动词不定式是由不定式符号to加动词原形构成,有时不定式符号to可以省略,称为不带to的不定式。
1.动词不定式的特点
动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种,但它仍保留动词的一些特征,可以带有自己的宾语和状语。如果是连系动词,可以跟表语。
He is going to Beijing to attend a meeting. 他要去北京参加一个会议。
The news proved to be true. 这消息被证明是真的。
He managed to finish the work in ten days. 他设法在十天内完成了这项工作。
2.动词不定式的时态和语态
动词不定式的时态:一般式(to do),进行式(to be doing),完成式(to have done)和完成进行时(to have been doing)
动词不定式的语态: 一般式的被动语态(to be done),完成式的被动语态(to have been done)
①动词不定式的一般式(to do):表示动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生或在其后发生,有时也可表示动作发生在谓语动词之前。
He seemed to be unhappy. 他似乎不高兴。(不定式动作与谓语动词动作同时发生)
I’m eager to see you again. 我渴望再次见到你。(不定式动作发生在谓语动词之后)
I’m glad to have you back. 我很高兴你回来了。(不定式动作发生在谓语动词之前)
②动词不定式的进行式(to be doing):表示动作正在进行,可以与谓语动词的动作同时发生,也可以表示在谓语动词之后发生。
He pretended to be reading when his mother came in. 他母亲进来时,他假装在看书。(不定式动作与谓语动词动作同时发生)
I wish to be travelling with you this time next year. 我希望明年的这个时候能和你一起旅行。(不定式动作发生在谓语动词之后)
③动词不定式的完成式(to have done):表示过去已经完成的动作或过去没有完成的心愿。
I’m sorry to have kept you waiting for so long. 对不起,让您久等了。(已完成的动作)
He is said to have visited Beijing several times. 据说他曾多次访问北京。(已完成的动作)
一些表示意图,打算,计划,希望等的动词,例如wished,wanted,expected,hoped,intended,planned,thought,would like to do,后面加不定式完成式,表示过去没有实现的心愿,计划等。
I’d like to have gone travelling with him this summer, but I fell ill. 我本想今年夏天和他一起去旅行,但我生病了。(没有达成的心愿)
④动词不定式的完成进行时:表示动作在谓语动词之前发生,并一直持续着,强调动作的持续性。
The zoologist is said to have been living in the forest for 20 years. 据说那位动物学家已经在森林里生活了20年。
⑤动词不定式的被动语态
一般式的被动语态(to be done):表示被动的动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生,或在谓语动词的动作之后发生。
The meeting to be held tomorrow is about children’s education. 明天要召开的会议是关于儿童教育的。
完成式的被动语态(to have been done):表示被动的动作发生在谓语动词之前。
The book is said to have been translated into several languages. 据说这本书已被翻译成几种语言。
3.动词不定式的否定式:是在动词不定式前加not或never。
He was warned not to make bad friends. 他被警告不要交坏朋友。
He pretended not to see me. 他假装没看见我。