[ Physiology or Medicine Prize Upset]
It’s time for the annual scientific event—the Nobel Prize to be announced. What has already been revealed is the 2021 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Leng awarded two scientists who independently discovered the molecular mechanisms of human body's perception of temperature, pressure, and pain. The two scientists who had previously generally predicted the basic research on the new crown vaccine (mRNA technology) were unsuccessful.
[Hot candidates for the Physics Prize]
And what I care about most is actually the upcoming , which is the Nobel Prize in Physics this year. Three physicists in the field of quantum experiments and quantum information: John Clauser (John Clauser), Alan Asperkert _strong27 (Astrong Aspect) and Austria Anton Zeilinger (Anton Zeilinger). One of the reasons why they have become a big hit is that they have previously won the Wolf Prize, which is known as the Nobel Prize weather vane.
[Why is it popular? ]
These three popular candidates were actually nominated for the Nobel Prize as early as 2011.But that year, the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to the scientists who discovered the accelerated expansion of the universe, and the three missed the Nobel Prize. And this year is the most likely year for them to win. One of the reasons is that there is an unwritten rule about the Nobel Prize in Physics, which will be awarded in three major fields every year. The chances of winning in these three fields are roughly average. They are: quantum physics, quantum optics, condensed matter physics and astrophysics . has been awarded to astrophysics for many times in recent years. In the past 2020, it has been awarded to black hole theory research and observation certificate. Therefore, it is basically impossible to give astrophysics anymore this year, so only quantum physics, optics and condensed matter physics are left. In terms of quantum physics, the three of them probably have no rivals.
[The closing sentence of the century debate- quantum entanglement]
We may not be strange to these three popular candidates. Too cold, but in fact, everyone of these three people may have heard of them in popular science articles.
The story starts with the debate in the 20th century. In the 1930s, was the most bizarre science of mankind- quantum mechanics was born ,Out of belief in determinism, is the important founder of quantum theory, Einstein and Bohr, and the Copenhagen School headed by absoluteness and randomness, locality and non-locality A fierce debate on sexuality, finally Einstein wrote an article "Is Quantum Mechanics Complete to Describe Physical Reality?" " 's thesis ends the battle.
He proposed a hypothetical situation in this paper: creates a pair of related particles in a special way, such as a quantum state When a particle spins up, the other particle must spin down. According to the Copenhagen School’s interpretation, the state of the two particles can only be determined after measurement. Then when we separate the pair of particles through the light path far enough, for example, one light-year later What about measuring them separately? According to the Copenhagen interpretation, two particles randomly collapse to the corresponding state at the same time after the measurement. So the question is, at this time, the two particles are 1 light-year apart. How do they instantly notify the other party to collapse to another state after randomly collapsing to one state? This is obviously impossible, because 's faster than light communication violates 's special theory of relativity , and essentially violates the law of causality. Therefore, Einstein said that the state of this pair of particles was determined from the beginning, but we didn't know it before the measurement.
But Bohr did not agree with Einstein's statement, he insisted on the consistent claim: particles are not definite before collapsing. He pointed out that the pair of particles were not two independent individuals before being measured, but a whole, with a wave function . Until the measurement took place, this wave function collapsed to produce two particles with interrelated quantum states. The phenomenon in this hypothetical experiment is called quantum entanglement , which Einstein sarcastically called ghostly super-distance effect , also translated: long-distance haunted ......
[Einstein's ultimate trial- Bell's inequality verification experimenter]
However, they did not agree with each other at the time. The method used experiments to verify which one was right, until the two died one after another.
By the 1960s, a remnant of Einstein's brain, Irish experimental physicist John Bell proposed an inequality:
∣Pxz-Pzy strong∣≤1+Pxy _span4span 24 strong According to this inequality,Experimental physicists can then design experiments for verification. If Einstein is right, the experimental results should satisfy this inequality, otherwise it shows that the Copenhagen School is right.
In the 1970s, John Crowther first completed the experiment to test Bell's inequality. In the 1980s, Alan Asperk completed a more precise and almost flawless experiment of Bell's inequality. Subsequently, Anton Salinger also completed more loop-free experiments on Bell's inequality with entangled particles. All experimental results show that Einstein was wrong!
[Pan Jianwei with -Anton Salinger]
, studied abroad in Vienna, University in the last century . Under the leadership of Salinger, Pan Jianwei completed the experimental paper on quantum teleportation as the second author. The achievement of laid the foundation for quantum information technology. Feasibility basis. This paper was selected as one of the 21 classic papers on 100-year physics in the journal Nature! The achievement of greatly improved Pan Jianwei’s scientific status and provided sufficient confidence to apply for funding when he returned to China to engage in scientific research on quantum information .Thus laid a solid foundation for the development of quantum technology in our country.
It can be said that without Salinger, there would be no Pan Jianwei today, and there would be no quantum information technology that our country is at the forefront of the world today!
Of course, Pan Jianwei is also reciprocal. After the world’s first quantum satellite was launched, Pan Jianwei’s team conducted intercontinental quantum experiments in cooperation with Austrian teachers. Currently, Salinger is a foreign academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.
I hope that this prediction is correct and that Pan Jianwei's teacher can win the Nobel Prize in Physics!
#2021 Nobel Prize will be announced today # #知识创人七季# #诺贝尔机电奖#
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