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Foreign Buddhism, can it be imported into China and welcomed by China? After importing, how can you become your own Chinese Buddhism? This answer is not based on history.
What I want to discuss today is the first question of the initial input of Buddhism, and the second question of the initial input of the place.
"Dharma began to exist during the reign of Emperor Ming of Han." ( Han Yu "Recommendation of the Buddha's Bone") These two words have almost become a recognized historical fact for 2,000 years. In our minds, we always think that Buddhism has been brilliant in the Later Han Dynasty. I will review and verify it, but I feel that it is not the case (more on the details). "Book of the Later Han Dynasty: Biography of the Western Regions" says: "As for the deification of Buddhism and Taoism, it will promote its own poison. But there is no one in the local chronicles of the Han Dynasty... How could the Tao be closed and the future is opened to the end of the fortune? "This proves that few people in the Han Dynasty knew about Buddha. The official books and local records are nothing. Scholars have made words but never cited them. Wang Chong is the most knowledgeable and critical among the scholars of the Later Han Dynasty. His book " Luheng " criticized and corrected all the popular ideas in society at that time; only Buddhism has never discussed it in one word. This is the backlash that this teaching did not practice at that time. Therefore, in the early era of Buddhism, it should be decided by the end of the Han Dynasty and after Huan and Ling. However, there are some things that can be seen from the previous historical sites.
One, Zhu Shixing The Book of Sutras says: "When the time of Qin Shihuang , 18 monks from the Western Regions, including Shilifang, brought Buddhist scriptures to Xianyang , and First Emperor to jail." (citation of Volume 1 of "The Record of the Three Treasures of the Past Chronicles") (Note: The original text of "The Record of the Three Treasures of the Past Chronicles" is as follows: "At the time of the First Emperor, there were 18 monks from the Past Chronicles, including Lifang, who brought scriptures to transform, but the First Emperor did not follow, so Lifang was forbidden.") This book of this sutra is not very credible. This kind of fragmented and doubtful historical fact seems to have no value for citation; but the one who should pay attention to it is actually the same as Ashoka (Qin Shihuang: 243-217 BC; Ashoka: 266-230 BC). King Ashoka sent 256 missionary teachers everywhere. Their schools in Asia, from Russia to Turkey in the north to to Myanmar in the south, are all confirmed, and the sea traffic between China and India seemed to have been opened at that time (the legal person Lakbury has a good research on this matter). However, if there are some eminent monks sent by King Yu to China, it is impossible. (The Buddhist story says that King Yu sets up 48,000 towers, and the other ones are in China. Although this is absurd, it may be a hint that King Yu has a relationship with China.) But by saying that it has it, it has the same fate as the Confucians who were deceived at that time, so it can be said that they have no relations with my ideological circle.
Second, Yu Huan's "Wei Lue·Xirong Biography" says: "In the first year of Emperor Ai of Han Dynasty, the doctoral disciple Qin Jingxian sent Yi Cun to the mouth of the Buddha Sutra from the Great Yuezhi King." (" Three Kingdoms " quotation. "The Book of Wei·Shi Laozhi" Zushu's statement.) Although this matter is an isolated evidence in history, the King of Dayuezhi was at that time and was conquering Yubin. However, Yubin was actually a place where Buddhism was extremely prosperous at that time. Then the Yuezhi envoy had faith in Buddhism, and my young students had new ideas, so they asked about their karma, and they were also interested in the matter. But since there is no writing or teaching, the influence is not as good as the ideological world.
Third, "Book of the Later Han Dynasty: Biography of King Ying of Chu" says: "Ying likes the Huang Lao school in the evening, and fasts and sacrifices for Futu. In the eighth year of Yongping, he ordered all the death sentences in the world to be redeemed. Ying... gave silk to redeem sins for sins. ... The edict reported: "The King of Chu recited Huang Lao's subtle words and worshiped the temple of Futu. After three months of fasting, he vowed to God. Why do you feel sorry for the doubts? He should regret it? He returned the redemption to help the delicious food of "Yipusai" (i.e. Upasakusai) and "Sangmen" (i.e. Sangmen) and presented it to all countries." This is the most ancient and true Buddhist anecdote in official history. Those who believe in Buddhism in the book should be led by Ying. However, if the emperor's son is respected (Ying is the son of Guangwu) and obey his teachings, there is already a considerable foundation in society. Therefore, the input of doctrine has to be traced back to the season of the Western Han Dynasty .
The fourth is, "Book of the Later Han Dynasty: The Biography of Xiang Kai" records Emperor Huan Yanxi , the 9th year of Kai's republic: "I heard that the temples of Huang Lao and Fu Tu were built in the palace." This statement must be a fact when it comes to memorials. The emperor worships Buddha, which begins from now on. This is a hundred years later in Yongping .
Han Ming's Yongping seeking Dharma theory, roughly said that Emperor Ming feels dream Jin people , sent envoys to the Western Regions, brought statues of sutras, and founded temples. The "Forty-Two Chapters of Sutra" in the current Tibet are translated at that time. Luoyang Baima Temple was built at that time after the Wei and Jin Dynasties. Even so, it was a competitive drama between the two religions of Buddhism and Taoism, which means that Buddhism is prosperous and prosperous in the capital. Although, if you try to use a little bit of serious historical knowledge, then this matter will be fragmented and cannot be investigated. At that time, the traffic in the Western Regions was in full swing, and it was actually impossible for the envoys to travel back and forth. That is, this historical site is no longer valid at all. The "Forty-Two Chapters of Sutra" he has based on, and the style of the text and records of the scriptures can be determined to be written by people from the Jin Dynasty, and is definitely not owned by the Han Dynasty. As for the records of these things in each book, the years, the people they send, the places they go, and the things they do, they are not the same, and the contradictions are found everywhere. Therefore, my arbitrary decision is to say that Han Ming seeks justice, which is all fictional. The origin of this origin was the struggle between the Taoist and Taoist people in the late Jin Dynasty. The Taoist people fabricated their words and wanted to be the late Buddhists. The Buddhist family then picked up the words and followed the meeting to plan for Zhang Wujun. Both creations are people who are not learning in the countryside, blindly leading each other, and their follow-up signs can be found. To cure the history of Buddhism, you must first eliminate this false anecdote in order to detect the path of ideological progress and not to cause discrimination.
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Now we should study the issue of the first place of Buddhism.
has always been a historian, who was bound by the place where the Han Ming Dynasty seeks the Dharma, and Buddhism was always popular in the north. It is said that since the Kang Monk came to Wu, it was the beginning of the existence of Buddhism in Jiangnan (" Biography of the Empress Monk " Volume 1 "Biography of the Kang Monk"). The routes taken from the north are imported by land in the Western Regions. Taking the , the traffic of in the Han Dynasty, Yuezhi and Fengbin, I dare not say that this aspect of indoctrination has no effect. But to put it bluntly, Buddhism comes from not from land to sea; its original base was not in Jingluo but in Jianghuai. Emperor Wu of Han deliberately wanted to connect to India from Shu and Yunnan, but he finally failed; however, it was not true that the sea route had already connected to India without knowing it. The Huangzhi of the Han Dynasty is the Kanchipura State (Kanchipura) in the Western Indian territory in " Records of the Western Regions of the Tang Dynasty ". At that time, Guangdong's Xuwen and Hepu were the starting point of the sea journey, and the journey of the land was not the end point, and the merchant ship turned to send him off. [1] Since then, Tianzhu and , the Qin Dynasty have made contributions to the sea route. [2] All of this is enough to prove that the transportation between China and India during the Han Dynasty was on the sea, and its relationship with southern Buddhism is probably conceivable.
The King of Chu worshipped Buddha is a personal belief; however, he is influenced by local thoughts, so there are those who should not be false. The two systems of my country's north and south thought were extremely well-known in the pre-Qin period. Although the northern Confucius and Mo people had similarities and differences in their righteousness, they value reality and practice. The ancestor of Chu, Yu Xiong, in the south, has said that there has been a suicide note, which is the ancestor of Taoists in later generations. The origin of Laozi and Zhuangzi was based on the time, and was a native of southern China. When he studies, he still talks about mystery, and when he discusses Taoism, he admires the world. The Warring States The great writer Qu Yuan , whose thoughts are reflected in the chapters of " Traveling in the distance ", are also very similar to Lao Zhuang. The academic style between Jianghuai and Huai River has been confronting the Central Plains for a long time. In the early Western Han Dynasty, King An of Huainan was granted the title of Old Chu. He talked to his local scholars Su Fei and Li Shang. He completed the "Huainan Honglie Interpretation" and was passed down today, which is a great success in Taoist words. However, among all the localities and ethnic groups in the country, only the people of Jianghuai are most likely to feel Buddhism and are the most likely to understand Buddhism, which is the place. The Sino-Indian transportation hub was originally in Guangdong, but the Guangdong people were too ignorant at that time and could not serve as the medium of this noble doctrine. After the Han Dynasty, Wuping Nanyue was moved to Jianghuai ("Han Shu·Biography of Nanyue"). For the following hundreds of decades, the transportation between Guangdong and Huaihei was very prosperous. Therefore, Buddhism, which crosses the sea and moves its roots, was immediately spread in Chu Township, which is the most reasonable thing. King Ying of Chu worshipped Buddha, which is the most powerful hint of this historical fact.
has one thing to pay attention to. "Book of the Later Han Dynasty: Biography of Tao Qian" says: "HTM5 Danyang (now Zhenjiang ) is a man named 号 . In Guangling (now Yangzhou), Xuzhou, there is a large Futu Temple, with gold plates on top and heavy building on the bottom... It is a golden statue... Every time I bathe in the Buddha, I set up a lot of drinks and food on the road, and there are more than 10,000 people who want to eat and view." Rong and Cao Cao , the man was a southerner, and the land where he was governed was southern land.At that time, the construction of the pagoda, the sculptures of Buddha statues, and the offerings of Buddhists were so luxurious. Although this was half based on my superstition, it was viewed from the perspective of historians, and it was said that it was not instigated by the social environment, and it was impossible to obtain it.
The Buddhism before and after King Ying of Chu could not be overcome with the superficial superstition of Tan Er; the construction of this pope cannot be said to be very related to it. It is truly an input to Buddhist principles, and it has to recommend Anshigao first. Shigao was the first person to translate scriptures. The authenticity of the books is still more than 30. It is the founder of Chinese Buddhism , and it is no longer necessary to say. The old sayings all say that Shigao's translation is in Luoyang . However, according to the biography of the "Biography of the Great Monk", Shigao's translation is in Guangzhou, in Yuzhang , in Jingzhou , in Danyang, and in Kuaiji , all of which are in the north of Huai River. [3] And he was translated by Gao Xiang, and he was actually a man from Linhuai to strictly tune. [4] Because of my arbitrariness, I wanted to say that all the scriptures are translated high, and they are all in the south. If the above speculation is not very false, Buddhism in our country has been founded from the south first, and then spread it to the north; it is counterproductive to what is passed down from the old books.
According to the above, Buddhism is actually cultivated in the most developed places of the Laozi and Zhuangzi School, and the traces of ideological system connections can be found. Therefore, the Yongping edict and the memorials of Xiangkai were all recommended by Huang Lao and Fu Tu. At that time, Buddhism was actually recognized as the branch of Huang Lao and the descendants of the family. It has become a great country since the Wei and Jin Dynasties.
However, when will northern Buddhism begin to develop? What I guess is that Zhi Lou Jiachen, the second star in the translation industry, is actually the origin of it. The prophecy came to Luoyang at the time of Emperor Ling of Han, and the records of each secretary were no different. The translators Meng Fu and Zhang Lian were both from Luoyang, which is more important to prove that their translation industry is in the north (see the biography of "The Biography of the Great Monk of Liang"). That is, based on the translation style, Angola uses the libual translation method, and its text is more gorgeous; 文典戏 uses the literal translation method, and its text is very simple. When reading high books, you will associate with Laozi and Zhuangzi and realize that it is easy to enter; if reading prophecies and books is not easy to understand, you will realize that it is not inherent in me. In the early days, I admire the two major translators, and the two ethnic groups and the two spirits of our nation.
Europeans divide Indian Buddhism into North and South Sects : the Northern Sect refers to the inheritors of Kashimira and Gandhara ; the Southern Sect refers to the inheritors of Ceylon. Because he was familiar with Chinese Buddhism going out of the Western Regions, he pointed out that it was derived from the Northern School. I don't think so about Europeans' classification. But as he said, our country also inherits both sects, the sea is spread to the south and the land is spread to the north. However, when the Southern School came, it was considered early in the north. According to the existing translations and translated by Shigao, they are all single items in " Agam " and meditation methods taught by The Theravada . They are very clear in the same system as Ceylon's "Palizang Sutra". The translated by Zhi Chen are all single works in "Avatamsaka Sutra", "Prajna" and "Treasure Ji", and are recited by the Nalanda School when the Mahayana was the most prosperous. Therefore, the two translators in the early stages are actually representatives of the two sects. I have never thought about the two sects, but I only use this to verify the succession of the times and understand the situation of my thoughts. [5]
Since the Jin Dynasty, many masters emerged from both north and south. (This refers to the north and south of China, not the north and south of India.) But compared with the general trend, northern Buddhism mostly has a religious color, while southern Buddhism mostly has a philosophical color; northern people have a strong belief and southern people have a strong understanding; northern learning is dedicated and southern learning is harmonious - all of which are enough to show the difference in style. However, the ability of various sects to show their characteristics, convey their hearts to the heart, and to embellish my thought history, has never begun to be so.
Although Buddhism gradually gained the belief of some people in the Han Dynasty, it was still prohibited by the meritorious orders. Fu Jian The author Wang Du reported to the Han Dynasty: "The first time he passed on his way, I heard that the people of the Western Regions had to set up temples and cities to worship their gods. The Han people were not allowed to become monks. Wei inherited the Han system and followed the previous rules" (cited by "Biography of the Great Monk of Liang" Volume 9, "Biography of Buddha Tucheng"). This is the same as the fact that the Nestorian Aros established the Daqin Temple during Zhenguan in the Tang Dynasty. It is because of the policy of "being gentle and distant people" and "not changing their customs" in my country throughout the ages. As for the beliefs of the people of our country, there are still restrictions. The third year of "Records of the Three Treasures of the Past Dynasties" in the fifth year of Ganlu in Wei said: "Zhu Shixing became a monk, and it was the beginning of the monks in the Han area." The fifth year of Ganlu was only four years after the Jin usurpation of Wei, so it was said that this ban was opened until the beginning of Jin. In short, Qin Jingxian was the beginning of the Chinese people reciting Buddhist scriptures, Chu Wang Ying was the beginning of the Chinese people worshiping Buddha, the strict Buddha tune was the beginning of the Chinese people's translation of Buddhist scriptures, the fusion was the beginning of the Chinese people's building pagodas and statues, and the monks acted as the Chinese to become monks.In the early days, Buddhists learned the story, and those who believe and have a victory will not come out of this.
Finally, there is one thing that should be argued, which is the so-called "Mu Zi's Lihuo Lun". This book is written by Mourong, Han. If it is not wrong, then the Han Dynasty Buddhism can be said to be extremely brilliant; and the ones examined in this chapter are all very troublesome. But I never believed that this book was written by the Han people, so I did not dare to change my statement.
Comments:
[1] "Han Shu·Geography" says: "Since the southern border of the south of the country, the ship can be passed by Xuwen and Hepu (both cases are all the current county names), the ship can be delivered in May, and there is a Duyuan Kingdom. The ship can be delivered in April, and there is a Qinlu Kingdom. The ship can be delivered in more than twenty days, and there is a Chen Le. The walking can be passed on for more than ten days, and there is a Gandulu Kingdom. Since the Gandulu boat can be delivered in more than two months, there is a Huangzhi Kingdom ... Since the Emperor Wu, all of them have been presented and translated. ... The barbarians and merchants have sent him to him. ... During the Ping Emperor, the Wang Mang left the Huangzhi King and ordered the envoy to send a live rhinoceros. From the Huangzhi boat, the ship can be delivered to Pizong, and the ship can be delivered to the south of Xianglin. There is a Chengbu Kingdom in the south of the Huangzhi, and the Han Dynasty has returned since then." The names of the countries mentioned above are difficult to determine the current place except Huangzhi. It is probably all located in the Nanyang Islands , Ceylon and South India. The official book records his itinerary, so the traffic is quite frequent, which is probably conceivable.
[2] "Book of the Later Han Dynasty: Biography of the Western Regions" under the article "Tianzhu Kingdom" says: "During the Emperor He period, several envoys were sent to contribute, but later the Western Regions were rebelled against the bank, and it was destroyed. In the second and fourth years of Emperor Huan's Yanxi, he frequently came from the south of the sun to offer gifts." Also, "Da Qin State " says: "In the ninth year of Emperor Huan's Yanxi, King An Dun of the Qin Dynasty sent envoys to offer ivory, rhinoceros horns, and tortoiseshells from the south of the sun." An Dun was the emperor Antony of the Roman . These are all the ancient historical sites in China's Haitong.
[3] An Shigao's biography is basically a purely mythical nature, and it is difficult to understand historical materials. That is, its age is not uncredible. Generally speaking, it is said that Emperor Huan of Han entered China during the 6th period, but some people said that they were still surviving during the Jin Dynasty. There is also a saying that he died in Guangzhou and returned to China as Prince Anxi. "Biographies of the Great Monks" says that Shigao once went to Guangzhou twice, went to Lushan to Duting Temple God, once erected Baima Temple in the southeast corner of Jingzhou City, once erected Waguan Temple in Danyang, and finally died in Kuaiji. The historical relics are so weird that they cannot be believed in them all. However, by reasoning, Shigaogao came from the sea channel, landed in Guangdong, headed north through Jiangxi, and was in the longest between Jianghuai. Jiangzuo people are deeply influenced by it, so there are myths everywhere. Rest in peace from the Plateau (now Persia). At that time, China and India all started with rest. Shigao Zunhai came, and it was recently true.
[4] Yan Buddha tunes translations, either Yun An Shi Gao, or Yun An Xuan. However, I quite suspect that there is no such person as An Xuan , which may be the same as the world's tall name.
[5] Although Han Ming’s theory of seeking the Dharma is not reliable, the deeds he relies on must belong to the early legend. Therefore, it can prove that Buddhism comes from south to north. He said that Emperor Ming dreamed of being a "gold man", but according to modern studies, there is no gold-painted image in North India. The "Jin Man" theory was probably caused by the creation of gold statues, which was the carvings of the Dalu School in the South India. It is also said that the Buddha statue that Cai Xi brought was "reclining statue". The statues belong to the Western India system of Ming Dynasty. If they were created by Gandhara in the north, they would all stand statues. It is also said that "the Buddhist temple outside Xiyong Gate has thousands of riders and thousands of horses, and a group of statues surround the pagoda." This is a pattern of the Ming Dynasty's Western Seal and Southern Seal. The above differences are often discussed by Indian art experts in this world. Therefore, I have become more convinced of Buddhism between the Han and Wei dynasties, which are what the Europeans call the Southern School.
was originally published in "History of Chinese Buddhist Research".
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