu Shan hurriedly learned what Chezheng taught him. When Sima Zhao heard it, he immediately replied, "Hey, why does this seem like it is being said?" Liu Chan was greatly surprised and said, "How did you know that!" Sima Zhao and the ministers left and right laughed. Sima Zhao saw that Liu Shan was so honest and loyal, and he never doubted him again. Liu Shan spent the rest of his life in Luoyang like this.

Song Lizong

Zhao Yun, reigned for 40 years, September 17, 1224 - November 16, 1264.The second son of Song Taizu, King YanyiZhao DezhaoThe ninth grandson, the prince of Song Ningzong, Zhao Hong, was at odds with the prime minister, Shi Miyuan. After the death of Ningzong in 1224, Miyuan Jiao Zhao established Guicheng as emperor, who was Song Lizong, and was renamed Zhao Yun , was the fifth emperor of the Southern Song Dynasty.

Song Lizong

Song Lizong's real name is Zhao Yuju, who is not a prince, but a distant cousin of Song Ningzong. He is the tenth-generation grandson of Song Taizu Zhao Kuangyin, and the descendant of Zhao Dezhao, the second son of Zhao Kuangyin, King Yanyi. However, because the Song emperor was not always inherited by the descendants of Zhao Dezhao, the generation of Zhao and Ju's father, Zhao Xiqing, was very estranged from the royal blood. However, Zhao Xizhen did not have any titles during his lifetime, only the official to the Wei of Shanyin, and his life was no different from that of the commoners. Therefore, Zhao and Ju were born and raised in commoner families. When Zhao Yuju was seven years old, his father Zhao Xiqing died. His biological mother, Quan Shi, took him and his younger brother Zhao Yurui back to their parents' home.

Song Lizong always wanted to make Neo-Confucianism an orthodox official school. As early as the third year of Baoqing (1227), he posthumously named Zhu Xi as Duke Xinguo. After the change of Duan Ping, Zhu Xi, Zhou Dunyi, a master of science, Cheng Hao, Cheng Yi, and Zhang Zai were successively enshrined in the Confucian Temple. In the first year of Chunyou (1241), Emperor Lizong added Zhou Dunyi as Uncle Runan, Cheng Hao as Uncle Henan, Cheng Yi as Uncle Yiyang, and Zhang Zai as Uncle Shu. In the second year of Jingding (1261), the list of the Confucian temples scheduled by Lizong included: Sima Guang, Zhou Dunyi, Cheng Hao, Cheng Yi, Zhang Zai, Zhu Xi, Shao Yong, Zhang Shi, and Lv Zuqian. Except for Sima Guang, the rest are representatives of Neo-Confucianism.

In his later years, Song Lizong was not interested in politics, so he handed over national affairs to his prime minister, Wu Qian, Ding Daquan, Fan Guangrui, etc. Among them, Jia Sidao was appointed.

Song Lizong indulged in women's lust in his later years, but the Three Palaces and Sixth Courts could no longer satisfy his selfish desires.The courtier Dong Songchen, who was good at flattering, saw it, and on a Lantern Festival, Dong Songchen brought Tang Anan, a prostitute to the palace for Song Lizong. Tang Anan is beautiful and can sing and dance. Song Lizong liked her very much at first sight, so he kept her in the palace and favored her day and night. Tang An'an relied on Song Lizong's favor and lived a luxurious life. All the utensils at home, from the makeup box and wine set to the water basin and fire box, were all made of gold and silver; the curtains and bedding were also made of silk. Luo Jinxiu; there are countless rare treasures to play with. In addition to Tang An'an, Song Lizong often called some singing prostitutes and dancers into the palace, and the living man Mou Zicai wrote a letter to exhort Song Lizong: "This move ruins His Majesty's 30 years of self-study!" , so as not to damage the image of the emperor. Yao Mian used Tang Xuanzong, Yang Guifei, and Gao Lishi as examples to advise Song Lizong. Song Lizong answered shamelessly: "Although I am not virtuous, I am not as good as the Ming emperor (I laugh at myself as not as powerful as Tang Xuanzong)." Yang Lianzhenjia, a Tibetan Buddhist monk in Tibet, robbed the six tombs of the Southern Song Dynasty, and saw that the body of Song Lizong was well preserved. He hung the body upside down on a tree for three days, and as a result, mercury flowed out. He also gave Lizong's skull to the emperor Phasiba as a drinking vessel. For the skull bowl. The torso is cremated. In the early Ming Dynasty, when Zhu Yuanzhang learned about this, he "sighed for a long time" and scolded: "The emperors of the Southern Song Dynasty did not have a great moral problem, nor did they have a feud with Meng Yuan. Meng Yuan was already taking advantage of the danger of others to attack the Southern Song Dynasty. Why is it so cruel?", sent someone to retrieve Lizong's head, buried in Yingtianfu (Nanjing, Jiangsu) in the second year of Hongwu (1369), and buried Lizong's skull in Shaoxing the following year. Muling site.

Qin Shi Huang

Ying Zheng, reigned for 37 years, from July 6, 247 to August 10, 210.Cao Zhi's "Wen Emperor" first called the first emperor Ying Zheng, later known as Ying Zheng, and was also called "Zulong" by some literary works. He was the monarch of Qin at the end of the Warring States Period. He ascended the throne at the age of thirteen. He eradicated Lu Buwei and Lu Buwei successively, and reused Li Si and Wei Liao. At the age of thirty-nine, he destroyed six kingdoms and established the Qin Dynasty. Shi Jin died, and he reigned for thirty-seven years.

Qin Shi Huang

Qin Shi Huang was the first monarch in Chinese history to use the title "Emperor". After the unification of the world, Qin Shihuang inherited the county system and centralized power of Shang Yang's reform, unified weights and measures, "cars are on the same track, books are the same, and lines are the same" and the legal system, which established the autocratic political pattern in Chinese political history for more than 2,000 years. He was hailed as "one emperor through the ages" by the Ming Dynasty thinker Li Zhi. On the other hand, Qin Shihuang also carried out a number of large-scale projects during his reign, including the construction of the Great Wall, Efang Palace, Lishan Mausoleum, etc. His impetuous administration caused the people to suffer excessively heavy corvée, and the Qin Dynasty quickly perished three years after his death. important reason.

After Qin Shihuang unified the six kingdoms, he believed that the previous titles such as "Emperor", "Emperor" and "King" were not enough to show his lofty status, so he created the new title "Emperor" to grant himself, calling himself "Qin Shi Huang", Referred to as "Emperor".

According to "Historical Records ·Qin Shihuang's Chronicle", Qin Wangzheng was born of Prince Chu of Qin Zhuangxiang and Zhao Ji . However, "Historical Records: Biography of Lu Buwei" records that when Lu Buwei gifted Zhao Ji to Zichu, he already knew that she was pregnant, which means that Ying Zheng was probably Lu Buwei's illegitimate son. Ban Gu, a historian of the Eastern Han Dynasty, also quoted this statement, in his book "Han Shu", calling Ying Zheng the illegitimate son of Lu Buwei.

According to the Records of the Grand Historian, The Chronicles of the First Emperor of Qin, the time when Ying Zheng issued the "Expulsion Order" was the tenth year of King Qin's administration (237 BC), which was at the time when Lu Buwei was dismissed due to the Rebellion, so the "Expulsion Order" was very likely. It was aimed at Lu Buwei, the prime minister of the "three thousand supporters", in order to weaken Lu Buwei's power. One of Lu Buwei's disciples, Li Si, who was born in Shangcai of Chu State, was also expelled. In order to avoid the fate of being expelled, Li Si took the initiative to write a letter to Ying Zheng, which is the famous "remonstrance to expel guests".

Han Fei was born in a Korean family, and has a problem with stuttering. Li Si and Li Si are both students of the famous thinker Xunzi of the Warring States Period. Li Si feels that his talent is not as good as that of Han Fei. about.

Since Shang Yang's reforms made Qin strong, the ruling class of Qin has attached great importance to Legalist thought and used it as a policy for governing the country. On the other hand, after returning from Xunzi’s studies, Han Fei wrote to the King of Han many times, but he didn’t use it, so he wrote books such as “Five Beetles”, “Gu Anger”, “Xianxue”, and “Nan Yan”.

After Han Fei's writings spread to the Qin state, Ying Zheng admired the idea of ​​governing the country he expounded, and once said: "If a few people see this person swimming with them, they will die without hating them!", when I learned from Li Si that the author was After Han Fei, he used war as a threat, forcing the king of Han to order Han Fei as an envoy to Qin. With the assistance of Li Si, Wei Liao and others,

Ying Zheng formulated the strategy of "destroying princes, becoming emperor's industry, and unifying the world". The specific measures are: win over Yan Qi, stabilize Wei Chu, and destroy Han Zhao;

The order of the demise of the six kingdoms

• 230 BC - 229 BC, Korea was destroyed
• 229 BC - 228 BC, Zhao State was destroyed Chu State was destroyed in 223
• Yan State was destroyed in 222BC
• Qi State was destroyed in 221BC

In order to prevent the remnants of the Six Kingdoms from revolting, Qin Shihuang ordered the collection of weapons from all over the world, gathered them in Xianyang, melted them, and cast them into big bells and ten Two bronze figures, each weighing 240,000 catties, were placed in the palace.

In order to unify people's thoughts, Qin Shi Huang created gods, unified characters, and forced education. Making small seal and clerical script the popular fonts in the whole country has had a profound impact on the development of Chinese culture and politics. In 221 BC (the 26th year of Qin Shihuang), Qin Shihuang ordered the unification of the weights and measures of the whole country, using the Qin weights and measures formulated during the reform of Shang Yang as the standard, and stipulated that the standard weights and measures must be supervised by the government, and the private cast should not be privately cast. Two hundred and forty steps are one acre. The unified currency can be said to be a major move by Qin Shihuang in the economic field. In the thirty-seventh year of Qin Shihuang, coins were reissued, and the original round square-hole coins were popularized throughout the country, abolishing the original different currencies across the country, overcoming the difficulties in the circulation, use and conversion of commodities in the past, and making the currency better nationwide. The role of value in circulation, payments and savings.

After Qin Shihuang eliminated the six kingdoms, he aroused the hatred of countless nobles of the six kingdoms, so it is not uncommon for him to be assassinated. In addition to Jing KeAssassination of Qin is more familiar, the "Historical Records" also records three assassinations against Qin Shihuang.

At the end of the Warring States period, people from the Yan Kingdom Gao gradually left , and they are good at hammering (an ancient stringed instrument with thin neck and round shoulders, hollow and thirteen strings), and is a friend of Jing Ke. After Jing Ke's death, Qin Shi Huang ordered the arrest of Prince Dan and Jing Ke's disciples, and the disciples all absconded.Gao Jianli then changed his name and surname to become a bartender, hiding in Song Zi's place to work. After a while, Gao Jianli considered that he would remain incognito for a long time, fearing that there would be no end to hiding in fear, so he stopped hiding his identity, and was invited to take turns to be a guest in Songzi City, performing a hit building. The audience was full of praise and gave Gao Jianli a drink. Appreciate it. Later, because of Gao Jianli's superb strike and construction skills, he was introduced to the palace by Qin Shi Huang to perform. However, he was denounced by one of Qin Shi Huang's courtiers, although Qin Shi Huang pardoned his death penalty. But let him blind him first to prevent the assassination. I don't want Gao Jianli to be blind, but he poured lead into Zhuzhong. When Shi Huang was fascinated by his strike, he rose up to strike Shi Huang with the lead. Gao Jianli failed to assassinate Qin Shihuang and sacrificed himself. Since then, Qin Shihuang has never dared to approach the people who used to be the Six Eastern Kingdoms.

In 218 BC (the 29th year of Qin Shihuang), Qin Shihuang passed through Bolangsha (now Yuanyang County, Xinxiang City, Henan Province) on his third parade, and the accompanying motorcade was suddenly hit by a 120-pound (equivalent to 30 kilograms in today's) weight. The big iron vertebra hit, but the big iron vertebra smashed into another car. The assassination failed, and Qin Shihuang was not injured.

Zhang Liang was the mastermind of the Bolangsha assassination incident. His family of five generations served Han, out of hatred to destroy Han, he almost spent his family wealth to seek warriors to plot to assassinate Qin Shihuang. Later, he found a strong man and hit Qin Shihuang's car with a big iron vertebra. , unfortunately missed the deputy car, Qin Shihuang asked for ten days for this, and the pursuit was very urgent. Zhang Liang had to change his name and surname, and fled to Xiapi to hide.

In order to seek the elixir of immortality, Qin Shi Huang dispatched alchemist Xu Fu to lead 6,000 boys and girls across the East China Sea to seek immortals. "Chu Yi Liu Tie" records that Xu Fu and the boys and girls never returned after reaching their destination in Yingzhou (now Japan), and the Japanese Qin family was their descendant, but some scholars of descendants have raised doubts about this.

The Terracotta Warriors and Horses were discovered on March 29, 1974 by Yang Zhifa, Yang Yanxin, Yang Quanyi and others from villagers Yang Zhifa, Yang Yanxin, Yang Quanyi and others in Lintong County, Shaanxi Province. At that time, archaeologists agreed that the size of the ruins would not be too large, but they soon discovered that the scale of the Terracotta Warriors was larger than expected. is much larger. Experts speculate that the site of the Terracotta Warriors and Horses is rectangular in shape, 230 meters long from east to west, and 62 meters long from north to south. However, the excavation results that exceeded expectations have caused difficulties in preserving the cultural relics of the Terracotta Warriors and Horses.

Terracotta Warriors and Horses Pit No. 1

The then Chinese Vice Premier Li Xiannian learned of the discovery of the Terracotta Warriors and Horses Pit, and he instructed the State Administration of Cultural Heritage to cooperate with the Shaanxi Provincial Government to quickly take relevant measures to protect the cultural relics. Therefore, the excavation project was temporarily suspended. On the premise of not damaging the ruins, it took nearly two years to erect an oval dome building on the ruins, which was officially opened to the public in October 1979, named "The Museum of Qin Shihuang Terracotta Warriors and Horses." ".

Qin Shi Huang was a legendary and brilliant epoch-making figure in Chinese history. He is the first emperor in Chinese history, the founder of the title of emperor, the founder of the Chinese emperor system, and the first person who made China enter the era of centralized monarchy. He united the world all his life, called the emperor, abolished feudal feudalism, set up prefectures and counties, conquered Baiyue, chased Xiongnu, built the Great Wall, opened channels, sold weapons, moved rich people, cars with the same track, books with the same text, money with the same coins, coins with the same shape, and the same degrees. Rulers, equal balance of powers, common ethics, one law, ruling the country by law, and burning books and ignoring Confucian scholars have all played a role in the unification of China, the establishment of the Chinese political system, the establishment of the Chinese territory, and the inheritance of the Chinese nation. The indelible key role has had an immeasurable and far-reaching impact on China and the world in later generations.However, Qin Shihuang has been a controversial figure since ancient times. Those who praise him call him the "one emperor through the ages" who pioneered a unified situation, and those who destroy him call him the "tyranny of the first generation".

Yuan Huizong

Tuo Huantie Muer , reigned for 37 years, July 19, 1333 - May 27, 1370. The eleventh emperor of the Yuan Dynasty and the fifteenth Great Khan of the Mongolian Empire, he was the last emperor before the Yuan Dynasty moved northwards, and then led the Northern Yuan Dynasty to continue its confrontation with the Ming Dynasty.

From Yuan Huizong

to April of the first year of Shun (1330), Empress Babusha of Yuan Mingzong was killed, and Tuohuantiemuer was expelled, first to Qingdao, Korea, and later to Huguang and other places to travel to China Jingjiang (now Guilin). In June 1333, shortly after Huizong ascended the throne, he appointed Boyan as Taishi and the Prime Minister of Zhongshu. In the eleventh year of Zhizheng (1351), Xu Shouhui raised an army, established the empire, and Chen Youliang served under his general Ni Wenjun.

Song Gaozong

Zhao Gou, reigned for 35 years, from June 12, 1127 to July 24, 1162. The tenth emperor of the Song Dynasty and the first emperor of the Southern Song Dynasty, reigned for thirty-five years. The ninth son of Emperor Huizong of the Northern Song Dynasty and the younger brother of Emperor Qinzong of Song; he was once named "King Kang". In the early days of his reign, because he saw the strength of the Jin Dynasty, in order to maintain the country, he used the main battle faction Li Gang , Yue Fei and so on. However, he feared that the generals had too much power. In order to strengthen the centralization of power, they adopted a policy of seeking peace. Finally, in the eleventh year of Shaoxing (1141), they reached a peace agreement with the Jin Dynasty in Shaoxing. He also executed Yue Fei, dismissed Li Gang, Zhang Jun, Han Shizhong and other ministers of the main war faction, and made him a minister to Jin. From then on, the Southern Song Dynasty and the Jin Dynasty formed a pattern of confrontation between the North and the South.

Song Gaozong

Jingkang In the spring of the first year (1126), the Jin army besieged Bianjing and asked Song to take the prince and the prime minister as hostages before he was willing to negotiate with Song. Later, because the Jin people doubted his clan identity and asked for a replacement, he was able to return to the Song Dynasty. Just as Zhao Gou was released and on his way back to Bianjing, Jin Bing invaded south again. At first Song Qinzong ordered him to summon the King of Qin soldiers and horses to Hebei. Later, the Jin people found out that Zhao Gou was the real prince, and they were furious and asked the Song Dynasty to arrange Zhao Gou as an envoy. Only then did he agree to negotiate for peace again, so Qinzong reassigned him to envoy Jin Ying to seek peace.

On the first day of the first month of May in the second year of Jingkang (June 12, 1127), Zhao Gou was enthroned as emperor in Yingtianfu (now Shangqiu, Henan) in Nanjing, and changed to " Jianyan ". After Jianyan changed the Yuan Dynasty, Song Gaozong Yao respected his mother Wei Shi, who was taken captive to the Jin Kingdom, as "Empress Xuanhe", and named his grandfather Wei Andao the county king. Thirty relatives held official positions. And since then, he has continuously sent envoys to the Jin Kingdom to seek peace and to welcome Weishi back to the Southern Song Dynasty.

In the eighth year of Shaoxing (1138), under the successful diplomacy of Wang Lun, the envoy of the Song Dynasty, the Jin Dynasty revoked the pseudo-Qi, and returned Henan and Shaanxi, including the three capitals (Tokyo, Xijing, Nanjing) including Tokyo Kaifeng, to the Southern Song Dynasty. , but Gaozong's biological mother, the Empress Dowager Wei has not returned.

In February of the eleventh year of Shaoxing (1141), Jin Xizong showed his goodwill to the Southern Song Dynasty, and posthumously named the deceased Song Huizong the King of Tianshui County and the imprisoned Song Qinzong as the Tianshui County Duke. The first was to raise the rank. Originally, Huizong was named Duke Hunde of the second rank, and the king of the county was promoted to the first rank. Originally, Qinzong was named the third rank of Chonghunhou, and now the duke was promoted to the second rank. The second is to remove the insulting meaning in the original title. The third is to use the prefecture of Zhao surnamed Tianshui as a title to show respect.At the same time, when the most powerful army in the Song army did not participate in the war at all, the most elite troops of the Jin Kingdom of Wanyan Zongbi were first defeated by the coalition forces of Yang Yizhong and Liu Qi under Zhang Jun's subordinates in Huaixi Zhegao. Later, although Liu Qi was transferred away because Zhang Jun grabbed the credit, Wanyan Zongbi defeated Zhang Jun's army, the weakest of the Song army, in Haozhou, but because Han Shizhong's army and Yue Jia's army arrived, Wanyan Zongbi had to retreat and go north.

In late April, Song Gaozong lifted the military power of generals such as Yue Fei , Han Shizhong, Liu Qi, Yang Yizhong, Zhang Jun, etc., and prepared for the "Shaoxing Peace Conference". In October, the Southern Song Dynasty sent Wei Liangchen to Jin and proposed to negotiate peace.

In November, the Jin Dynasty sent Xiao Yi and Xing Juzhan as deliberation envoys, and accompanied Wei Liangchen back to the Southern Song Dynasty to propose and conditions. At this time, Gaozong's biological mother, Weishi, sent a letter to Zhao Gou. "Hong Hao was in Yan, and he asked for (Wei)'s second book, and sent Li Weichi back. The emperor was overjoyed and said: "It is better to send a hundred generations of envoys than one book. "Then added (Li) Weiguan. The Jin people sent Xiao Yi and Xing Juzhan to negotiate peace, and the emperor said: 'I have the world, but I can't raise my relatives. Empress Dowager, I am not ashamed to make peace. Otherwise, I am not afraid to use troops!' ('I own the world, but I can't support my relatives. My father Huizong is dead! Now I swear that I will publicly demand Jin Guo to return my mother Empress Wei, I Don't be ashamed of negotiating peace. Otherwise, I'm not afraid to use troops against the Jin Kingdom!'), Xiao Yi waited to return, and the emperor said to him: '(Wei) will return after the consequences, and you should keep the oath. If it is not yet, although there is The oath is nothing but empty words.'" ("If my mother, the Queen Mother Wei really can return to the Southern Song Dynasty, she should keep the peace agreement we made. the written content is achieved.

On New Year's Eve at the end of December (January 27, 1142), Song Gaozong killed Yue Fei, his son Yue Yun, and his subordinate Zhang Xian in Lin'an (now Hangzhou ). The premise set by the Shaoxing Peace Conference was to prevent Yue Fei's army of 100,000 Yue family from attacking the north of the Yellow River.

So far, Emperor Gaozong signed the Shaoxing Peace Agreement at the expense of ceding Tangzhou, Dengzhou, Shangzhou and Qinzhou, which were previously recovered by Yue Fei, at the cost of paying indemnity. The Song and Jin Dynasties were bounded by the Huaihe River in the east and Dasanguan in the west, and the Southern Song Dynasty officially gave up the territories of Shaanxi and Henan obtained in the last peace treaty. Song Gaozong also immediately succeeded in welcoming back his biological mother, Weiss.

The "Shaoxing Peace Conference" stipulated that the Southern Song Dynasty "should not be acquitted to assist the prime minister", which led to Qin Hui's dictatorship and administration for fifteen years. When Qin Hui was about to die, Qin Hui's heir Qin Xi asked to succeed him as prime minister, but Gaozong refused and transferred the Qin Hui family to idle positions. After Qin Hui's death, Gaozong first attacked Qin Hui's remaining party and appointed ministers who had been attacked by Qin Hui, but there were still many of them. A capitulation faction that holds similar views to Qin Hui.