The reason why I wrote this article was mainly because of a sentence from a "strategic scholar" named Zhang, "The reason why the United States promotes marijuana is because local tobacco was defeated by Chinese cigarettes." I saw so many netizens who didn't know the truth again and were sent to the climax by this sentence, and I couldn't help but say a few truths.
—— Preface
Cannabis and poppy
1 Cannabis is not "opium"
Perhaps a fact that has to be admitted is that a considerable number of Chinese people still have the wrong perception of "marijuana" as "opium", and the two are actually incompatible:
- Cannabis (scientific name: Cannabis), or hemp and hemp grass, is a herbaceous plant in the family of the Urtilla, specifically refers to the dried flowers and trichomes of female plants. Its main effective chemical ingredient is tetrahydrocannabinol (THC for short), which has a mental and physiological active effect after inhalation or oral administration.
- Opium (English) is also called opium, commonly known as big smoke, originates from the capsule of the opium plant, and its main alkaloid is morphine. Opium is black or brown due to its origin; it has an ammonia or old urine smell, bitter and strong smell. Raw opium is cooked and fermented and can be made into refined opium, which is brown or golden. It smells sweet when sucked.
I have always believed that from a global perspective, the Chinese nation may be the only nation that equates "drug use and drug trafficking" with "whether it is patriotic". The Chinese hatred of drugs is largely derived from the historical memory of the two Opium Wars .
Therefore, many people regard the spread of marijuana in the United States as one of the signs of the depravity of the United States, and are even secretly happy about it. Therefore, there are people who regard Zhang's remarks that "the reason why the United States promotes marijuana is because local tobacco was defeated by Chinese cigarettes" as another evidence of "it's amazing my country."
Of course, I do not oppose confidence on the issue of patriotism, but I firmly oppose YY. As the famous Russian philosopher Chadaev said: " Only when a person clearly understands his motherland can he become a person who is beneficial to the motherland ."
2 Cannabis is like the "Traditional Medicine" of the United States
At the beginning of this year, a campaign advertisement for the US Democratic Senate candidate Gary Chambers in the United States attracted attention worldwide. In the video, Chambers smokes marijuana while slamming the marijuana ban. This may mean that the United States has entered another cycle of "relaxed cannabis control".
Yes, what many people don’t understand is the obvious cyclical changes in the US government’s attitude towards marijuana. This periodic change also reflects the "speciality" of "marijuana" in American history and people's psychology. is an inappropriate example. In fact, marijuana is a bit like the "Chinese medicine" in the United States.
In the early 1990s, Bill Clinton, who was then a candidate for the U.S. president, told the U.S. public that he had tried marijuana but "no inhalation." Ten years later, former President Barack Obama said he had “inhaled marijuana”, while the current U.S. President Biden recently promised to promote the legalization of marijuana possession and legalize medical marijuana.
, Fiber of hemp can be used to make sails and ropes, and its by-products can also be used to fill the flocs of wooden ships. Cannabis is also the main drug for treating more than 100 diseases. It can be said that without marijuana, there would be no European fleet, and there would be no rise of Europe. Therefore, it was even allowed to exchange as "legal currency" in Virginia, Pennsylvania and and Maryland.
Until the end of the 19th century, cannabis was one of the major non-food cash crops in the United States. The reason why I wrote this article was mainly because of a sentence from a "strategic scholar" named Zhang, "The reason why the United States promotes marijuana is because local tobacco was defeated by Chinese cigarettes." I saw so many netizens who didn't know the truth again and were sent to the climax by this sentence, and I couldn't help but say a few truths. —— Preface Cannabis and poppy
1 Cannabis is not "opium"
Perhaps a fact that has to be admitted is that a considerable number of Chinese people still have the wrong perception of "marijuana" as "opium", and the two are actually incompatible:
- Cannabis (scientific name: Cannabis), or hemp and hemp grass, is a herbaceous plant in the family of the Urtilla, specifically refers to the dried flowers and trichomes of female plants. Its main effective chemical ingredient is tetrahydrocannabinol (THC for short), which has a mental and physiological active effect after inhalation or oral administration.
- Opium (English) is also called opium, commonly known as big smoke, originates from the capsule of the opium plant, and its main alkaloid is morphine. Opium is black or brown due to its origin; it has an ammonia or old urine smell, bitter and strong smell. Raw opium is cooked and fermented and can be made into refined opium, which is brown or golden. It smells sweet when sucked.
I have always believed that from a global perspective, the Chinese nation may be the only nation that equates "drug use and drug trafficking" with "whether it is patriotic". The Chinese hatred of drugs is largely derived from the historical memory of the two Opium Wars .
Therefore, many people regard the spread of marijuana in the United States as one of the signs of the depravity of the United States, and are even secretly happy about it. Therefore, there are people who regard Zhang's remarks that "the reason why the United States promotes marijuana is because local tobacco was defeated by Chinese cigarettes" as another evidence of "it's amazing my country."
Of course, I do not oppose confidence on the issue of patriotism, but I firmly oppose YY. As the famous Russian philosopher Chadaev said: " Only when a person clearly understands his motherland can he become a person who is beneficial to the motherland ."
2 Cannabis is like the "Traditional Medicine" of the United States
At the beginning of this year, a campaign advertisement for the US Democratic Senate candidate Gary Chambers in the United States attracted attention worldwide. In the video, Chambers smokes marijuana while slamming the marijuana ban. This may mean that the United States has entered another cycle of "relaxed cannabis control".
Yes, what many people don’t understand is the obvious cyclical changes in the US government’s attitude towards marijuana. This periodic change also reflects the "speciality" of "marijuana" in American history and people's psychology. is an inappropriate example. In fact, marijuana is a bit like the "Chinese medicine" in the United States.
In the early 1990s, Bill Clinton, who was then a candidate for the U.S. president, told the U.S. public that he had tried marijuana but "no inhalation." Ten years later, former President Barack Obama said he had “inhaled marijuana”, while the current U.S. President Biden recently promised to promote the legalization of marijuana possession and legalize medical marijuana.
, Fiber of hemp can be used to make sails and ropes, and its by-products can also be used to fill the flocs of wooden ships. Cannabis is also the main drug for treating more than 100 diseases. It can be said that without marijuana, there would be no European fleet, and there would be no rise of Europe. Therefore, it was even allowed to exchange as "legal currency" in Virginia, Pennsylvania and and Maryland.
Until the end of the 19th century, cannabis was one of the major non-food cash crops in the United States.
3 Cannabis is "demonized"
We often use "eating and smashing bowls" to image a person being ungrateful. For Americans who make income by growing marijuana, it is impossible to allow anyone to "defame" marijuana.
However, with the outbreak of the American Civil War in the 1860s, the American cannabis cultivation industry suffered a huge damage. Then came the industrial revolution and medical advances, resulting in a significant reduction in the demand for cannabis in the shipbuilding industry and medicine - cannabis' position in the US economy has rapidly declined.
At the same time, with the rapid development of the US economy, a large number of Mexicans began to enter the United States to work.
According to statistics from the U.S. Census Bureau, in 1900, only 237 Mexicans immigrated to the United States; in 1910, a revolution occurred in Rio Grand Texas, Mexico, which prompted thousands of Mexicans to enter the northern part of the United States. In 1915, the number of immigrants increased sharply to 12‚340. Afterwards, the number of immigrants increased unabated. In 1920, it increased to 52,361 people, and in 1924 it reached 89,336 people. From 1915 to 1930, a total of 608,624 Mexicans entered the United States.
A large number of Mexican immigrants who can work hard for a low salary were first warmly welcomed by wealthy landlords and rail companies, and under their impetus, the U.S. Congress exempted their cultural level test and poll tax in the immigration bill enacted in 1917.
Not only that, small businessmen also profit from new immigrants. The media at that time reported the views of a shopkeeper in Los Angeles on Mexicans:
transactions with Mexicans are in cash, they don’t choose different prices, you can sell them to the more expensive goods they plan to buy when they come in, and they spend every penny they earn. For Mexicans, everything is good as long as they have money. They spent all their salaries. If they enter your store first, it is you who make a profit. If they enter other people's stores, others will make a profit.
But with the arrival of " Great Depression ", making money becomes difficult. The existence of Mexican immigrants has seized job opportunities for ordinary citizens and lowered average wages has become the target of public criticism.
Therefore, the general habit of Mexican immigrants smoking marijuana has become one of the best entrances for people to attack them. And, in fact, with the decline of the economic status of marijuana, since the beginning of the 19th century, more and more literary works have linked marijuana to "crime" and "murder".
In 1912, Victor Robinson made his sensational comments about the "assassin". It pointed out that the term "assassin" comes from the article linking marijuana with murder, setting the tone for the American media's subsequent evaluation of this issue.
15 years later, Robert Kingman further developed the leper's theory of murderer. Although he did not explicitly state that the "assin" killed people under the influence of marijuana, he claimed that drugs can alleviate the murderers' moral doubts about their actions.
September 15, 1935, a reader's letter published in the New York Times reads: marijuana is perhaps the most toxic and tempting drug among drugs now, and it is a direct by-product of Mexican immigration without restrictions. Mexican vendors were caught on the spot while selling marijuana samples to school children.
4 US law began to define marijuana as a drug
here, and the phenomenon that can fully illustrate the special status of marijuana in American society is:
So "cannabis teahouse" became the most popular leisure and entertainment venue in some parts of the United States. By the 1930s, New York City alone had reached 500 so.
Of course, this phenomenon also occurs because of the division of rights between the federal government and state governments under the " federal system " in the United States. In the early stage, some people focused on the legislation on marijuana on state legislatures (in fact, the federal government's power also has the intention of not wanting to touch the "hot potato" of marijuana).
However, in 1909, the United States convened the first international opium conference - the Shanghai Opium Committee, which brought the United States a moral responsibility - requiring the U.S. government to set an example on drug control (this is also the international background of the introduction of the Harrison Act).
At the beginning, those who supported marijuana control tried to submit a supplementary draft of the Harrison Act to include marijuana as "addicted drugs". As a result, it took nearly 10 years and failed to pass by 1930.
Then, after unremitting efforts by relevant people, the "Uniform State Narcotics Act" was finally passed at the end of 1932, listing marijuana as a "narcotic" and controlling it.
It should be noted that in this bill, the marijuana clause still appears in the form of "additional clauses", which shows the "speciality" of marijuana's status in the entire American society.
The Uniform State Narcotics Act is more like a law enacted to a certain extent by shirking responsibility, because its actual value depends on the amendment and compliance of the relevant laws of the states based on this bill. Therefore, the drawbacks of the Uniform State Narcotics Act were quickly exposed. Until the end of 1934, some states still had a strong rejection of the "United States Narcotics Act". At the same time, marijuana has experienced a "disastrous" spread in the United States, and even "tea" has become synonymous with the "marijuana" slander. At that time, the media quoted a drug addict's self-report: marijuana is called "muggles" among users, and all southern cities are everywhere.
Finally, after all kinds of games and compromises, the Marijuana Tax Act was passed in the United States in 1937. It will take effect on October 1 of the same year.
For the first time, the United States strongly defined marijuana as a "drug" at the federal level, and will start the war on marijuana based on this law!
PS: The American Medical Association and the Department of Agriculture have always been supporters of marijuana legalization
5 The continuous repetitive U.S. marijuana policy
However, soon with the outbreak of " World War II ", especially after Japan's sneak attack on Pearl Harbor, industrial hemp was used as a strategic material (can make parachutes, tents, tool boxes, banners, or extremely useful fuel, as well as various other raw materials for supply and equipment from the Army and Air Force, and is a necessity for naval warship ropes), foreign sources were cut off, and the United States had to re-encourage domestic cannabis cultivation and processing. In order to meet the wartime cannabis supply, the US government also specially established the "Wartime Cannabis Industry Bureau".
In order to encourage and guide farmers to grow cannabis, the Ministry of Agriculture specially filmed a promotional video called "Marijuana For Victory" to conduct a national tour, educating farmers how to grow and produce cannabis, and regarding the cultivation of cannabis during wartime as a patriotic act.
The policy of support for industrial hemp continued until 1947, but from the perspective of people's perception of the image of marijuana, its impact is lasting.
Next, with the end of the war and the recovery of international trade routes, the smuggling of drugs became more and more serious.
Corresponding to this, there are rapid increase in drug users in the United States, especially teenagers. On January 29, 1951, the " Newsweek " reported that organized drug dealings are forming a stable and tragic market in schools, which brings the city into this torture. About 2,000 drug dealers support 30,000 users, and according to New York police estimates, half of them are teenagers.
So, the American bureaucrats who have been trained in war quickly took action: the "cool law" known for its severity - the "Borgs Law" was issued in 1951: gives a mandatory 5-10-10-year series of imprisonment to the second and third violators.
But its effect is unsatisfactory:
- On January 26, 956, the New York Times published an article pointing out that the statistics of the Federal Narcotics Bureau annual report showed that the 21-30-year-old addicts showed the "maximum growth" compared with 1955 - about 4%, while those under the age of 21 decreased slightly by 4%.
- html In the early 160s, the number of adult marijuana users arrested by California was only about 5,000, while in 1965, it increased to more than 8,000; in 1968, it reached 33,573; compared with the minimum year, it increased by more than 10 times. The increase in the number of teenage marijuana users arrested by
- is even more amazing, with only 310 in the fewest years, while the most years has reached 16‚754, an increase of more than 50 times.
I think that if we consider the long-term war has caused a large number of teenagers to not receive the care of their parents and the psychological harm suffered by retired soldiers, perhaps we can understand the sociological rationality of this phenomenon.
So, in the future, the voice of American society on relaxing "cannabis control" is getting stronger and stronger.
So The reform direction of the US drug policy, that is, whether the future drug policy in the United States should mainly solve the drug problem with the "judicial punishment model" or the "treatment model", enters the level of public discussion. This creates an atmosphere of public opinion for the next government level to "relax cannabis controls".
Next, some officials from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, the Department of Health, Education and the Drug Abuse Administration came out to express their opinions, saying that marijuana is not as dangerous as it thinks, and that using it "does not cause degeneration" and "does not affect brain cells, and will not cause addiction, and will not lead to heroin addiction.
With the support of Kennedy , White House established the " Pretiman Committee" to coordinate and adjust the US drug control strategy.
After Nixon came to power, he began to claim his "enlightenment", emphasizing the "new federalism" of "let power, funds, and responsibilities flow from Washington to states and people."
This provides conditions for states, especially states that are "open to marijuana" to redefine their own laws against marijuana through the implementation of the "Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act".
Therefore, many states borrowed the conditional release clauses in federal law and treated illegally those who distribute small amounts of marijuana without being compensated. For example, some states have adopted regulations or other workarounds to erase criminal records related to marijuana.
After Nixon stepped down due to the " Watergate Incident ", the successor Ford and later Carter administration in the early stages of the early stage of the American society's tolerance for drug use continues to rise, and among them, having a small amount of self-use marijuana has become the target of lifting the ban. In order to reconcile the contradiction between government policies and growing social tolerance, the Ford government shyly put forward the policy of "not paying attention" to deal with it. The Carter administration publicly claimed in the early stage that the "de-punishment" of marijuana was to please the public and the media. However, in the later stage, the serious social problems caused by the abuse of "parquat" caused a large number of marijuana smokers to be secondary pollution eventually made the Carter administration's efforts to "de-punishment" fail. (In fact, when Ford was running for Carter , the two men on the issue of marijuana were "de-punishment")
In the United States, the group that is the most determined to fight "de-punishment of marijuana" is the parent group. Parents’ concerns about their children’s drug use are strong and long-term. Moreover, this power is getting bigger and bigger, and eventually also helped Republican candidate Ronald Reagan ascend the throne of president. Reagan also reciprocates and firmly supports the adoption of a strong and high-pressure strategy for "drugs".
Under the promotion of the Reagan administration, on October 27, 1986, the U.S. Congress passed the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986, which not only once again increased the penalties for drug manufacturing and trading, but also restored the mandatory minimum penalty that had been abolished in 1970, and canceled the leniency regulations for drug possession.
So, the criminal penalties for marijuana violations in the 1980s were more severe, both at the state and federal levels, and more resources were invested in law enforcement, and the punishment was more severe than the "leprosy" and management in the 1930s.
The Reagan administration's attitude on the issue of marijuana continued until the Clinton administration
000s-to-present legalization of marijuana
As mentioned at the beginning of this article, Obama personally admitted that he had smoked "marijuana". When talking about his views on smoking marijuana, Obama also clearly believed that smoking marijuana is no longer considered a "social disease" as in the past, and its harm is "not greater than alcohol." Obama has also made it clear that he should promote the legalization of marijuana. during his term of office, Colorado and Washington, D.C., USA, passed proposals to legalize marijuana.
And on December 20, 2018, then-US President Trump signed the new farm bill, and industrial hemp was legalized in all 50 states in the United States.
And on April 1 this year, local time, the U.S. House of Representatives passed legislation with a vote of 220 votes in favor and 204 votes against, legalizing marijuana across the United States and canceling long-term criminal penalties for those who own or distribute marijuana.
Regarding the reasons why the "legalization of marijuana" in the United States has become increasingly serious in the past 20 years, some analysts believe that there are three main reasons:
. Local economic and financial affairs are in trouble. When the financial crisis broke out in 2008, the US economy continued to decline, and many states experienced fiscal deficits. With the increase in unemployed population and increased fiscal pressure, both the federal and state governments have turned their attention to the cannabis industry - it has never been really banned anyway, and mosquitoes have meat no matter how small they are.. The debate on the harmfulness of marijuana is getting worse and worse. Academic debate on the addictive nature of marijuana has always existed. A scientific report from The Lancet shows that marijuana is less harmful and addictive than other drugs. In the medical field, marijuana can relieve patients' illness and is more safe.
6 Summary
If we roughly count from the rough calculation that the British colonists brought marijuana to the North American continent to cultivate in 1611, marijuana has a legal history in the United States for more than 300 years.
Only when we understand this can we fundamentally understand the contradictions and emotional tolerance of American society in cognitively about marijuana. Only by understanding the historical origins of the current "marijuana legalization" movement in the United States.
As the famous American sociologist Eric Good said:
The central question of marijuana is not who uses it, why, or what impact it has on the human body and mind, but how this kind of conflicting version of the basic impact can be maintained, and what perspectives are called to justify the use or limitations? In fact, the concept and classification of "drugs" is a social construction rather than a pharmacological concept.
may still be the author ignorant. Anyway, I can't find any clues related to "Chinese cigarettes" in the process of "legalization of marijuana" in the United States.Having written this article, I can only say to Zhang’s “strategy scholar” and his fans, please be careful!
Reference materials: Zhang Yongan's "Research on the Cannabis Policy in the Run Country"; Liu Yue, Bao Han "Research on the Legalization of Cannabis in the United States: The Game between the Federation and the State" Zhang Yeliang "Why Cannabis Legalization Spreads in the United States", etc.
If you like grassroots articles, please "follow, like, and forward"! Thanks! Maybe you can find more content you like on my homepage! (Specially emphasized: Recently, other self-media have found that they have reprinted my articles. Please be sure to indicate the original author, otherwise it will be considered infringement)
Recommended other articles from me:
Is the United States really declining?
The United States is still the biggest winner of "Russia's military operations against Ukraine"
Alexander Dukin: People who are known as the "monster" of Russia and Putin's "brain"
But, this bill does not include marijuana in the control. Months later, New York City amended its ordinance, adding Indian marijuana as a drug banned by the city.here, and the phenomenon that can fully illustrate the special status of marijuana in American society is:
So "cannabis teahouse" became the most popular leisure and entertainment venue in some parts of the United States. By the 1930s, New York City alone had reached 500 so.
Of course, this phenomenon also occurs because of the division of rights between the federal government and state governments under the " federal system " in the United States. In the early stage, some people focused on the legislation on marijuana on state legislatures (in fact, the federal government's power also has the intention of not wanting to touch the "hot potato" of marijuana).
However, in 1909, the United States convened the first international opium conference - the Shanghai Opium Committee, which brought the United States a moral responsibility - requiring the U.S. government to set an example on drug control (this is also the international background of the introduction of the Harrison Act).
At the beginning, those who supported marijuana control tried to submit a supplementary draft of the Harrison Act to include marijuana as "addicted drugs". As a result, it took nearly 10 years and failed to pass by 1930.
Then, after unremitting efforts by relevant people, the "Uniform State Narcotics Act" was finally passed at the end of 1932, listing marijuana as a "narcotic" and controlling it.
It should be noted that in this bill, the marijuana clause still appears in the form of "additional clauses", which shows the "speciality" of marijuana's status in the entire American society.
The Uniform State Narcotics Act is more like a law enacted to a certain extent by shirking responsibility, because its actual value depends on the amendment and compliance of the relevant laws of the states based on this bill. Therefore, the drawbacks of the Uniform State Narcotics Act were quickly exposed. Until the end of 1934, some states still had a strong rejection of the "United States Narcotics Act". At the same time, marijuana has experienced a "disastrous" spread in the United States, and even "tea" has become synonymous with the "marijuana" slander. At that time, the media quoted a drug addict's self-report: marijuana is called "muggles" among users, and all southern cities are everywhere.
Finally, after all kinds of games and compromises, the Marijuana Tax Act was passed in the United States in 1937. It will take effect on October 1 of the same year.
For the first time, the United States strongly defined marijuana as a "drug" at the federal level, and will start the war on marijuana based on this law!
PS: The American Medical Association and the Department of Agriculture have always been supporters of marijuana legalization
5 The continuous repetitive U.S. marijuana policy
However, soon with the outbreak of " World War II ", especially after Japan's sneak attack on Pearl Harbor, industrial hemp was used as a strategic material (can make parachutes, tents, tool boxes, banners, or extremely useful fuel, as well as various other raw materials for supply and equipment from the Army and Air Force, and is a necessity for naval warship ropes), foreign sources were cut off, and the United States had to re-encourage domestic cannabis cultivation and processing. In order to meet the wartime cannabis supply, the US government also specially established the "Wartime Cannabis Industry Bureau".
In order to encourage and guide farmers to grow cannabis, the Ministry of Agriculture specially filmed a promotional video called "Marijuana For Victory" to conduct a national tour, educating farmers how to grow and produce cannabis, and regarding the cultivation of cannabis during wartime as a patriotic act.
The policy of support for industrial hemp continued until 1947, but from the perspective of people's perception of the image of marijuana, its impact is lasting.
Next, with the end of the war and the recovery of international trade routes, the smuggling of drugs became more and more serious.
Corresponding to this, there are rapid increase in drug users in the United States, especially teenagers. On January 29, 1951, the " Newsweek " reported that organized drug dealings are forming a stable and tragic market in schools, which brings the city into this torture. About 2,000 drug dealers support 30,000 users, and according to New York police estimates, half of them are teenagers.
So, the American bureaucrats who have been trained in war quickly took action: the "cool law" known for its severity - the "Borgs Law" was issued in 1951: gives a mandatory 5-10-10-year series of imprisonment to the second and third violators.
But its effect is unsatisfactory:
- On January 26, 956, the New York Times published an article pointing out that the statistics of the Federal Narcotics Bureau annual report showed that the 21-30-year-old addicts showed the "maximum growth" compared with 1955 - about 4%, while those under the age of 21 decreased slightly by 4%.
- html In the early 160s, the number of adult marijuana users arrested by California was only about 5,000, while in 1965, it increased to more than 8,000; in 1968, it reached 33,573; compared with the minimum year, it increased by more than 10 times. The increase in the number of teenage marijuana users arrested by
- is even more amazing, with only 310 in the fewest years, while the most years has reached 16‚754, an increase of more than 50 times.
I think that if we consider the long-term war has caused a large number of teenagers to not receive the care of their parents and the psychological harm suffered by retired soldiers, perhaps we can understand the sociological rationality of this phenomenon.
So, in the future, the voice of American society on relaxing "cannabis control" is getting stronger and stronger.
So The reform direction of the US drug policy, that is, whether the future drug policy in the United States should mainly solve the drug problem with the "judicial punishment model" or the "treatment model", enters the level of public discussion. This creates an atmosphere of public opinion for the next government level to "relax cannabis controls".
Next, some officials from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, the Department of Health, Education and the Drug Abuse Administration came out to express their opinions, saying that marijuana is not as dangerous as it thinks, and that using it "does not cause degeneration" and "does not affect brain cells, and will not cause addiction, and will not lead to heroin addiction.
With the support of Kennedy , White House established the " Pretiman Committee" to coordinate and adjust the US drug control strategy.
After Nixon came to power, he began to claim his "enlightenment", emphasizing the "new federalism" of "let power, funds, and responsibilities flow from Washington to states and people."
This provides conditions for states, especially states that are "open to marijuana" to redefine their own laws against marijuana through the implementation of the "Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act".
Therefore, many states borrowed the conditional release clauses in federal law and treated illegally those who distribute small amounts of marijuana without being compensated. For example, some states have adopted regulations or other workarounds to erase criminal records related to marijuana.
After Nixon stepped down due to the " Watergate Incident ", the successor Ford and later Carter administration in the early stages of the early stage of the American society's tolerance for drug use continues to rise, and among them, having a small amount of self-use marijuana has become the target of lifting the ban. In order to reconcile the contradiction between government policies and growing social tolerance, the Ford government shyly put forward the policy of "not paying attention" to deal with it. The Carter administration publicly claimed in the early stage that the "de-punishment" of marijuana was to please the public and the media. However, in the later stage, the serious social problems caused by the abuse of "parquat" caused a large number of marijuana smokers to be secondary pollution eventually made the Carter administration's efforts to "de-punishment" fail. (In fact, when Ford was running for Carter , the two men on the issue of marijuana were "de-punishment")
In the United States, the group that is the most determined to fight "de-punishment of marijuana" is the parent group. Parents’ concerns about their children’s drug use are strong and long-term. Moreover, this power is getting bigger and bigger, and eventually also helped Republican candidate Ronald Reagan ascend the throne of president. Reagan also reciprocates and firmly supports the adoption of a strong and high-pressure strategy for "drugs".
Under the promotion of the Reagan administration, on October 27, 1986, the U.S. Congress passed the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986, which not only once again increased the penalties for drug manufacturing and trading, but also restored the mandatory minimum penalty that had been abolished in 1970, and canceled the leniency regulations for drug possession.
So, the criminal penalties for marijuana violations in the 1980s were more severe, both at the state and federal levels, and more resources were invested in law enforcement, and the punishment was more severe than the "leprosy" and management in the 1930s.
The Reagan administration's attitude on the issue of marijuana continued until the Clinton administration
000s-to-present legalization of marijuana
As mentioned at the beginning of this article, Obama personally admitted that he had smoked "marijuana". When talking about his views on smoking marijuana, Obama also clearly believed that smoking marijuana is no longer considered a "social disease" as in the past, and its harm is "not greater than alcohol." Obama has also made it clear that he should promote the legalization of marijuana. during his term of office, Colorado and Washington, D.C., USA, passed proposals to legalize marijuana.
And on December 20, 2018, then-US President Trump signed the new farm bill, and industrial hemp was legalized in all 50 states in the United States.
And on April 1 this year, local time, the U.S. House of Representatives passed legislation with a vote of 220 votes in favor and 204 votes against, legalizing marijuana across the United States and canceling long-term criminal penalties for those who own or distribute marijuana.
Regarding the reasons why the "legalization of marijuana" in the United States has become increasingly serious in the past 20 years, some analysts believe that there are three main reasons:
. Local economic and financial affairs are in trouble. When the financial crisis broke out in 2008, the US economy continued to decline, and many states experienced fiscal deficits. With the increase in unemployed population and increased fiscal pressure, both the federal and state governments have turned their attention to the cannabis industry - it has never been really banned anyway, and mosquitoes have meat no matter how small they are.. The debate on the harmfulness of marijuana is getting worse and worse. Academic debate on the addictive nature of marijuana has always existed. A scientific report from The Lancet shows that marijuana is less harmful and addictive than other drugs. In the medical field, marijuana can relieve patients' illness and is more safe.
6 Summary
If we roughly count from the rough calculation that the British colonists brought marijuana to the North American continent to cultivate in 1611, marijuana has a legal history in the United States for more than 300 years.
Only when we understand this can we fundamentally understand the contradictions and emotional tolerance of American society in cognitively about marijuana. Only by understanding the historical origins of the current "marijuana legalization" movement in the United States.
As the famous American sociologist Eric Good said:
The central question of marijuana is not who uses it, why, or what impact it has on the human body and mind, but how this kind of conflicting version of the basic impact can be maintained, and what perspectives are called to justify the use or limitations? In fact, the concept and classification of "drugs" is a social construction rather than a pharmacological concept.
may still be the author ignorant. Anyway, I can't find any clues related to "Chinese cigarettes" in the process of "legalization of marijuana" in the United States.Having written this article, I can only say to Zhang’s “strategy scholar” and his fans, please be careful!
Reference materials: Zhang Yongan's "Research on the Cannabis Policy in the Run Country"; Liu Yue, Bao Han "Research on the Legalization of Cannabis in the United States: The Game between the Federation and the State" Zhang Yeliang "Why Cannabis Legalization Spreads in the United States", etc.
If you like grassroots articles, please "follow, like, and forward"! Thanks! Maybe you can find more content you like on my homepage! (Specially emphasized: Recently, other self-media have found that they have reprinted my articles. Please be sure to indicate the original author, otherwise it will be considered infringement)
Recommended other articles from me:
Is the United States really declining?
The United States is still the biggest winner of "Russia's military operations against Ukraine"
Alexander Dukin: People who are known as the "monster" of Russia and Putin's "brain"
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