Last time we launched a vote, and everyone was most interested in the topic of "From the psychological defense mechanism, look at the mental maturity". Today, it is here. I have compiled 16 common psychological defense mechanisms for you, , from immature to mature, both good and bad. Friends can also refer to it to see if you are "mature".
Let’s first look at a literary image - Ah Q. Although in Lu Xun's writing, he is a negative teaching material for self-deception, aside from the background of the times and the purpose of creation, it cannot be denied that he is indeed very good at comforting himself. For example, "We were much richer than you before" is an ideal compilation, and "My son beats me" uses a rational explanation, "How can the monk move, can I move?" Emotional shift is used again.
Although these words cannot relieve physical pain, they can make him feel much more comfortable. This is the role of the psychological defense mechanism. Think about it, in such a society, if a farmer at the lowest level is not allowed to ease the threats and anxiety of the outside world, Ah Q may not need to write to Chapter 9 in his life.
In this way, everyone should understand what the psychological defense mechanism is. That is, when a person faces setbacks or conflicts, he will intentionally or unintentionally help himself get rid of his worries through inner activities and restore his adaptive tendency to psychological balance and stability.
Of course, there are far more than one kind of difficulties in life, which determines that there is no defensive mechanism. Moreover, some psychological defense mechanisms can help us adapt to the environment, but some can also cause behaviors of evading and retreating, and even lead to mental illness. Which one to use and how to use it often depends on mental maturity, so it is also an important criterion for measuring a person's "maturity".
I divided these 16 psychological defense mechanisms into 5 categories, and the overall introduction is based on the order from immature to maturity. Friends can take the lead and see which ones they meet.
escape defense mechanism
Listen to the name, this type is a relatively negative psychological defense mechanism, mainly including: denial, degeneration , repression and latent depression.
denial is the most primitive and simplest psychological defense mechanism, which is to refuse to admit unpleasant things. For example, when I was a child, I was naughty and immediately covered my eyes with broken things. If I couldn’t see them, I pretended that it didn’t happen. You see, it also has a bit of the subjective idealism , but it is actually because it is afraid of being beaten. My mother refused to admit it even though she asked, "I didn't do it, it fell down by itself." As a result, many times, she was still beaten up.
Regression refers to a person who encounters setbacks and shows childish behavior that does not match his age. It is an anti-maturity regression phenomenon. For example, I have been under great pressure these days and can’t write a manuscript anymore. I feel that I am sick and need a rest. This is the same as when I mentioned going to school when I was a child, I told my mother that my stomach hurts. Do I have any friends with the same style? And many times you will find that your stomach does hurt, which is a physiological reaction caused by extreme rejection, so the psychological defense mechanism is not intentional in most cases, but unconsciously. There are also adults who are facing setbacks who become crying and rely more on their parents as well. Although
suppression and latent suppression are also evasive defense mechanisms, they are slightly more mature than the previous two. Repression is to consciously control yourself and not think about unpleasant things to reduce psychological trauma. Suppression is the unconscious active forgetting, which means that the brain hides bad experiences in the subconscious, but this does not mean that things have really passed, and it will unconsciously affect our behavior. For example, if a dog that a person has been raising for five or six years dies, he is very sad. After a period of time, when others talk about this, they will quickly change the topic, which is depression. Or maybe his dog died in May, and after a while, he felt that he was fine, but every May he would feel unconsciously depressed, and he himself didn't know why, this is depression.
Self-deception defense mechanism
This type is also a relatively negative psychological defense mechanism, because it is a bit self-deception, mainly including: distortion, reverse, rationalization, offset, and division.
distortion is to misinterpret objective facts to make them conform to their inner expectations. Although they are also very primitive, unlike denied death and not admitting, it refers to a deer as a horse. For example, when I was a child, I snatched toys from others and my mother came to beat me. I would say, "That was my toy" or "I got it first", but in fact, it was clearly someone else's. The same goes for growing up, but it won't be that direct. For example, when I see a colleague who is promoted, I feel that "he has left the relationship" and firmly believe that what I think is the fact. You see, the toys I used when I was a child and the positions I grew up in, so the methods I used were the same. The key is that this method can only comfort myself. If I use it too much, it will only block myself and distort reality.
reverse is slightly more advanced than distortion, which means deliberately taking behaviors that are opposite to the subconscious mind. There is an old saying that there is no silver here. I have watched too many family ethics dramas, so let’s give a similar example. A stepmother doesn’t like the child left by her husband’s ex-wife, but if she shows it, she is afraid of criticism, so she shows that she loves him very much and treats him very well to prove that she is a competent stepmother. For example, if a boy likes a certain girl, he does not express his love directly, but always teases her; if a girl likes a certain boy, he often talks about "hate him", and friends can verify it.
Rationalization is to find a suitable reason to defend one's failures and mistakes, so that one can accept it and avoid hurting one's self-esteem. Like Ah Q's words, "My son beat me" is a rational explanation, although this reason is not appropriate. This is the most common psychology of sour grapes and sweet lemons in life. If others don’t give me some food to eat, I say it is sour. If I have a lemon, I will eat it with tears, and I also say it is sweet. Therefore, this defense mechanism is not very mature.
offset is a little bit scheming, which means using symbolic behavior to offset unpleasant things or mistakes that have happened, making one's heart feel comfortable and also playing a cover-up role. Simply put, it is to openly repair the plank road and secretly travel to Chen Cang. For example, once I acted well-behaved and sensible when I was a child, my mother knew that I must have caused some trouble again; for example, if a man cheated, in order to eliminate the guilt, he would be more considerate to his wife at home, and smart women would know what was going on.
split is a little more advanced than the previous few in the self-deception defense mechanism, but not much, and improper use may affect mental health. The function of the psychological defense mechanism is to adapt to the environment. Split means to separate one's consciousness based on different occasions and play different roles. Sometimes conflicts and inconsistencies occur. For example, Zhang San is very easy-going in front of his colleagues, but he is very mean to his wife and children. When he goes online, he becomes a brainless attack. This is not because he is hypocritical, but because he lives with different masks.
Attack defense mechanism
Attack defense mechanism is to not escape or deceive yourself, and to vent all your dissatisfaction, mainly including: action, transfer, and projection.
action is a relatively primitive attack defense mechanism, which vents emotions through behavior, and is often irrational behavior. For example, when I was a child, I wanted to buy something toy, but my parents didn't buy it, so I started to make trouble, lying on the ground and rolling on the ground, and throwing things. Because I was too ruthless once, I didn't dare to use this trick later. Adults can also vent in this simple and crude way, throw things, drink alcohol, and in severe cases, they may also be self-harm and retaliate against society.
transfer can be understood as conditional action, which means that you will hold back your dissatisfaction first and wait until you reach a safe environment before releasing it. Just like I just got beaten up, I dare not act anymore next time, but I still have to exhale. When I saw the child next door was having fun, I went up and beat him up. This is called transfer.Transfer also has a positive side. For example, a teacher has no children. He is like loving his own children and caring for his students. Moreover, transfers are often unconscious. For example, when the leader is scolded at work, he inexplicably beats the child when he goes home, and regrets it later. So try to find the right transfer target and don’t treat the closest person as an emotional trash can.
projection is to give some of your own bad thoughts, motivations, and desires to other people or things, and then criticize them for their improper behavior and thoughts, and then call them to catch the thief. For example, if a student cheats in the exam, he will think that others are cheating, and the bit he copied is nothing; for example, if a person usually likes to watch small movies, he will reveal a contemptuous expression when talking to his friends about such topics, "You should watch less, it hurts your body." In fact, he is secretly happy inside, "I know that I am not the only one who watches it." A typical judge of a gentleman's heart can make the heart peaceful, but it will affect the objective judgment of things and cause interpersonal relationship problems.
Replacement defense mechanism
Replacement defense mechanism is to use another thing to replace one's own shortcomings and defects, alleviate psychological imbalance, mainly including fantasy and compensation.
Fantasy can be said to be a kind of ideological regression, because the imagined world is as naive as a child, imaginative and does not play according to the routine at all. For example, although it was difficult to pass the exam when I was a child, I still fantasize about going to , Tsinghua or , Peking University when I grew up, and I was so entangled. The same goes for growing up. I often fantasize that if I win the prize one day, I will drive a luxury car and live in a villa, and bully the leader who bullies me every day. Some games are so popular because they can satisfy the fantasies that reality cannot satisfy, such as GTA, which can play whatever you want. But one thing to note is that fantasy cannot solve real problems after all.
compensation is much more mature, which means that although there are shortcomings and will be inferior, they strive to fill in the defects and build self-esteem through other successes. For example, a student has a poor family and a weak figure, but he studies hard and always has one. This is compensation. Very positive and inspiring. When we went to school, there were many typical cases in the Chinese textbooks. It can prevent a person from being overwhelmed by negative emotions, reduce the impact of defects, turn resistance into motivation, and amplify the possibility of success.
Construction defense mechanism
Construction defense mechanism is a category with relatively high mental maturity, mainly including recognition and sublimation.
Identity is the process of building and affirming oneself intentionally or unintentionally by imitating the qualities and behaviors of the people you respect during your growth. When we were young, teachers and parents would tell us, "Look at that person, you have good character and academic performance, and you should learn from him." This is an example of imitating . We will also actively imitate it, for example, worshiping a person, and unconsciously imitate his dress and speaking. But this requires a correct judgment. The so-called "those who are close to the red and those who are close to the ink" are black. The impact of being with is really great.
The last type is sublimation, which is to express impulses and desires that do not conform to social norms constructively in a way that can be accepted by oneself and society. To give a few examples, I was often bullied when I was a child. When I grew up, I was admitted to the police academy to maintain social order. I like to fight and fight, so I went to practice boxing and participated in the competition. When I was heartbroken, I turned my sadness into strength and devoted myself to my creation. Goethe is the " The Troubles of the Young Witt" written when I was heartbroken. Of all defense mechanisms, Sublimation is arguably the only one, both in children and adults, healthy and positive.
OK, these are 16 common psychological defense mechanisms. You can think about which ones you often use.
does not mean that the immature psychological defense mechanism is definitely not good. Adults are under much pressure than children, so there is no problem with being lazy or acting cute occasionally, which does not mean that they are immature.Only by using a relatively primitive defense mechanism for a long time, except to soothe the heart, will not have a positive effect on the situation, and such people may not be mature enough.
In addition, you don’t have to force yourself to learn mature defense mechanisms immediately. Just take it slowly. You are like two great masters who propose and improve psychological defense mechanisms. Freud and Jung are fighting each other. Freud said that Jung had an improper relationship with his patients. Jung said that Freud was dependent on men and women, one was more ruthless than the other, and it was no different from a village aunt.
Therefore, the psychological defense mechanism can be used as a reference, there is no need to be bound by them. As long as you are mentally healthy, well-cultivated and responsible, you are a very mature person.
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