Recently, the secretary-general of Nobel Committee at Stockholm Karolinska Institutet announced that the 2021 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to David Julius ( David Julius) and Ardem Patapoutian (Ardem Patapoutian), these two great scientists won this award for discovering temperature and tactile receptors. Of course bonuses are also indispensable. According to the official website of the Nobel Committee, each bonus this year is 10 million Swedish Krona , which is approximately RMB 7.368 million. For this award, some people think it is a hit, because it is completely beyond everyone's expectations. The most puzzling thing is that it is not the taste but the temperature that feels the hotness of the chili! That is to say, what pepper brings to people is temperature, it is warm or hot!
In fact, it does make sense to think about it carefully. Friends who know how to cook must have a deep feeling about this, because when we cut particularly spicy peppers, we feel spicy on our hands, that is It feels very hot. I agree with the temperature feeling. If you change it to sweetness, your fingers will definitely not feel it. In addition, after eating very spicy chili, in addition to feeling spicy in your mouth, you will also feel hot and painful when you go to the toilet. That’s why there is "eating chili peppers that are both hot and spicy. "Such an old saying.
So the question is, why is it said that spicy taste is not a real feeling? Compared with other flavors, the spiciness can fill the entire mouth, and even the lips outside the mouth can be hot to red, while the sweet, sour, bitter and salty flavors can only be perceived by the tongue, and other parts will not taste it. Yes, that’s why some people’s perception of sweetness drops,But the reason is still sensitive to spiciness.
These two scientists have found through research that the taste buds on the human tongue do not have any sense of spiciness. The temperature-tactile sensor in the human nerves is responsible for the perception of spiciness. We usually use The tongue is preconceived to taste the taste of food, so the spiciness may be an illusion produced by the nerve endings of the human body. This is why there are no taste buds in other parts of the body, but the spiciness brought by the pepper can still be felt. This is the sensation of the nerves to the spiciness, which is actually a kind of temperature sensation.
Capsicum contains an alkaloid, also called capsaicin. The sensation it brings to the human body is a kind of burning sensation on temperature, which is caused by stimulating the shallowness of the human skin. The sensation produced by the layered tactile nerves is like the feeling of being burned by fire or hot water. If you eat particularly spicy food, drinking hot water will increase the spiciness, and drinking cold water can relieve the spiciness. This alkaloid is also hidden in foods such as onions, ginger, garlic, and pepper. David Julius and Arden Pataptian discovered that capsaicin can produce biological organisms in human nerve endings and certain molecular reactions. Electric pulses make the temperature-tactile sensors in the nerves of the body send out signals, and the brain produces a sensation of heat. It is this process that allowed them to win the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine this year.
In fact, there are certain indicators to measure the spiciness of peppers. At present, the most mainstream method is the Scoville grade index. The unit of measurement is SUH. His design was to use a certain unit of pepper The vegetarian is incorporated into the sugar water, and then the sweetness is gradually increased until the spiciness cannot be tasted. Since each person's tolerance to the spiciness is different, the whole process is participated by multiple people and then the average value is taken. These sugar waters The sum of is the Scoville hotness value. For example, the Scowell level of bell pepper is between 0 and 5.Basically there is no spicy taste, of course it varies from person to person. Some people do not feel spicy without adding sugar water, and some people need to add 5 times the sugar water.
So what is the hottest pepper in the world? How spicy is it? Chaotian pepper is well-known in our country, but its spiciness is only 50,000-100,000 SHU. The hot pepper in our country is equivalent to 10 times that of Chaotian pepper. You can just add it to the broth. It's very spicy in a few clicks, and even so, it won't make it into the top 10 in the world.
India is proud of its spiciness, because they have a kind of chili called Indian ghost pepper, which has a hotness of 1 million SHU. For this reason, they held a splendid competition. , An old Indian dominates the country by eating 5 Indian ghost peppers in a row, and was later the "Chinese Spicy King" Li Yongzhi ate 32 ghost peppers to win the championship. Although others were prestigious, many years have passed, and now they are still tortured by stomachache and stomach burn, and he also grows this pepper at the door of his house. Most people need to wear a gas mask and gloves when picking. Prevent burns.
Up there is the Carolina Reaper, with a spiciness value of 1.6 million SHU, which belongs to the "devil-level" hotness. It has occupied the world’s hottest pepper throne for decades. Chefs need Wear rubber gloves to process it, otherwise you will be burned, just like being scalded by boiling water, making many spicy madmen discouraged. There are also netizens who once challenged to take the Carolina Reaper chili, but after a bite, their face turned pale, convulsed, and finally drank water and vomited before regaining their life.
It’s Dragon Breath Pepper that will end the Carolina Death.It was jointly bred by Mike Smith and researchers from University of Nottingham, UK. The spiciness value is between 2 million and 2.48 million SHU. The air in the Longbreath planting area is filled with capsaicin molecules, which is prohibitive. It is said that if you breathe into it, the spiciness of the air can make you cry. Therefore, when the research results of the pepper were officially exhibited, they were all tightly sealed in glass containers.
Faced with such a strong spiciness value, many people want to try it, but Mike still recommends not to eat it because he once lightly licked it and a blister formed on his tongue. He wants to cut off his tongue because it hurts. Some experts also said that it may cause airway and organ burns, or cause shock or even death due to hot blisters. Even if the mouth can bear it, the chrysanthemum may be at risk of being destroyed. Therefore, the Dragon's Breath pepper can be called the "nuclear bomb on the tip of the tongue". No one in the world dares to really challenge it. As a food, it cannot develop in the gastronomical world. It is really helpless.
However, and dragon breath have gone another way because of their hotness. They are mainly used to replace traditional anesthetics. The most famous is the use of pepper spray weapons, and they are generally used in very small amounts. It can achieve sufficient lethality, even if wearing a gas mask, it can only barely cope with it. The US military has already used it in "military self-defense spray" or "chili biochemical weapons", so Longbreath pepper has important value to be researched and used. , Out of a more lofty road.
If you jump out of the chili ring, Longbreath chili is not the hottest plant in the world, but the resinous Euphorbia. It is a succulent plant that grows in Morocco . It is very similar to a cactus. The white juice is a very high concentration of resin toxin, the spiciness value reaches an astonishing 1.6 billion SHU, and the dragon's breath chili can't even make up a fraction. It is also because it is too spicy and few animals visit,That's why it evolves into a dead end where it can only multiply within a limited range, and it is currently mostly used as a raw material for painkillers.
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