"Every child with autism needs love."
"Besides love?"
"They also need ABA!" When
mentioned ABA, many parents must be familiar with it. Because in the circle of autism, most institutions are using ABA, and all doctors also recommend ABA intervention for children.
For children with autism, ABA applied behavior analysis is an experimentally proven intervention method. In fact, ABA is a general term that also includes a variety of specific operation methods. At present, most effective intervention methods with evidence-based practice basis are based on the principle of ABA behavior.
Today, we will take a look at 8 commonly used assessment and teaching methods based on ABA.
1. Turn-based teaching method (DTT)
DTT is the core and most commonly used teaching method in ABA. The full English name of
DTT is "Discrete Trial Teaching", Chinese can be translated as "round teaching method" or "decomposed operation teaching method", "discrete unit teaching method", which is what we often call "one-to-one desktop" Training" .
DTT is a very specific and systematic teaching method, which is used in more and more rehabilitation training for autism. DTT breaks down skills or behaviors into multiple small units and teaches them one by one (only one step is taught at a time), and then reorganizes the mastered decomposition skills to make it easier for children to complete their goals.
Teachers usually use this method when they want to teach a child with autism a new skill or behavior , or encourage a good skill or behavior that rarely occurs.
In DTT, each round of training includes a set of very specific steps. These steps require to be clearly defined and recorded . This ensures that each round is the same, and it is also helpful for the teacher to determine how to teach better for the child. effective.
By decomposing complex tasks into multiple small steps for teaching, and using appropriate prompts and assistance, DTT can help children complete the target task to the greatest extent and reduce failure.
2. Natural Situational Teaching (NET)
Incidental Teaching is another key teaching method used in ABA teaching. In the process of continuous development, this teaching method has gradually substituted its other name "Natural Situation Teaching (NET)".
NET is definitely a teaching method that cannot be ignored when teaching children with autism. It aims to train children with practical skills in different natural environments (such as home, school, outdoor). The content, rhythm and intensity of teaching are inseparable from the needs and interests of children. The focus of
is to provide children with structured teaching in the natural environment or in naturally occurring activities based on the children’s own interests and motivations. The setting conditions of
are: "random" -take advantage of naturally occurring opportunities; "motivation" -the child's inherent motivation. It can be seen that this teaching method is to follow the guidance of the child, not the guidance of the teacher.
is different from traditional teaching methods. NET emphasizes that children’s interests and motivations are the leading factor. By acquiring children’s motivations in a natural state and designing conditions based on children’s interests, our children can not only learn a variety of With new skills, it is also easier to apply these skills to life .
3. Key Response Training (PRT)
PRT (Key Response Training) is an autism intervention model based on ABA empirical research. Drs. Robert and Lynn Koegel of the University of California, Santa Barbara are the founders of PRT and the earliest The research started in the 1970s and it proved that PRT can benefit children with autism spectrum aged 2-16.
PRT focuses on intervening in four key social areas in child development, including behavioral motivation, responding to multiple cues of the same thing, self-management and active socializing .
because PRT believes that these areas are the basic behavioral abilities for children with autism to improve in other areas. By focusing on these key behavioral abilities, PRT can help children improve their communication skills, social skills, and behavioral skills.
PRT needs to be implemented in the child's regular life , such as game time, meal time, school, playground, outing, etc., and emphasizes the participation of parents in , so that intervention can be more embedded in the child's daily process. The goal of
PRT is to bring the developmental level of children with autism closer to that of ordinary children. It is also the most suitable intervention for parents to use in ABA teaching methods. If parents learn, the time and quality of the child's "intervention" will double.
It is worth noting that when parents implement PRT interventions, it does not look like "intervention", but rather like interacting with children. Parents can also use every time they spend with their children to teach.
4. Behavioral Function Assessment (FBA)
Behind any behavior, there is its own logic. FBA (Behavior Function Assessment) is trying to understand "the logic of behavior" .
FBA is based on ABA, and is mainly used to determine the causes of children's behavior. It is usually used to determine the causes of extremely challenging behaviors. These behaviors include self-harm and aggressive behaviors .
Through behavior evaluation, we can clearly describe the child’s problem behavior, confirm the context (event, time, place) of the behavior, and predict the regularity of the behavior.
uses the familiar "ABC" method to assess children's behavior.
5. Positive Behavior Support (PBS)
PBS (Positive Behavior Support), developed on the basis of ABA, is a set of behavioral intervention methods based on the results of functional evaluation.
PBS emphasizes that according to the function behind the child's behavior , by systematically changing the environment, antecedents, behavioral results and other factors of the behavior, and selecting intervention strategies based on the child's needs and existing abilities, while helping children use positive alternatives Behavior , to reduce or subside negative behavior.
PBS is very useful for dealing with children’s problem behaviors. As long as we practice diligently, by analyzing children’s behaviors, changing environmental factors, using preventive strategies, teaching and strengthening positive behaviors , we believe that every parent can properly handle children’s problems behavior.
6. Language behavior training (VB)
VB (Verbal Behavior) refers to language behavior training, which is a teaching method for language application, which belongs to the category of behavior analysis, and aims to train children to express their own requirements to achieve descriptive language And dialogue. The founder of
VB is the famous behavioral psychologist BF Kinner (Skinner), who published the core theoretical hypothesis of VB in 1957. He believed that language is also a kind of behavior and follows the law of reinforcement, which means that language is also strengthened. .
VB classifies languages into nine different types, or functions, including demanding language, descriptive language, receptive language, imitative language, spontaneous language, dialogue language, dictation, transcription, and reading, which respectively represent nine kinds Different language usage scenarios.
VB has functions to help children understand language. Language can help oneself achieve various purposes, so that children can understand why uses language , and how to use language in different situations.
Children with autism have emotional problems. Many times it is because they cannot express themselves well. A very important point of VB is to help children establish good communication and expression skills. When children can tell their needs, parents The emotional and behavioral problems of concern will also be greatly reduced.
7. Picture exchange communication system (PECS)
PECS in English is Picture Exchange Communications System, and Chinese is Picture Exchange Communications System.
is developed by American scholars Bondy and Frost. It is a system for communicating with people with disabilities who have low or no oral language at . Its characteristic is that uses pictures to assist communication with . The teaching program of
PECS is based on the "language behavior" theory of BF Skinner, the originator of psychology: through the use of "hints" and "strengthening strategies" , to systematically teach functional language operations to children with autism to establish independent communication skills .
Many parents and teachers have high expectations for their children’s language development, and often overlook the significance of PECS for children with low oral English or no oral function.
In fact, PECS can help children of different ages and abilities to establish communication , improve cognition and solve the difficulties caused by their own language barriers. There are also quite a few children who use PECS to eventually build up real language skills. While
solves communication problems, PECS also helps its users reduce problems and negative behaviors, and allows these people to get more opportunities to communicate with others normally, and finally integrates into mainstream society .
8. Functional Communication Training (FCT)
FCT (Functional Communication Training) is the most common alternative skill used to deal with children's negative behaviors. It teaches and problematic behaviors the same function of communication skills , so that children can achieve the child’s "purpose" and obtain reinforcements through appropriate behaviors that are widely accepted by the public and conform to the child’s current communication skills. . This training method of
emphasizes that the focus of communication lies in function rather than form. Specifically, it can be carried out using verbal or non-verbal behavior, such as using pictures and gestures. The essence of
training is that the appropriate behavior of can obtain the reinforcement , and the original problem behavior will no longer be able to obtain the reinforcement.
In practical applications, we must first understand what the function of the child's problem behavior is. We can perform the functional behavior evaluation to find the function of the problem behavior. This may require professionals to do this. For some of the functions of problem behaviors that our parents can determine, we can completely try to train children in functional communication.
Are you familiar with these 8 methods?
Which one do you pick the most?
can share your relevant intervention experience in the message area
!
reference:
https://www.autismstarparents.com/aba-%e6%95%99%e5%ad%b8%e5%82%98/
http://www.pecs-canada.com/pecs.php
"Functional Behavior Assessment and Intervention: How to Deal with Behavioral Problems of Students with Special Needs"
Tracy Vail, MS, CCC/SLP, http://www.letstalksls.com/learning-resources/tutorials
