The second half of the "Problem", namely paragraphs 13 to 20, mainly explains that dialectics, that is, epistemology, and shows that subjective dialectics and objective dialectics are consistent, and dialectics, epistemology and logic are the same.

The second half of the "Problem", namely paragraphs 13 to 20, mainly explains that dialectics is epistemology , indicating that subjective dialectics and objective dialectics are consistent, and dialectics, epistemology and logic are the same.

is the dialectic of epistemology and logic, that is, people’s correct understanding of the objective world in practice and the method of scientific thinking . It emphasizes that dialectics is epistemology, that is, emphasizes the methodological significance of dialectics.

In Marxist philosophy, the world outlook and methodology are completely unified. The unity of opposition is the core and most fundamental law of dialectics. It is also the core of dialectics of understanding and thinking, and is the most fundamental way for people to understand and transform the objective world.

Marx's " Capital " Contradiction Analysis Method

In the thirteenth paragraph, Lenin took Marx's "Das Kapital" as an example to concentrate on explaining Marx's dialectical method of studying and expounding problems, and explaining the Marxist understanding and thinking method of unity of opposition and unity of opposites, that is, the commonly known method of contradiction analysis or the method of " analysis and synthesis of ".

In "Elements of Dialectics", the contradiction analysis method combining analysis and synthesis is proposed immediately after 's law of unity of opposites and unity of opposites and ; the same is true in "Problem". After discussing the law of unity of opposites and unity of opposites in the first half, we will immediately discuss the contradiction analysis method used in Marx's "Das Kapital". Lenin's arrangement shows that the method of contradiction analysis is the manifestation of the law of unity of opposites in the process of understanding and thinking, and is the method of dialectical understanding and dialectical thinking .

Marx himself made a clear discussion on the research methods of "Das Kapital"; " research must fully possess the materials, analyze its various development forms, and explore the internal connections of these forms ." Chairman Mao further summarized and translated it as " Marx said to possess the materials in detail, and scientifically analyze and comprehensively study. " This directly points out that Marx's method is a research method that combines analysis and synthesis, that is, a contradiction analysis method.

Lenin's method of "Das Kapital" has many discussions in " Philosophical Notes ", and this passage in "Problem" can be said to be the most exciting and complete. The three sentences here explain the three key points of the contradiction analysis method. The first sentence points out: "In "Das Kapital", Marx first analyzed the simplest, most ordinary, most basic, most common, most common, most ordinary, and billions of times in the relationship commodity exchange ." This is about the starting point of Marx's explanation and research methods, that is, the question of where to start when analyzing contradictions.

materialistic dialectics believes that any research work and theoretical explanation of research results, based on a comprehensive investigation and full grasp of actual materials, should start and start from the simplest " cell " that study and explain the object, the most basic unit and the most common element, because everything is composed of a certain " cell " or basic elements, developed from them.

Capitalist society is a commodity society, and its " cell " or basic element is commodity or commodity exchange. Lenin said, "HTM7, the individual behavior of the exchange of certain commodities and other commodities, as a simple form of value, already contains all the major contradictions of capitalism that have not yet been unfolded. "

Since commodities and their exchanges contain the budding of all contradictions of capitalism, it is the most basic element or " cell ", so the research and explanation of capitalist society should start from it. Marx pointed out at the beginning of "Das Kapital" that " The social wealth that dominates the capitalist mode of production is manifested as a "sized accumulation of commodities", and a single commodity is manifested as an elemental form of wealth. Therefore, our research starts with analyzing commodities ."

This method of starting from the analysis of commodities is the application of materialist dialectics in political economy, and starting from the simplest "cell", the most basic unit, and the most common element, to study and elaborate any object and problem. This is an important principle of the methodology of materialist dialectics. The starting point and starting point of this spear analysis method are of universal significance. After Lenin pointed out the starting point of research, he then pointed out: " This analysis reveals all contradictions (or the germ of all contradictions) in modern society from this simplest phenomenon (in the "cell" of capitalist society) . "The second sentence has two meanings. First, it further shows that the reason why commodities are the " cell " or element of capitalist society is that commodities contain all the contradictions of this society, which is also a fundamental feature of the basic " cell " or element as the research object.

Secondly, the focus of the second sentence is to point out that research cannot stay at the beginning and starting point, Instead, we should continue, reveal all the contradictions in capitalist society step by step, and conduct a comprehensive analysis and analysis of its parts.

This is based on the contradiction between analyzing the contradiction between the use value and value of commodities, and the contradiction between the specific labor and the abstract labor reflected in the commodity, as well as the contradiction between the private labor of commodity producers and social labor of commodity producers, and then analyze money, capital, etc. until the basic contradiction in capitalist society is revealed, that is, the contradiction between the socialized production of and the private ownership of of

. This analytical study, Lenin briefly summarizes the production of commodities - monetary capital - the production of absolute surplus value and the production of relative surplus value . This is the analysis of capital The various forms of development in the production process, and then analyzed the various forms of development in the flow of capital. This analysis is mainly in the first and second volumes of "Das Kapital". This analysis is a dialectical analysis, which is combined with synthesis. Only through this dialectical analysis can the essence of things be revealed and the movement of contradictions can be grasped. The contradiction analysis method combined with analysis and synthesis believes that research must further explore the internal connections of these forms, so Lenin's third sentence then pointed out: "The subsequent narrative of shows us these contradictions and the development of this society, in the sum of various parts of this society, from the beginning to the end of the society (both growth and movement). ”

means summing up the various parts of capitalist society for comprehensive research and finding out their internal connections; combining the production process and flow process of capitalism, conducting comprehensive research as the general process of capital movement, and studying its development from beginning to end with capital society as a whole.

This synthesis is a dialectical synthesis, a synthesis combined with analysis. Only through this dialectical synthesis can the essence of things be fully grasped and the specific truth can be achieved. This work is mainly in the third volume of "Das Kapital". Marx pointed out: The first volume is to study the direct production process of capital, the second volume is to study the flow process of capital, and the third volume is to " reveal and explain the various specific forms generated when the capital movement process is examined as a whole. " He also said; "The separate processes of production and circulation will not be studied separately here, but will be linked together, and will be studied as the premise and ordinary link of the unified overall process of capital movement. ”

, especially in the last seventh chapter of the third volume, a profound summary of the overall process of capitalist production, namely production, circulation, distribution and other processes, can be said to be a summary of the entire book of "Das Kapital".

In short, in "Das Kapital", Marx used the contradiction analysis method of combining analysis and synthesis to reveal the laws of capitalist economic movement, and concluded that capitalism will inevitably perish and socialism will inevitably produce. He also pointed out from the perspective of historical materialism: "If a certain historical form of reaches a certain maturity stage, it will be abandoned and given way to a higher form. When the relationship is distributed on the one hand, and the certain historical form of production relations that is compatible with it, and on the other hand, the contradictions and oppositions between the two, the development of productivity, production capacity and its factors, expand and deepen, it indicates that such a crisis moment has arrived. At this time, conflicts occur between the material development of production and its social form. "Socialism must and will inevitably replace capitalism.

Lenin pointed out: " Marx applied the rational form of Hegel dialectics to political economics ", which means that Marx's method of studying political economy is materialistic dialectics. The significance of "Das Kapital" is not only to scientifically reveal the objective and dialectical laws of the political and economic development of capitalist society, but also to it profoundly reflect Marx's methodology and demonstrate Marx's scientific methods for researching and expounding problems. This is the dialectics of materialism, which is a contradiction analysis method that combines analysis and synthesis. We should make full use of this method to solve current theoretical and practical problems.