There are many kinds of trees in the world, and even botany experts, no one can count them clearly. But there is a plant that can compete with the entire tree family. Although it has hundreds of types, it has a unified name - bamboo. If you talk about trees, because they are a major category, the concepts they usually give are vague and general. From shrubs to bushes and vines, different tree species vary greatly, and it is not easy to form a unified impression. But bamboo is different. It is specific. As soon as it is mentioned, it will be like plum, orchid and chrysanthemum and will be concrete immediately.
Its straight, hollow, jointed, and zigzag blades can be presented in your mind immediately. Therefore, trees are an abstract large species of plants, while bamboo is a concrete species of plants. Concrete bamboo can be compared with abstract wood and is also called "bamboo and wood". It can be seen that the status of bamboo is not low.
The uniqueness of bamboo is that although it is called together with trees, it is not the same subject. It belongs to the Poaceae family and is the same family as corn, wheat, rice, sorghum, oats, dogtail grass, , rye and sugar cane. Although some varieties of bamboo are as big as wheat and rice, they are more likely to be as tall as trees. The largest bamboo in China is the giant dragon bamboo in Xishuangbanna, Yunnan. It is more than 40 meters high and has a diameter of more than 30 cm. It is a veritable pillar material and is a good building material. Although mosaic bamboo is not that big, it is the most widely cultivated and used bamboo that can often replace wood.
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0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 More common are the arrow bamboos that giant pandas like to eat, single bamboos that are broken into bamboo strips and weaving bamboo tools. Legend has it that the Xiaoxiang spotted bamboos dyed by Emperor Yao's daughter Ehuang Nuying crying on Jiuyishan . They can replace the good building material of wood, mochi bamboos that make shoulder poles, ink bamboos for making flute instruments, ink bamboos for making handicraft materials, and the Arhat bamboos and square bamboos for making handicraft materials, and the giant dragon bamboos mentioned above that can be directly processed into buckets or large utensils. Bamboo is the fastest growing plant in the world, but it has a tough texture and can even be used to build houses. In agricultural society, bamboo is the main material for rural structure houses and household appliances. Papermaking After the invention of bamboo was the raw material for papermaking, but before papermaking, the ancients directly carved the words on bamboo slips. Therefore, from ancient times to the present, bamboo has played the role of paper.
Qin DynastyTimesLi Bing Hydrama water conservancy project built by father and son Dujiangyan uses a large number of bamboo drills and bamboo cages. The tap water pipes used in ancient times were also made of bamboo. The use of bamboo utensils is still common in modern society and is still the main material for many handicrafts. Bamboo is so widely used that it is not something that the so-called fast-growing forest can see.
Bamboo is called "HTM3 Four Gentlemen in Flowers ". The other three types of these four gentlemen bloom every year, but bamboo does not. It only blooms once in its life. After the bamboo blooms, its life will end. In addition, it is also called "-year-old Han Sanyou " together with plum and song. Bamboo is a symbol of integrity. According to its characteristics, people in the world have given it seven virtues: one is that the body is straight and rather than bend, which is called integrity. Second, bamboo has joints but does not stop, which is called striving for progress. Third, the outward and hollow are hollow, and the mind is as clear as a valley, which is called humility. Fourth, flowers cannot bloom, and the plain face is facing the sky, which is called simplicity. Fifth, being transcendent and independent, standing tall and down, is called outstanding. Sixth, although it is outstanding, it is not lonely. Planting a forest is called a good group. Seventh, bamboo slips were used to carry the texts in ancient times, and they worked hard and complained, which is called responsibility. Although bamboo is not as vigorous and rough as pine trees, its upright character is the same as that of pine trees. It is humble and humble, elegant but not vulgar, elegant but easy-going. It has been favored by literati and poets since ancient times, and has been chanted endlessly.
The ancients loved bamboo for a long time. Literary and poets chant and express their feelings through paintings, forming a unique bamboo culture. Sima Qian commented on bamboo and said that it "has a ritual outside the bamboo, and is straight in the void." Bai Juyi said, "Water can be light in nature and is my friend, and bamboo will be my teacher." It is also said that "the bamboo will never change its festival when it dies, and the flowers will have a fragrance after falling." They are all extremely noble evaluations of bamboo. The great writer Su Dongpo is a bamboo fool. He said: "It is better to eat without meat than to live without bamboo. No meat makes people thin, and no bamboo makes people vulgar. A thin person can be fat, but a vulgar scholar cannot be cured." Whether you can eat meat is usually the standard for good or bad life. In the old era, people lived in difficult life and wanted to eat a meal of meat, which was a difficult thing and the desire of ordinary people. In Su Dongpo's opinion, it is still acceptable to eat without meat, but it is not enough to have no bamboo next to the room. Why? Eating without meat is the most malnutrition, making people lose weight. But temporary weight loss can make you gain weight through the improvement of your life in the future. But if you don’t have bamboo in your living environment, it will be vulgar. As a scholar, if you are vulgar, it will be an incurable disease.
Why did Su Dongpo say this? There is an allusion, because since ancient times, literati and scholars who are as good as him are really common. According to " Jin Shu ", Wang Xizhi is a goose-in-law, and the anecdotes of loving goose are amazing. His son, , Wang Huizhi, , is a bamboo fool, and his interest is not inferior to his father. He has elegant sentiments and likes bamboo by nature. Once, he temporarily stayed in an empty house, and as soon as he settled down, he immediately asked the servant to plant bamboo. Others find it very strange, saying that you are not living for a long time, what bamboo do you plant when you stay for a few days? Wang Huizhi did not explain. When the bamboo was planted, he only sang and became intoxicated at the bamboo, and then said proudly to himself: "Why can you not have this man in a day!" It can be seen how obsessed with bamboo is that Su Dongpo said that it is unfamiliar without bamboo.
Another time, Wang Huizhi passed by Wuzhong (Suzhou) area and accidentally caught a glimpse of a bamboo forest in the courtyard of a literati and doctor, so he wanted to go and watch it. The host knew in advance that the famous scholar Wang Huizhi was going to visit the door, and was overjoyed. So he quickly swept the courtyard, carefully arranged the home, and sat in the living room with sincerity waiting for the guests to arrive. What is unexpected is that after Wang Huizhi entered the courtyard in a sedan chair, he headed straight to the bamboo forest and did not take the owner seriously. I saw him singing in the bamboo forest and whistling for a long time. After having fun, he got into the sedan chair and was about to leave. The master was deeply disappointed. He thought that Wang Huizhi would at least say hello before leaving, but he did not expect that the other party would not take the master seriously at all. This extremely impolite behavior as if no one else was around was really unconscious, so the master couldn't hold back his face, so he ordered his servants to close the door and prevent Wang Huizhi from leaving. Only then did Wang Huizhi stay happily, the host and the guest drank happily before saying goodbye. Later, Pu Songling wrote a poem about this allusion, saying: "I love this man very much, and I am very fond of him. When Ziyou arrives, I especially like his master's virtuousness." This is what I am talking about. It can be seen that bamboo has become a symbol of elegance, and its origin has been penetrated into the genes of traditional culture.
The politics of the Jin Dynasty was dark, and conspired to usurp the throne and seize the country. Many scholars with character were unwilling to cooperate with the Sima family. They were unruly and lived in seclusion in Linquan, and were unwilling to become officials. So the story of the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Forest: Ruan Ji , Ji Kang , Shan Tao , Liu Ling , Ruan Xian, Xiang Xiu , Wang Rong and several famous scholars often gathered under the bamboo forest, freely and happily, and did not leave. Therefore, the world is called the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Forest. At that time, it was the period of Wei and Jin dynasties' change, and Sima's attitude of the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Forest was disliked by Sima Zhao. Under the crushing of the state machine, the Seven Sages finally fell apart: Ruan Ji, Liu Ling and Ji Kang had the most resolute position of non-cooperation, but Ji Kang was killed, Ruan Ji pretended to be crazy to escape the world, and Liu Ling became a drunkard. Shan Tao, Xiang Xiu, Ruan Xian and Wang Rong later forgot their original intentions and became officials in the Jin Dynasty, so they scattered each other in the east and west. Among the Seven Sages, Ruan Ji, Ji Kang and Liu Ling are the soul figures. If Wang Rong is stingy, fame and fortune are like fate, and has poor moral character, it would be better to say that he is making up for the numbers.
Bamboo is naturally one of the favorite subjects of painters because of its elegant and extraordinary nature. The famous bamboo painters of all dynasties can be said to be incredible, but the most representative ones are Wentong, who is confident in the Northern Song Dynasty, and the other is Zheng Banqiao, one of the eight weirdos of Yangzhou in the Qing Dynasty. Wen Tong is a bamboo fool. In order to draw bamboo well, he lingered in the bamboo forest for many years, regardless of spring, summer, autumn and winter, sunny, rain and snow, cold and heat. He either stood in the scorching sun and observed the changes of bamboo leaves with the sunshine, or captured the state of bamboo leaves in the wind and rain in the wind and rain. He captures all the bamboo shapes in different weather conditions, regardless of day or night, and understands them all. So he picked up bamboos at will, and everything was exquisite. At that time, Chao Buzhi praised him: "When Wen Tong wanted to paint bamboo, he was already confident."
Zheng Banqiao's theme of painting throughout his life was orchid, bamboo and stone, among which bamboo is the main character, and orchids are mostly used as a foil. He has a famous saying that can be regarded as a portrayal of his life and painting: "Orchids that are unforgettable in all seasons, bamboos that are evergreen in hundreds of festivals, stones that are invincible for eternity, and people who remain unchanged for thousands of years." Zheng Banqiao lost his mother at the age of three, his stepmother at the age of fourteen, a scholar at the age of twenty, and his father at the age of thirty. The watershed in his life was when he passed the imperial examination at the age of 40. He made a living by selling paintings and lived a poor and financially struggling life. Only after he passed the imperial examination did his life gradually improve. Later, he became a Jinshi and was only magistrate at the age of 49. He was an official for twelve years and was honest and unwilling tolerate the world. Finally, he resigned from his official position and returned to his hometown in anger. But at this time his paintings were hard to find. Even if he resigned from his post, he would not have to bow his waist for three dou of rice.
In his works, bamboo and its matching poems are the most famous. Zheng Banqiao said in his poem: "The world loves to plant flowers, but I only plant bamboo." He expressed his unique personality of having a special liking for bamboo. However, his character in his life is fully reflected in his poem titled "Bamboo and Stone": Hold on to the green mountains and do not relax, and the roots are originally established in the broken rocks. Thousands of blows are still strong, no matter how winds are east, west, south and north. Bamboo grows on barren mountains and is rooted in the cracks of rocks. Although it is affected by the strong winds on all sides of the southeast, west and north, it is persevering and growing tenaciously. This is just like the author's life experience. Although he is poor and destitute, he insists on being elegant and harder, and he will not fall into the ambition of becoming a noble person.
After Zheng Banqiao became an official, he was honest and honest, dedicated to the people, and cared about the suffering of the people. In a bamboo picture he gave to the governor of his father who had won the same fortune, he wrote a poem like this: "Lying in the yamen and listening to the xiaopiao, it is suspected that it is the suffering of the people. Some officials from Xiaowu Caozhou county officials, each branch and leaf are in charge of their feelings." In the study inside the yamen, listening to the sound of bamboo forests and bamboos whistling in the wind outside the house is a sad and cold tune, just like the cry of suffering of the people among the people. We are just some small sesame officials in the prefectures and counties, but the sounds made by the branches and leaves always touch our nerves and our feelings. The word "doubt" in the poem is used particularly vividly, combining the sound of wind and bamboo with the people's suffering and demands.
Zheng Banqiao's attention to the suffering of the people is not only focused on poetry and writing. During his tenure, he acted for the people and was deeply loved by the local people.In the 11th year of Qianlong's reign, Zheng Banqiao transferred from Fanxian to Weixian . In the same year, a great famine occurred in Shandong, and even a tragedy of cannibalism occurred. He was in office for seven years, and for five years, there were continuous drought, flood and locust plagues, and natural disasters caused the people to suffer and mourn. The originally prosperous Weixian was already in vain under the impact of years of disasters. On the one hand, he reported the disaster truthfully to the court for relief. He also launched a large-scale construction of cities and ponds, recruited hungry people from far and near to work, and asked the rich people in the town to take turns to open factories to cook porridge for workers, thereby saving more than 10,000 disaster victims. At the same time, he ordered the hoarders to quickly sell the accumulated grain to hungry people at normal prices. Because of the bad harvest, I set an example and led the officials to donate all the income outside of their regular salary as tax payments, and asked the rich to destroy the people's IOU , thus allowing countless people to survive. But Zheng Banqiao's actions undoubtedly offended the local powerful people. Faced with the evil forces of these local tyrants and evil gentry around him, he never surrendered and fought with them from beginning to end, just like his self-written poem in "Ink Bamboo Picture": "The autumn wind crossed Xiaoxiang last night, and touched the stones and penetrated the forest and was used to being crazy. Only when the bamboo branches were not afraid, they were fighting each other for a thousand times."
Zheng Banqiao is like this. Although his official rank is small, it is like a stream of clear water, cleaning the dirty officialdom. By the 18th year of Qianlong's reign, Zheng Banqiao was already 61 years old at that time. He could not bear to ignore the suffering of the people. He petitioned for the people again and asked for relief from the court, but offended the bureaucrats above him. So he angrily resigned and returned to his hometown Xinghua, Jiangsu to settle down. When they left Weixian, the people blocked the road and kept them, and every family painted portraits to worship them. They spontaneously set up a temple for Zheng Banqiao at the Weicheng Island Temple. After becoming an official, Zheng Banqiao sold paintings to make a living, traveling between Yangzhou and Xinghua , and interacting with fellow Taoists, calligraphy and painting, and singing poetry and wine. Although Zheng Banqiao made a living by selling paintings in his later years, because of his reputation, his life was naturally very prosperous. In his seventies, he even drew a picture of " Bamboo and Stone Picture ". In the painting, a huge stone stands on the sky, and several thin bamboos almost broke through the sky. He wrote a poem in the upper right corner: "The seventy-year-old man painted bamboo and stone, and the stone is even more straight and the bamboo is even more straight. He knows that this old pen is extraordinary, and stands upright and stands on the wall." This is a portrayal of his life. Zheng Banqiao was in a mess all his life. He never bowed his head in the face of various evil forces. He became stronger and stronger as a rock, as strong as a bamboo, as noble as orchid. Rather than saying that he has been painting carnation orchids throughout his life, he is outlining himself.
The poems written by bamboo in all dynasties are numerous and numerous. Zheng Banqiao's bamboo mostly draws in the integrity, but the connotation of bamboo is too rich. If we talk about it from the perspective of being unparalleled, the most popular one is Wang Weina's "Bamboo Liguan": "Sitting alone in the secluded bamboo bamboo, playing the piano and whistling again. People in the deep forest don't know, the bright moon shines on each other." Wang Wei was known as the Buddha in his life. Among the ancient literati, his literary attainments and Buddhist connections should be a top figure. He donated his residence to a temple in his later years. His poems are filled with quiet Zen. The moonlight is hazy, and I sit alone in the deep bamboo forest and play the piano and whistle. This is really a spotless realm of fairy.
If this is Wang Wei’s self-contained poem, I feel that it is more like Ji Kang among the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Forest. Ji Kang, a famous scholar in the Wei and Jin Dynasties, refused to serve in the Sima court all his life. He liked the way of Laozi and Zhuangzi, often practiced the art of cultivating inner alchemy, and had a deep relationship with the hermits at that time, Sun Deng, , , Wang Lie and others. I like to live in the forest, play the piano and whistle, and chant endlessly. He rarely interacts with ordinary people, and is unrestrained and cannot tolerate the world. Later, he was murdered by Zhonghui and was killed by Sima Zhao. Before the execution, he played the piano and played the song " Guangling San " on the execution ground, and it turned out to be a perfect sound for all ages.
"Book of Rites·Music Records" says: "Music is the essence of virtue, and metal, stone, silk and bamboo are instruments of music." Traditional Chinese musical instruments are called metal, stone, silk and bamboo, and silk and bamboo have become synonyms for musical instruments. Silk means string music, such as zither, zither, etc.; bamboo means wind music, such as flute and flute.
. Regarding the origin of Lulu , legend is also closely related to bamboo. According to the "Han Shu·Lu Lizhi" record: "Huangdi sent Linglun from the west of Daxia, in the yin of Kunlun, and took bamboo to ripen the valley of the valley. The thick and even slim between the two nodes and blow it into the palace of Huangzhong.Make twelve slabs to listen to the phoenix's singing. The male sing is six, and the female sing is also six. Compared with the palace of Huangzhong, it can be produced, which is the basis of the law. In the world of governance, the energy of heaven and earth combines to generate wind; the wind of heaven and earth is positive, and the twelve laws of is fixed. ”
It is said that Huangdi asked the Leguan Linglun to create Lu Lu. He found a suitable bamboo in the valley north of Kunlun Mountain , cut one section, and determined the Huangzhong Palace Rule by blowing the bamboo and hearing the sound. Then, through the three-part profit and loss method, Huangzhong, Dalu, Taicu, Jiazhong, Guxi, Zhonglu, Ruibin, Linzhong, Yize, Nanlu, Wushe, and Yingzhong Twelve Lu Lu Lu.
And Lu Lu is not just a simple music, it is closely related to the Chinese calendar. There is a specific record in "Book of the Later Han Dynasty: The Li Ji Zhi": "The method of weathering and qi is three levels, and the paint must be circulated and densely spread. The wood in the room is used as the table, each of which is one, and the inner ridge is high outside. From its direction, it is added to the top, and the reeds are ashes to suppress the inner end, and the table is checked and the table is checked. If the air arrives, the ashes will move. The ashes are dispersed by the qi, and the ashes are gathered by the qi. "In other words, through the three-part profit and loss method mentioned above, twelve Lu Lu bamboo tubes of different lengths are made. One end of these bamboo tubes is cut into inclined surfaces and the other end is flat, and then the diabolic tube is filled with ash burned by reed film. This is the lightest thing that can be found at that time. Then, at the foot of Yinshan in the northwest, one end of the inclined surface is inserted into the soil side by side indoors to receive earth air, and the surroundings of the bamboo tubes are covered with curtains to avoid the influence of external airflow. When the yang is born at mid-winter solstice, it is At the same time, the longest bamboo tube of the reed ash was blown out with a "buzzing" sound, and this canal is the sound of the Huangzhong Palace. The moment the reed ash flew out was the midday of the winter solstice. After that, a tube of ash sprayed out every month, and it also made a different sound. This is to determine the solar terms with the twelve-lu.
"Thousand Characters Text" is the meaning. Therefore, the establishment of the twelve-lu and other twelve-lu is not just the quality in the history of music. The leap is also a leap in the calendar. The sound of nature in nature and the calendar is integrated into one. The profound truth of the unity of man and nature fully reflects the basic spirit of Chinese civilization to regulate the time and the water and soil. But unfortunately, modern people have long been confused and regarded as a fantasy when they see this.
[Author Profile]
liang Guode, a famous writer of Hongquan in Lingnan, and the psychology director of the National Studies Research Center of Guangdong Academy of Social Sciences. His works are scattered in the People's Daily, China Daily, Poetry Magazine , Yangcheng Evening News, Guangzhou Daily, Chinese Poetry, Hundred Poetry Schools, Global Daily, Maoming Daily, Southern City Weekly, Poetry Monthly, Contemporary Poetry, Lingnan Poetry, Poetry Newspaper, Gaoliang Poetry, Xinhua Online, etc.
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