2022年10月22日04:00:20 热门 1830

本期编辑/上海雅舍辛乙堂

Yashe Studio

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大唐从盛世到衰落，然后发展到宋代。而宋朝继承了大部分唐朝文化，包括制度、工艺技术、瓷器、习俗、建筑等等，宋朝在唐朝文化的基础上加入了许多创新跟元素，又变得更加炫丽许多。

The Tang Dynasty went from prosperity to decline, and then developed to the Song Dynasty. The Song Dynasty added many innovations and elements on the basis of the culture of the Tang Dynasty, and became more dazzling.

宋代建筑跟唐朝建筑有着一定区别，其改变了唐代建筑的雄伟浑厚特征，使得整体看上去更加秀丽纤柔，而在修饰方面，宋朝建筑更舍得花费心机。

There is a certain difference between the architecture of the Song Dynasty and that of the Tang Dynasty. It has changed the majestic and thick characteristics of the architecture of the Tang Dynasty, making the whole look more beautiful and delicate.

宋朝建筑屋顶的琉璃瓦折射出耀眼的光芒

宋朝国都位于开封，主要城池结构为按照行跟列设计成为一条条大小规则齐整的街道，然后临街建筑屋子。

The capital of the Song Dynasty was located in Kaifeng. The main city structure was designed into streets with regular sizes according to rows and columns, and then houses were built along the streets.

在商业方面，宋朝的国都更像一座商业大城，许多建筑都把发展商业元素考虑了进去。并且更注重建筑的装修，色彩不再跟唐朝一样单一，允许百姓采用多样色彩，让城市街道间均能呈现出一幅五彩缤纷的景象。

In terms of Commerce, the capital of the Song Dynasty was more like a large commercial city, and many buildings took the development of commercial elements into consideration. In addition, more attention is paid to the decoration of buildings. The colors are no longer the same as those of the Tang Dynasty.

房子的屋顶一般斜度都比较大，且尝试采用减少柱子来顶梁，令房屋空间扩展了许多空间。

The roof of the house is generally inclined, and it is tried to reduce the column to top the beam, which expands the space of the house.

一些高级或大型的建筑会采用青瓦以及上等琉璃瓦铺盖房顶，琉璃瓦具有反光功能，在阳光照射下变得更加璀璨耀眼。

Some high-grade or large-scale buildings will use green tiles and top-grade glazed tiles to cover the roof. The glazed tiles have a reflective function and become more dazzling under the sunshine.

在很多情况下，宋代人更喜欢铺垫不同种类瓦饰，随着这个风潮盛行，也有效促进了琉璃瓦跟房屋装修品工艺技术的提升。

In many cases, people in the Song Dynasty preferred to lay different kinds of tiles. With the popularity of this trend, it also effectively promoted the improvement of the technology of glazed tiles and house decoration.

宋朝建筑不仅具有多彩多样的装饰，还在房子顶部加入了天花修饰，其样式丰富多样，包括有菱形覆斗井、圆状井、八角形井等。

The buildings of the Song Dynasty not only had colorful decoration, but also added ceiling decoration on the top of the house. Its styles were rich and varied, including diamond covered bucket wells, round wells and octagonal wells.

这些改变，不仅保存一部分唐朝雄伟洒脱之风，还加入了一些宋朝自创的新技艺，如采用斜袱结构，提升斗拱技艺，减少了承重的用途，而柱子与斗拱的高度比例越发减缩，使得富含靓丽纤美之感。

These changes not only preserved some of the majestic and free style of the Tang Dynasty, but also added some new techniques created by the Song Dynasty, such as the use of inclined bundle structure to improve the skills of the bucket arch.

宋朝寺庙建筑极富层次感，结构讲究

以三清殿为参考例子。其分主殿、侧殿，主殿中间上方悬挂一张约1.2米左右的竖立式牌匾，依次用正楷字体写着"三清殿"，竖匾下还设计有一张横额，一般提四个大字。

Take Sanqing hall as a reference example. It is divided into the main hall and the side hall. A vertical plaque of about 1.2 meters is hung above the middle of the main hall. The "Sanqing hall" is written in regular script in turn. A banner is also designed under the vertical plaque, generally with four large characters.

宋代寺庙，以大殿堂为主，通常分为9间，为重檐歇山式设计而成。

The temples of the Song Dynasty are mainly large halls, usually divided into 9 rooms, which are designed in the style of double eaves and mountains.

所有面积约1000平方米，深25米，宽44米。有时候会在房顶中央镶挂一些兵器，以数量多少来代表等级。整座寺庙大部分材料都是木材构造，柱子、门窗、屋檐、横梁等都会雕刻龙凤麒麟祥云等图案跟纹理。

It covers an area of about 1000 square meters, with a depth of 25 meters and a width of 44 meters. Sometimes, some weapons are hung in the center of the roof to represent the level. Most of the materials of the whole temple are made of wood.

另外，宋朝建筑，多会采用《营造法式》里的方法，主要是在建造大殿的时候，注重把房架横着铺排且垂直，而每一间房子的屋架都是以横梁、纵柱等组合构建而成，柱子顶部会铺垫斗拱，且很讲究斗拱的美观。

In addition, the architecture of the Song Dynasty mostly adopts the method in the "building French style". The main reason is that when building the main hall, the roof truss is laid horizontally and vertically. The roof truss of each house is composed of beams and vertical columns.

随着宋朝砖石技术的提升，这时候他们的建筑技艺略高于唐朝。而一般的砖石建筑分为桥梁与佛塔系列。

With the improvement of brick and stone technology in the Song Dynasty, their architectural skills were slightly higher than those in the Tang Dynasty. The general masonry buildings are divided into bridges and pagodas.

可参考的现存宋朝建设有：河南省开封的繁塔跟杭州的"灵隐寺"以及河北省的"永通桥"。

The existing Song Dynasty constructions that can be referred to include the Fanta in Kaifeng, Henan Province, the Lingyin Temple in Hangzhou, and the Yongtong bridge in Hebei Province.

这些都是采用砖石铸造而成，且从宋朝一直保留到今天，成为了名胜古迹，每天都有各地游客到访，以亲睹宋朝建筑的风情。

These are all made of bricks and stones, and have been preserved since the Song Dynasty. They have become places of interest. Tourists from all over the world visit them every day to see the style of the buildings of the Song Dynasty.

通过了解后，我们发现宋代建筑偏向柔和风格，其突出典雅挺拔之特色，并且是在唐朝的基础上加以改良，形成自己的独特风格。

After understanding, we find that the architecture of Song Dynasty is inclined to soft style, which highlights the characteristics of elegance and straightness, and is improved on the basis of Tang Dynasty to form its own unique style.

而之后的元朝、明朝、清朝等都深受宋朝建筑的影响，甚至北方的匈奴、契丹、西域等小国的建筑也参杂了不少宋朝元素。

After that, the yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties were deeply influenced by the architecture of the Song Dynasty, and even the buildings of small countries such as Xiongnu, Qidan and western regions in the north were mixed with many elements of the Song Dynasty.

宋朝建筑有亮眼之处是较为鲜明华丽。它跟其余的朝代建筑有着明显区别，老远一望就能分辨出哪栋是宋朝的建筑，而那一栋的唐朝、明朝、清朝的。

The architecture of the Song Dynasty is bright and gorgeous. It is obviously different from other Dynasty buildings. You can tell which one is from the Song Dynasty and which one is from the Tang, Ming and Qing Dynasties.

据文献记载，华夏民族发展到宋代后，其古代建筑体系迎来大改革时期，虽然从规模上比不过唐朝，但宋朝更注重美观，大部分楼阁、宫殿、塔楼、房屋都修装的异常炫丽缤纷。

According to historical records, after the development of the Chinese nation to the Song Dynasty, its ancient architectural system ushered in a period of great reform. Although it was not comparable to the Tang Dynasty in terms of scale.

殿堂楼亭的种类也逐渐变多，且向复杂设计发展。如宋代寺庙，最突显的就是中轴线，上面会盖有山门、殿堂、房阁等。整体寺庙呈纵深构建，殿庙一重一重的排列开来，极富层次感。

The types of halls, pavilions and pavilions have gradually become more and more, and they have developed into complex designs. For example, in the Song Dynasty, the most prominent temple is the central axis, which will be covered with mountain gates, halls, rooms and pavilions.

而在造大殿之前，一般会在下面先铺修一尊1.3米左右高度的石台基。而主殿呈正方形，较为宽深，分七个分间。

Before building the main hall, a stone platform with a height of about 1.3 meters is usually paved below. The main hall is square, wide and deep, divided into seven compartments.

殿堂中央各造一门对前的歇山式抱厦。故此宋朝的寺庙，从远处就能感受它的层层叠嶂形状，显得非常大气恢弘。

In the center of the hall, there are two mountain style balconies in front of each other. Therefore, the temples of the Song Dynasty can be felt from a distance in the shape of layers of peaks, which is very grand.

还有宋朝的建筑特色为有机结合，其从结构到外观以及屋内设计，都不同于历代。土木工程得到很大的提升，工艺技术越发成熟，在装饰上也别具一格，每一砖每一瓦都追求其美观，每根柱子跟门窗都赋予各种雕刻跟彩绘。

In addition, the architectural features of the Song Dynasty are organic combination, which is different from previous dynasties in terms of structure, appearance and interior design.

甚至一根格子门框就可分为7-9种的断面方式。在墙壁或梁柱的彩绘，追求到每一块花瓣都极其细腻，富有层次，分4层左右，且逐层进行颜色熏染，最后才完工。

Even a lattice door frame can be divided into 7-9 cross-sectional modes. In the color painting of walls or beams and columns, each petal is extremely delicate and rich in layers. It is divided into about 4 layers, and the color is fumigated layer by layer before the completion.

如果是一朵雕花，更讲究工匠的功力，其非常舍得耗费时间跟精力，有的雕花会花上三五个月，甚至一年。

If it is a carved flower, it pays more attention to the craftsman's skill. It is very willing to waste time and energy. Some carved flowers will take three to five months, or even a year.

宋代园林简约、典雅、疏朗、自然，美不胜收。

宋朝的建筑体系要比唐朝完善，包括设计、造型、工艺技术都上到一个高端阶段。甚至逐渐形成系统规律化，很多建筑都有一定的流程，当中还可以采用多样组合搭配。

The architectural system of the Song Dynasty is more perfect than that of the Tang Dynasty, including design, modeling and technology. Even gradually form a systematic regularity. Many buildings have certain processes, and various combinations can be used.

而室内的采光跟通风都被改良，还使用了移柱方法跟减柱方法，使得空间渐大。而房屋顶的斗拱木块使用数量增加了不少，外观趋于复杂不规律方式，这跟唐朝的齐整风格有很大的区别。

The indoor lighting and ventilation have been improved, and the method of moving columns and reducing columns have been used to make the space larger. However, the number of wood blocks used in the bucket arch on the roof of the house has increased a lot... which is very different from the neat style of the Tang Dynasty.

在建筑系越发系统化之后，宋朝就流行起了园林建设。

After the architecture department became more systematic, garden construction became popular in the Song Dynasty.

古代园林起宋朝。其是人与自然融合的工艺性建筑，当时宋朝工人已经懂得在园林内摆设花草树木，堆积岩石，根据风水规律，构架假山，水塘，小型湖跟河渠等。

The ancient garden dates back to the Song Dynasty. It is a technological building integrating human and nature. At that time, workers in the Song Dynasty already knew how to arrange flowers, plants and trees in the garden, accumulate rocks, and construct rockeries, ponds, small lakes and canals according to the rules of geomantic omen.

其特点分别有：简约、典雅、疏郎、自然等风格。简约：通常提出节俭跟简单修建，但要追求整体彰显，准确的突出主题，用料虽简单可立意鲜明，含义颇深，基本会借用天然材料与大自然形成一体，还加入一些创新手法，变得更富有写意。

Its characteristics are: simple, elegant, Shulang, natural and other styles. Simplicity: Generally speaking, frugality and simple construction are proposed, but the overall highlight and accurate theme should be pursued.

其中，水体、山体、花草树木必不可少，但设计不复杂，无太多的分区。

Among them, water, mountains, flowers, plants and trees are essential, but the design is not complicated and there are not many partitions.

自然：宋朝的园林显尤其自然，建筑内部主要靠植物为点缀部分，目的是让人看起来感受到园林跟外面的自然景色浑然一体。

Nature: the gardens in the Song Dynasty are particularly natural. The interior of the buildings is mainly decorated with plants, so that people can feel that the garden is integrated with the natural scenery outside.

在选建地址方面，宋朝的园林会参考依山傍水的规律，根据原来自然地貌风景，进行改造，而林园内的建筑一般会注重收纳方法，以便衬托园外的景色，使两者看起来更加自然得体。

In terms of the site selection, the gardens of the Song Dynasty will be reconstructed according to the original natural landscape by referring to the laws of the mountains and rivers, while the buildings in the forest park will generally pay attention to the storage methods.

典雅：这种风格受宋朝士大夫跟官员影响，他们大部分都是通过参加科举考取功名，但深入官场后却不如自己当初想象那般美好，更谈不上风雅清流，于是这些人就把典雅情怀寄托到到其他地方。

Elegance: this style was influenced by the scholar bureaucrats and officials of the Song Dynasty. Most of them gained fame by taking part in the imperial examination. However, after entering the official arena, they were not as beautiful as they had imagined, let alone elegant and elegant.

比如诗词、艺术品、画作、雕刻，当中也包括的园林等建筑。故此园林风格受这种托付思想影响，从而在设计上也变得十分典雅。

Such as poems, works of art, paintings, sculptures, including gardens and other buildings. Therefore, the garden style is influenced by this entrusted thought, and thus becomes very elegant in design.

疏郎：通常宋代园林的摆设景物等都比较小型，且为数不多，一眼看去给人简约疏通清朗的感觉。

Shulang: usually, the decorations and scenery of the gardens in the Song Dynasty are relatively small and few. At first glance, it gives people a feeling of simplicity and clearness.

园林里的主体山形会有微小连绵起伏之意，客山则朝拱，山势较平缓，映照的水体占较大面积，使得感觉出一片宽朗舒缓的氛围。

The main shape of the mountain in the garden will have the meaning of slight continuous ups and downs, while the guest mountain is arched. The mountain is relatively gentle, and the reflected water occupies a large area, making it feel a broad and relaxing atmosphere.

还有，园林间的建筑物少而疏，单个体多过群体，确实给人体验到一种十分开朗的感觉。

In addition, the buildings in the garden are few and sparse, and the individual is more than the group, which really gives people a very cheerful feeling.

除此还有环溪，专靠近水域修建各种台阁、凉亭、台榭，彰显出溪水流动的生气，又突出动静共存的含义。

In addition, there is the Huanxi river. Various pavilions, pavilions and pavilions are built near the water area to highlight the vitality of the stream flow and the meaning of the coexistence of static and dynamic.

纵观宋朝园林，除了上述方法外，还会采用事先准备很多配件成品，逐渐安装摆设进去，如"假山"之类的大型固件，会有专门负责制造的"假山工匠"，把假山雕琢修造好后，就动用大批人力搬入园林，安装在指定地点。

Looking at the gardens of the Song Dynasty, in addition to the above-mentioned methods, a lot of accessories and finished products will be prepared in advance and gradually installed.