China is a mountainous country. Plateaus and mountains above 3000 meters above sea level account for 1/6 of the country's area and are distributed in Tibet, Qinghai, Xinjiang and other provinces in the southwest and northwest. People will have altitude sickness when they go to the high altitude, that is, altitude sickness. With the increase in altitude, the degree of reaction of people living on plateaus (such as Tibetans and Tajik people) is lighter, and those on plains are stronger. The lower the altitude, the more obvious the reaction is. The extreme hardship of border defense is self-evident.
Historically, the Qing garrison in Tibet was mainly in low-altitude river valley areas such as Lhasa. The Qing dynasty implemented a policy of detention on border areas, and the number of troops stationed in Tibet was not large. Altitude sickness mainly occurred on higher-altitude snow-capped mountains and on the way to Tibet. During the Kangxi Dynasty, there was a record of "three hundred Yunnan officers and soldiers camped on the mountain to die overnight." There were also soldiers who fell dead; Fukang Anping Gurkha once said that “there is also the miasma of Sichuan, walking in the morning and evening, every time it causes dizziness and panting”, ancient times did not know the altitude sickness, thought it was miasma, and when fighting Gurkha, boarded the snow mountain. Of the more than 8,000 Qing troops, only more than 5,000 remained, many of whom died of illness. Before 1904, British troops invaded Tibet twice, and the lack of oxygen in the mountains impressed the British.
In 1959, the Tibet counter-insurgency forces and the Tibetans had a party for
The Republic of China had no garrison in Tibet. Tibet was actually semi-independent, and Britain was able to set off in Tibet, leaving behind a notorious McMahon line. As soon as New China was founded, it solemnly stated that the Tibet issue is China’s internal affair, and the PLA must enter Tibet and no foreign forces may interfere. In 1950, the 18th Army began an arduous march. Tibet is vast and sparsely populated, and the economy is extremely backward. This is our own land. The liberation of millions of serfs is fundamental. The 18th Army must strictly implement the policy of "trotting into Tibet without eating places." There are huge differences in social development and ethnic separation. The deep Tibet can stand firm and take root in order to eliminate the influence of Britain and the United States and the separatist forces in Tibet, and complete the important task of peaceful liberation. Therefore, after the 18th Army entered Tibet, it must be stationed in various places, and it will be permanently garrisoned. This is the first time that the mainland troops stationed on the roof of the world on a large scale.
From low-altitude areas to the roof of the world, the 18th Army has experienced hardships. At that time, there was no clear understanding of altitude sickness, and there was nothing to talk about the process of acclimatization and prevention of altitude sickness. As the troops marched, they also had to repair the Kham-Tibet Highway and Ganzi Airport, and they often run out of food. The troops should have a certain period of adaptation after they rush into the plateau, and when they first go to the plateau, altitude sickness will reduce the work efficiency of people. When the altitude is more than 4000 meters, less than 60% of the plain, it will seriously affect the combat effectiveness of the troops. These experiences are all explored by the troops during the marching and garrisoning peaceful rebel operations.
Hu Shi
When the Tibetan rebellion occurred in 1959, the original 18th Army stationed in Tibet had only 6 regiments. According to the analysis of the United States intelligence agency, according to the 3:1 counter-guerrilla warfare, at least 200,000 troops would be needed to quell the rebellion. However, with the transportation capacity of the Sichuan-Tibet and Qinghai-Tibet sandy roads, it can only supply a maximum of 100,000 people. From this, it is judged that the rebellion cannot be put down in 20 years. In order to echo the Americans, "Republic of China" Hu Shi hurriedly spoke in Taiwan. He said that there are so many mountains in Tibet, and it is impossible for the mainland to eliminate the "revolutionary army". Hu Shi's name for the Tibetan rebels represented Taiwan's position. At that time, Taiwan regarded the rebels as "insurgents" against New China and prepared to directly assist the rebels. The United States did not let Taiwan intervene. The United States is not a conscience discovery, but more poisonous. What they want is not the "uprising" color of the rebels, but the banner of independence. The United States has repeatedly encouraged several small Latin American countries to put forward proposals on the Tibet issue at the United Nations in an attempt to muddy the water, but it failed. The mistake made by the Americans is once again underestimating the PLA’s combat effectiveness. They always believe too much in objective reasons, such as equipment, logistics, geography, and the environment, while ignoring the subjective initiative of people. In the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea, the most important reason why the Volunteers were able to defeat the US army was to maximize human subjectivity. And Hu Shi was completely eloquent. His reason was that there were many mountains, soThe PLA cannot win. Chairman Mao said at the time that Hu Shi's methodology has problems with this sentence, only "bold assumptions" and not "careful verification." "Boldly assume, carefully verify" is Hu Shi's famous saying. By saying this, Chairman Mao was using Hu Shi’s own famous words to slap him in the face, mocking Hu Shi for violating his own principles, discarding the basic principles of a scholar, and talking nonsense, without shame.
After the 1959 National Day military parade, Chairman Mao was in the Tiananmen Gate
. After the Lhasa rebellion broke out, there were only 13 companies in the hands of the political commissar Tan Guansan who was in charge of the military area in Tibet. At the same time, the 130th and 134th divisions of the 54th Army and the 11th division of the Lanzhou Military Region were transferred to Tibet. With the addition of only 50,000 troops stationed in Tibet, it took three years to completely quell the Tibetan rebellion. Anti-rebellion in Tibet is not simply a military war, but is closely integrated with the enlistment of the masses and democratic reforms. In the later period, the suppression was mainly carried out in certain areas such as Qamdo.
In fact, the US intelligence agencies are still reliable in their calculations of the PLA troops stationed in Tibet and support limits. Until the Sino-Indian border self-defense counterattack, we invested basically this number, but we replaced the 134 division with the 55 division. All supplies for the troops stationed in Tibet and local staff must be transported from 2,000 kilometers away by two dirt roads. Logistic support is extremely difficult and the supply capacity is limited.
and the 54th Army and the 11th Division, after entering Tibet, have undergone the severe tempering of the highland warfare. After the original 18th Army troops stationed in the plateau for a long time, they have also been tempered into a plateau force adapted to high-altitude operations, for the victory of the counterinsurgency struggle and democratic reform The achievement of the patriotism made merits, and the millions of serfs ushered in the complete liberation. The social peace in Tibet, especially the large number of turned serfs who went all out in border warfare and actively supported them, became an important guarantee for the smooth counterattack of the troops. It also proves once again that the correctness of policies and tactics is decisive. Long before the rebellion, Chairman Mao had two instructions. One was to win over the masses, and the other was to train our troops to be particularly capable of fighting. The 18th Army moved to fight in the snow-covered areas of thousands of miles to make achievements. The 54th Army was a four-field force and just came down from the Korean battlefield. The 11th Division is the first-class main division of the Lanzhou Military Region. It has long-term efforts to suppress bandits and rebels. But what the chairman said about the ability to fight is the ability to fight in the special environment of the plateau. The two instructions are just a few words, it can be described as foresight, grasping the guiding principle, and grasping the root of the problem.
is fighting on the roof of the world, and plateau adaptability is an important prerequisite. Which forces are used in the counterattack against India, what tasks they undertake, the order of participation and how the combat area is divided, can be seen from the use of the participating troops: the old plateau is the main force, the high altitude is the main force, and those who have experienced the plateau are the reserve team. . All the troops participating in the counterattack have participated in the three-year counterinsurgency. In other words, these old troops have come up.
The captured officers of the Indian Army, from left to right: Lieutenant Colonel Singh, Lieutenant Colonel Alivaria, Brigadier General Dalvi, Lieutenant Colonel Rick, Lieutenant Colonel Taivali
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first battle Kjelang Valley, Tibetan The three regiments of the army were the main regiments of the original 18th Army and had been in Tibet for many years. Of course, this battle was fought by the "old Tibet" to ensure victory in the first battle. The Kjelang area is above 4000 meters above sea level. The infantry lurked ahead of the Indian army to support the artillery to be carried up by manpower. After the attack was launched, the Indian 7th Brigade was quickly annihilated. The old plateau gave the participating troops a good start. In the second stage of
, the scale of the campaign was expanded. We used three divisions and four companies of the Shannan Military Region to encircle the Indian army from Xishankou to Derangzong in multiple roundabouts. That is, Marshal Liu Bocheng said, Laparotomy and tail trimming" strive to eliminate the opponent's main force and fight the Indian army.
's most difficult far-reaching roundabout outflank, the 11th division took the lead. The 11th Division entered Tibet in 1959 and fought on the plateau in northern Tibet with an average altitude of 4,500 meters. Before entering Tibet, he had suppressed bandits and countered insurgency in Gannan for many years. The high-altitude march and combat capabilities have undergone strict tests. The 11th Division did not bear the burden, and hurried across the snowy mountains and glacial rivers, cutting off the road on time and "cutting the tail" successfully. After forcefully marching down seven days and five nights, even the 11th division with superb marching ability, the soldiers were tired,Take off all the sons and throw them away.” The Flying Pele Trail shows that this old army of "traveling New Zealand" can fight and walk, and the brave and tenacious combat style is vividly reflected. The second right in the photo of
is the fire platoon. Second Lieutenant Chang Bell, also became a prisoner of the People’s Liberation Army. The tactical command center of the Indian Army with two-winged tongs. Although the Tibetan character 419 troops have conducted pre-war reconnaissance, the circuitous route is located in the Indian-controlled area after all, and it uses a very inaccurate "fairy map" (the fairy map refers to the British explorer Many of the locations on the maps drawn are blind based on estimates), so that they still took the wrong direction in the roundabout process. The radio station also lost contact with the joint finger for a long time, and could only use gunfire as the target to climb the cliff and zip to find the way. The forest canyons on the southern slopes of the Himalayas are not generally complicated and difficult to navigate. Unforeseen circumstances, "Old Tibet" cannot be completely avoided. After arriving at Dejangzong, when pursuing and expanding the results of the battle to the south, he set a two-hour rush to march 35 kilometers. The 154th regiment fought all the way to the Jimo Pass, the traditional customary line, and killed the Indian brigade commander Brigadier General Singh on the way. In addition to Darvi who was captured in the Battle of Kjelang, the two brigades lost by the Indian army belonged to the regiment. The result of the battle.
attacked Xishankou from the front by the 55 division transferred from Qinghai. The division has been fighting rebellion in the high-altitude areas of southern Qinghai for a long time. This time it was transported to Tibet via a 2,000-kilometer long-distance highway, and it was very tired. Compared to Tibet , It can be regarded as a unit from "low altitude", so it is responsible for the task of "leading". The 55th Division is the unit of the battle hero Pang Guoxing. During the war, there was no new Type 56 gun, but the 61st Division of the 21st Army that came to Qinghai to take over has already changed. . From the perspective of weapons and equipment, it seems that the 61st Division should be allowed to go directly. The 61st Division is an old Sanye army. After returning from North Korea, it participated in the Ganqing and Nanping Rebellion. However, the 55th Division has been stationed in Qinghai for ten years and is adaptable on the plateau. The 61st Division is obviously more advantageous. The 61st Division has been used as a reserve team. If the battle expands and additional troops are needed, it will be the 61st Division’s turn to battle. The troops that were able to fight on the plateau that year were all deployed in echelons. The 55th Division received It was harvesting in the autumn when the order was completed, and when the assembly was completed, we left on the train. From Qinghai to Tibet, the altitude is getting higher and higher. Even for such a plateau army, soldiers still sacrificed to altitude sickness when they climbed Tanggula Mountain. After the fight was over, Commander Zhang Guohua praised him.
The Indian army captured by the People’s Liberation Army
So far, the 62 years of counterattack battles with the largest scale and the most annihilated enemy’s battles ended in the “Old Plateau” of the first field and the second field. Serve as the main player and come home with a win.z 1z
Walong direction was in charge of the 54th Army, so the 130th Division came again. The 130th Division ended the Qamdo rebellion mission and returned to construction in early 1962 and returned to Sichuan for production. The counterattack against India started, and the Military Commission named the 130th Division to rush to the border to fight. Commander Ding Sheng put up the "Ding Zhi" sign again, and the deputy commander Wei Tongtai and the division commander Dong Zhanlin led the 130th Division into Tibet again along the familiar Sichuan-Tibet line. They fought on the spot and achieved the famous Varong victory. If the war escalates, the 134 division, which has participated in the three-year counter-insurgency, is also ready to enter Tibet. Participating in the war in the direction of Walong, there is also the 153 regiment of the Qamdo Army Division. This regiment is also old Tibet. It was developed from the first part of the 126th regiment of the 42nd Army of the Second Field that entered Tibet from Yunnan in 1952. It has been stationed for a long time in Tibet. corner.
The first company of the second army and the three subsequent companies that entered Tibet from Xinjiang were organized into the Ali Cavalry Detachment after the peaceful liberation of Tibet. It was also the main force in the Ali counterattack and western counterattack. As for the counterattack in the direction of Xinjiang in the western section, the altitude was higher and the fighting was equally good. Those who participated in the battle were all veteran troops such as the 4th Division that entered Xinjiang with Wang Zhen in 1949, and had been stationed at high altitude for longer.
1 from the right is Captain Williams. The Bell 47G3 helicopter he was driving was shot down by our army, but he was commended by Nehru. Commendation is not captured?
author: Xu Du Lu, "this is war" Joining the author, not the author, and "this is war" to allow any media, since the media shall not be reproduced, rights held liable readers forwarded. About the author of the
public account: Wang Zhengxing, a former field officer of the People’s Liberation Army, has served in infantry units, headquarters, logistics department and other units. He is committed to war history and tactics research, and has a unique understanding of military tactics and non-war operations. . His book "This Is War" was recommended in two phases in the "Eight Minutes" section of Phoenix TV in May and June 2014. His public name is also "This is the war", welcome to follow
