traced back to history, as early as the 3rd century BC, China and India had records of smallpox disease. It can be seen that the war between , and the virus has lasted for 3000 years, but it was not until the end of the 19th century that humans really realized this. A creature that can cause death. We have no way of researching where the virus came from, but it is certain that as long as there is life, there will be viruses, and viruses are likely to exist when the first cells evolve.
smallpox virus , ravaging the world
According to archaeological studies, as early as 1500 BC, India has recorded a disease with symptoms similar to smallpox. At the same time, traces of smallpox disease have also been found on the mummies of Egyptian pharaohs, then ancient India And ancient Egypt is probably the origin of the smallpox virus. Until 1980, the World Health Organization announced the complete eradication of smallpox virus, and humans struggled with it for more than 3,000 years. The
smallpox virus spreads through the air and mouth and nose secretions. It is a highly contagious disease. Symptoms such as fever and headache will appear in the early stage after infection, and then the body will develop a rash. In severe cases, hemotoxicosis and hemorrhage will occur. , The fatality rate is as high as 25%.
Smallpox virus
After thousands of years, the smallpox virus gradually spread to ancient China, Japan, Europe and the world. There is such a record in history. A smallpox pandemic in Japan from 735 to 737 claimed the lives of nearly one-third of the local population. The spread of smallpox to Native Americans caused a death rate of as high as 80 to 90%, which was between 165 and The "Anthony Plague" that swept across the entire Roman Empire in 180 may be smallpox, which shows how much the smallpox virus has hit humans in history.
By the middle of the 18th century, smallpox became the most important epidemic in the world, so countless people died. In Europe, about 400,000 people died of smallpox every year, and 10% of babies in Sweden died of smallpox. There are also many celebrities who have experienced smallpox in history. For example, the Emperor Shunzhi of the Qing Dynasty died of smallpox virus. US President Washington, Lincoln, and Queen Elizabeth I of the United Kingdom have all been infected with smallpox virus.
The power of the world, the earliest smallpox prevention of
is "human pox vaccination". Ancient India adopted this method as early as 1000 BC, and China first adopted this vaccination during the Northern Song Dynasty in the 10th century. Method, success means long-term immunity, failure will result in infection and spread. This smallpox prevention technique was introduced to Europe in 1718. In 1796, Dr. Edward Jenner discovered that vaccinia can also be used to prevent smallpox, and the effect is better. He called this substance a vaccine. With the development of medicine, the vaccinia virus in the vaccine has been replaced with a more effective vaccinia virus. Doctor
vaccinates young children with smallpox vaccine
Since Edward Jenner confirmed that vaccinia is effective in preventing smallpox, all parts of the world have tried to use this method to enforce vaccination. Like the "Smith Expedition" plan in Spain, the "Vaccine Act of 1813" in the United States, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom have successively implemented mandatory vaccination bills.
After nearly 100 years of hard work, the United States lifted the threat of smallpox in 1897; in 1900, many Nordic countries also announced the elimination of smallpox; in 1914, the incidence of smallpox in all industrial countries had dropped to a low level; in 1936, the Soviet Union eliminated smallpox.
Edward Jenner
In the 1950s, in order to fight smallpox, people intensified epidemic prevention efforts. In the 1950s, the Pan-American Medical Organization carried out a smallpox eradication operation covering the entire southern hemisphere, eliminating the threat of smallpox for all American countries.
After the founding of New China in 1949, the vaccination of smallpox vaccine was vigorously promoted. By 1961, the last case of smallpox virus was cured and discharged from hospital. Smallpox became history in my country.
Niger's 1969 smallpox eradication and measles prevention plan vaccination campaign
In 1958, the Deputy Minister of Health of the Soviet Union called on the world to coordinate the smallpox eradication campaign under the leadership of the WHO at the World Health Assembly. In 1966, the International Smallpox Fighting Unit was formally established, and a new disease surveillance mechanism was adopted. The World Health Organization provided US$2.4 million in financial assistance each year.
By 1975, only Ethiopia and Somalia continued to sufferThe infestation of smallpox. The two places established strict monitoring mechanisms and implemented vaccination plans in early and mid-1977.
The three leaders of the WHO Smallpox Fighting Program
As of December 9, 1979, scientists in many countries have confirmed that smallpox has been extinct, and the World Health Assembly announced on May 8th of the following year: "Initiated in 1958 and intensified in 1967. With the development of action, mankind has completely eliminated smallpox"
. Eliminates the replicable and non-replicable
of smallpox. Why can it be eliminated, a virus that has tortured mankind for nearly 3000 years? In my opinion, there are the following key factors.
- The power of the world : In the elimination of smallpox, every country has invested huge financial and material resources, using strict policies to control and block the infection, leaving the global plan and efforts, then eliminating smallpox is a fantasy;
- Medical development : Through the relay of medical scientists for centuries, from ancient human pox vaccination to advanced vaccines, continuous trials and discoveries have ensured the elimination of the most important link on the road;
- the weakness of smallpox : in nature In this case, variola virus can only infect humans, and it is immune to life-long infection once. Because of this weakness, the strong isolation policies of countries around the world and vaccines can successfully eliminate the smallpox virus.
- Luck component : In the 3000 years of human struggle with variola virus, variola virus has not mutated to cause immune failure, which is also an important reason for its successful elimination
smallpox vaccination tool
has more than 5000 types so far The virus has been identified, then how to replicate the results of the elimination of variola virus to eliminate other viruses, this is a problem that the virus throws to the human world, and now human beings are surprisingly consistent in their positions in the face of the virus. Global plans and advanced medical technology It is much stronger than in the past, so what is the difficulty of its non-replicability and difficulty?
Let’s take a look at how to define the elimination of a virus. I think there are several important factors. Firstly, there are no infected patients now, and secondly, the three elements of infectious diseases, namely source of infection , transmission route , susceptibility At least one joint in the crowd is completely closed. For smallpox, vaccinations have eliminated susceptible people and blocked its spread.
But for a type of virus that has been eliminated, it is difficult for anyone to say with certainty that which virus has completely disappeared from the earth. Even if it is smallpox, it may reduce its toxicity in the process of continuous transmission and mutation, coexist with humans or exist in other hosts, or it may be preserved in an unknown laboratory and wait for some day. Return to the world. The improvement of the medical level of
does not allow us to assert that the virus can be completely overcome and eliminated. As early as the middle of the 20th century, with the popularization of antibacterial drugs and the successful development of vaccines, the incidence of most infectious diseases has dropped significantly, and humans have gradually gained the upper hand in the fight against viruses. At that time, some medical experts and health officials believed with confidence that mankind had already won the battle against the virus.
But the slap in the face came too fast. In 2003, the SARS, the quietly spreading AIDS, the Ebola haemorrhagic fever that has become discolored, and the highly pathogenic avian flu, the new crown pneumonia that broke out in late 2019. The virus continues to challenge human society and never leaves.
HIV invades the blood
In the 1990s, academia put forward the concept of " new infection ". Covers the newly discovered infectious diseases of , recurring infections and multi-drug resistant bacteria infections . Such as , AIDS, , SARS, human avian influenza, West Nile encephalitis and COVID-19 are all spread from animals to humans. There are also tuberculosis, malaria, rabies, and syphilis that were well controlled and are now coming back. Super bacteria produced by human drug abuse such as carbapenem-resistant Enterobacter and Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
What can humans do to face these infectious diseases?
- vaccinationMiao : Very useful, but in the face of unknown viruses, there is no way to predict. In the face of flu viruses that mutate year after year, it is difficult to fully combat them. They can only continue to develop medical technology to increase their confidence.
- Reduce dangerous contact with wild animals : It is very valuable, so don't eat game, and don't go to the wild to contact wild animals. Pay attention to personal habits, wash hands frequently, pay attention to hygiene, wear masks in crowded places, exercise, and improve nutrition.
- Protect the environment : The most worthwhile thing to do is that humans have done too much damage to the earth. In recent years, extreme cold and hot typhoons and other harsh climates have appeared more and more frequently, and the greenhouse effect has also caused the ice in the North and South poles Decreasing year by year, no one knows whether there are unknown viruses waiting for us under the thick ice layer. Only by maintaining awe of nature can we go further.
Protect the environment
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