"Guizhou Xingzi"
"Tongzi Hai School" Past and Present
Article / Gu Yi Tian Ye
Source丨Guizhou Political Consultative Conference News
Guided Reading
1938 to 1946, the oldest institution of higher learning in China, the oldest institution in China. Located in Mawei Town, Fujian Province, the Naval Academy has been operating in Tongzi, Guizhou for 8 years. It is known as the "Tongzi Maritime Academy" in history. It has trained a large number of special talents in navigation, marine engineering and shipbuilding for the country and the nation. Eight years of short history has become the most precious and unforgettable page in the history of the Chinese Navy.
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On May 28, 2020, the reporter went to Tongzi County with the Provincial Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference, Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan and Overseas Chinese and Foreign Affairs Committee to investigate in Tongzi County. In this small county deep in the mountains of northern Guizhou, the reporter saw "a piece of sea"-Tongzi Hai School Exhibition Hall An ocean of photos on the inner wall. Gao Xianshen, Zhou Xianzhang, Ouyang Bao, Deng Zhaoxiang...The upright figure and Zhang Yingwu's face set off a huge wave in the reporter's heart... What kind of exhibition hall is this, why are there so many and the Republic of China Related photos of the navy are displayed here? And what kind of story is there?
It is understood that the Tongzi Sea School Exhibition Hall was built to commemorate the Republic of China Navy, which started school in Tongzi. In September 2002, the "Tongzi Sea School" site restoration preparation foundation was established in Tongzi, and the naval school was restored in the center of the county. The school is a three-story building with a combination of Chinese and Western styles, with cyan brick walls, red corridors, doors and windows. The naval school has been restored according to the old appearance of the year. It is divided into a main building with offices, teaching and dormitories, a dining room, and books. Affiliated places such as pavilions and playgrounds. Standing in the school site, time seems to be going backwards. It seems that the students of the Naval Academy more than 70 years ago, for the independence and freedom of the country, were sitting in a small building and studying hard in the era of war...
in the following After visiting and consulting a large number of historical materials, an extremely important page in the history of the Chinese Navy was gradually opened in the eyes of reporters-
Origin from
On July 7, 1937, the Japanese invaders suddenly launched an attack on Lugou Bridge. The Chinese defenders could not bear it and stood up to defend themselves, China The people's war of resistance against Japanese imperialist aggression has since fully begun.
During the entire Anti-Japanese War, there were many stories about the Chinese Army and Air Force, but few stories about the Chinese Navy. Then why are there rare records about the Chinese Navy? Mainly because the Chinese Navy was very weak at that time. On the eve of the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War, the Chinese Navy had 66 warships with a total displacement of 68,000 tons. At this time, the total displacement of the Japanese Navy reached more than 1.2 million tons, which has lost much in quantity and is far from quality.
The navy of the Republic of China at that time succeeded the navy of the Qing Dynasty. Most of the navy's cadets originated from China's first modern naval officer school, the Ship Administration School in Mawei, Fuzhou. The reporter has visited the Fuzhou Mawei Shipbuilding Cultural Theme Park. In the park, there are not only Zhongpo Fort, Zhaozhong Temple, Majiang Marine War Martyrs’ Tomb, Shengjiao Hospital, British Sub-Consulate and many other historical sites related to shipping administration, as well as the newly built large-scale Shipbuilding Group Sculpture, Shipbuilding Elite Pavilion, etc. Among them, the China Shipping Culture Museum is China’s first museum with shipping management as its theme. Through a large number of shipping cultural relics, historical photos, charts, wall carvings, etc., it shows three-dimensionally the birth and development of Chinese shipping The shipping culture with the main theme of "Serving the country with loyalty and self-improvement". A reporter from
learned in the museum:
At the end of 1866, the Maritime Administration's educational institution-Qiushitang Art Bureau recruited local children to enroll in school. At the beginning, there were three teaching sites: Baita Temple, Xianta Street and Yabelshun House The school officially opened on January 6, 1867, mainly teaching basic courses such as simple English and mathematics. In October of the same year, three teaching sites were moved to shipping administration. The students from the Abelshun teaching site were directly returned to the pre-shipping school to study engineering and manufacturing, and the students from the other two were relegated to the post-shipping school to learn about ships. Driving and naval knowledge, China's formalized modern naval education was born (born).
Post School of Shipping Administration has made outstanding achievements in educating talents and has cultivated and accumulated China's first batch of professional naval officers. When Li Hongzhang founded the Beiyang Navy, he borrowed his talents from Fujian Province.The middle and high-ranking officers of the Western Navy are almost all graduates of the Shipping School. The Shipping Administration School can be called the cradle of modern Chinese naval officers. After
entered the Republic of China, the Shipping Administration School was brought under the direct jurisdiction of the Admiralty in October 1913 and was renamed Fuzhou Naval Academy. In 1926, the Fuzhou Naval Manufacturing School, which evolved from the former Shipbuilding School, and the Fuzhou Naval Flying Diving School, a professional naval aviation school founded by the Republic of China Navy, were merged into the Fuzhou Naval Academy. After the victory of the Northern Expedition and the establishment of the Nanjing National Government, the Fuzhou Naval Academy was upgraded to a naval school in December 1931, becoming the only naval officer academy directly under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of the Navy.
wandered around in the Fuzhou Mawei Shipbuilding Cultural Theme Park, looking back at the grand occasion of the school and seeing today’s remains. After a hundred years of wind and rain and vicissitudes of change, the elites of that year have long since passed away. Mawei Shipbuilding has gradually evolved into Mawei Shipyard and Fujian Shipyard. The political school and shipping site, but the pioneering, enterprising, entrepreneurial and innovative spirit of shipping culture is like a century-old tree in the mountains, despite the vicissitudes of life, it is still thriving.
bloody battle
According to relevant information, the Songhu War of Resistance broke out in 1937. On September 22, the main force of the Japanese Third Fleet came out. With the huge superior force of 10 warships and 300 aircraft, it encircled and suppressed the Chinese navy guarding the Jiangyin waterway. military. In the fierce battle, the 3,000-ton cruiser "Pinghai", the flagship of the Chinese Navy’s First Fleet, was attacked by more than 80 bombers in four consecutive waves. The "Pinghai" was seriously damaged and almost capsized. , The ship was not sunk due to the efforts of the naval mechanics and all officers and soldiers.
On September 23, the Japanese naval air force once again rushed out to bombard the Chinese navy without any cover. The "Pinghai" was eventually seriously injured, the river rushed in, and the warship tilted more than 30 degrees. Seeing that the battleship could not be driven, the officers and soldiers still desperately rescued all the shells, and ran aground the ship towards the river bank, and then took advantage of the night to remove all the guns and important instruments. After the "Pinghai" ship sank, the commander of the fleet, Lieutenant General Chen Jiliang, transferred to the "Yixian" ship and raised the commander flag on the "Yixian" ship.
On September 25, the Japanese naval air force shifted the focus of its attack to the "Yixian" ship. Because the tonnage and firepower of the "Yixian" ship is not as good as that of the "Pinghai" ship, although the officers and soldiers on the ship fought to death, after only an hour of fierce battle, the "Yixian" ship was already covered with scars, and eventually sank due to the bombing of its cabin. . The Minister of the Navy Chen went to the front at any time to inspect the defense and instruct the appropriate aircraft. ...... Since the enemy is trying our best, the Japanese sent enemy planes to press against our fleet, hoping to break the blockade. The ships fought valiantly, and the fleet's anti-aircraft guns formed an air defense net for the entire Jiangyin blockade. They had to deal with the enemy planes for three to forty days, and the enemy soldiers failed to succeed. …I was serving two ships "Pinghai" and "Ying Rui" were injured. "Pinghai" captain Gao Xianshen was commanding the war. The bullet hit his waist and suffered severe injuries. The anti-aircraft artillery commanded trainees Meng Hanlin and Gao Changqu to continue the shelling and fired by himself. , Despite their defiance, were bombed and killed, making the first heroic sacrifice in the naval war of resistance, and the rest of the soldiers suffered heavy casualties. (Excerpts from the Chronicle of the Nationalist Government’s Naval War of Resistance, China’s Second Historical Archives)
In order to defend the Jiangyin waterway, the Minister of the Navy Chen Shaokan hurriedly ordered the Second Fleet to increase its support rapidly. However, the destroyer "Health", the battleship of the reinforcement fleet, was bombarded by 11 Japanese planes as soon as it approached the surface of Jiangyin. Although several enemy planes were shot down, but due to being outnumbered, the "healthy" ship was shot and slowly sank. The captain, Lieutenant Colonel Qi Cuiying, and all the officers and men were killed. Even with such a disparity in power, the Chinese Navy still persisted for more than a month, gaining enough time for the screen guarding of Nanjing and the subsequent defense of Wuhan.
When the reporter looked up the information, he saw two copies of "Digest-Wartime Xuankan" published on October 8, 1937. No. 1 and No. 2 respectively reproduced Mr. Tian Han's article "Recently" published by "Salvation Daily". The enemy ship "Nagato" that came to Shanghai "How to destroy the Izumo Ship". In the article, Tian Han knew well about the structure and weaknesses of the Izumo, which made Chen Shaokan, then the Minister of the Nationalist Government's Navy, "surprised and admired inexplicably, so he sent a telegram to pay tribute to him and asked him to continue his naval career in China. Express your opinion".
After the Battle of Songhu broke out, not only did many cultural celebrities like Tian Han actively contribute to the war of resistance, many data show that all walks of life in Shanghai are the same enemies and support the frontline resistance in various ways.. The press was even more active in shouting for the War of Resistance. During the Songhu Battle, major newspapers such as "Shen Bao" and "Ta Kung Pao" fulfilled their missions and vigorously supported the War of Resistance, the labor force, the solicitation of national debt, donations, and shelter and repatriation of refugees.
西 relocation
From May 31 to June 1, 1938, a large number of Japanese aircraft took turns to carry out raids and damage to the blocked line at the Minjiang Estuary. The Xiamen Port Command was unable to resist, and the navy stationed in Xiamen was withdrawn to Mawei and merged with the Mawei Port Command. If Xiamen is lost, Fuzhou cannot be guaranteed. In this situation, the Mawei Navy began to move westward.
In May 1938, the teachers and students of the Naval Academy arrived in Xiangtan, Hunan by boat and car in batches, and continued their teaching at Li Liuran Hall in Xiangtan.
On July 18, 1938, Zhou Xianzhang, director of naval training, and Ouyang Bao, instructor, were ordered to Guizhou to find a new naval school site. They searched for houses in Guiyang, Qingzhen, Anshun and other counties. Finally, I found Tongzi. Although the city of Tongzi County is small and small, the place is clean and quiet. It is the middle station of the Sichuan-Guizhou Highway. It is one day away from Guiyang and Chongqing. There is a notification letter for the relocation of the school site in the exhibition hall of
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Ouyang Bao and Zhou Xianzhang were ordered to find the school’s internal relocation notification letter
Minister Jun Jian: The post of
will arrive in Guizhou on July 18. Looking for houses in Anshun, Qingzhen, Guiyang and other counties. However, due to the fact that Guiyang has moved from other places, there has been a large number of people who have no room to rent. It is found that there is a temple on the top of Chaofeng Mountain in Zhenzhen, which is not applicable due to too few houses and inconvenient drinking water. Although Anshun is a prosperous area, there are still houses to rent, but the environment is too bad for training and it is difficult to choose. Finally, even Tongzi, this is the central station of the Sichuan-Guizhou Highway, which is a one-day journey from Guiyang and Chongqing. The market in Tongdi is small and shopping is not easy, but the place is quiet and the standard of living is low. The rented house (rental 450 yuan per year) is the Jin's Festival Xiaoshi Temple, with three floors in the middle and two floors on both sides. …Fortunately, there will be a part of the house that can be used for occupants in one or two weeks, and there will be no problems when it comes. Not far from the school site, there is a public stadium that can be used for training. There is no bank in Tongdi. Previously, we negotiated with the Shanghai Commercial Savings Bank office in Guiyang. If there is a remittance to the school in the future, the bank can entrust the rural cooperative vault to transfer the remittance to Tong, but the remittance must be determined as a necessary condition. If feasible, formal contact will be made after the school moves. The detailed accounts for repairs and additions will be submitted immediately after the completion of the project.
Jun view, piously knock on Zong’an!
Ouyang Bao Tong Jin on the job week charter
August 21 (1938)
It can be seen from the Ouyang Bao Zhou charter letter that everyone in Hai School was looking for a new school site. The hard work and effort.
In October 1938, after the Naval Academy was on standby in Xiangtan for three months, the whole school moved to Jinjialou in Tongzi, Guizhou. The Jinjialou is a three-story building with a brick-wood structure, with the main house in the middle, and two eared buildings on both sides. The front is upright. In the 1930s and 1940s, it was the highest and best building in the county. Without the airstrike from the Japanese plane, the students were able to study at ease. Tongzi is located in a remote area. Although prices have not fluctuated after more than a year of the war, the food cost of nine yuan per month is very sufficient. After school entertainment, student Xie Zengkeng raises pigeons. Hai school students feed the homing pigeons in Tongzi, giving Tongzi a start. Before the sea school came, the pigeons were fed very little. When the sea school came, the people in Tongzi began to learn to raise pigeons. The local children just watched the sea school to release pigeons. Student Yang Fuding wrote a poem that chronicles the trivial matters in the flames:
moved to Qianjinjialou. "When you hit the smoke, you are in danger and virtuous. Xiange still hasn't stopped, and the fire is not the same. Spring is warm and beautiful. The world raises pigeons for a long time. I teach to go to the lake and the sea, and there are buildings and boats. "Z2z
study hard
Tongzi Naval Academy has very strict requirements for students. It has more than 300 classes a year. There are no winter and summer vacations. Those who fail the exams will be eliminated, which violates discipline. When expelled, the teaching style and school spirit are very strict. In such an environment, the students of the sea school have consciously formed a diligent, hardworking, rigorous, and practical style. The principal of
is Li Mengbin first, and then Gao Xianshen. The director of training and education was Zhou Xianzhang and Deng Zhaoxiang successively, and the instructors included Chen Chenghui, Li Ketong, Ouyang Bao, Chen Jiazhen, Zhou Botao, Gao Rufeng, Yang Xitao (supervisor), Liu Ronglin, etc.
students go to class during the day and study hard in the classroom at night under the dim lights. Even in the severe winter with snow, everyone still washes their faces with cold water. Due to the limited school playground, studentsWe all went to the Tongzi Stadium to exercise. Play football, race, throw discus, iron ball. Swimming is in the Tongzi Creek, where there is a deeper pool where you learn to dive. Basketball, volleyball, high jump, long jump, triple jump, horizontal bars, and parallel bars are generally performed on the school playground. Most military exercises are also performed on the internal playground, with a few in the stadium. The
reporter saw that on the first floor of the exhibition hall, a student dormitory was restored. It was a simple wooden structure, but the internal affairs were very particular. The upper and lower wooden beds were covered with white sheets and the quilts were arranged angularly. According to the memoirs of the students of the sea school, the dormitories, dining halls, and libraries of the school were all simple wooden houses, but they were very particular about housekeeping. The white sheets were covered with four edges and corners using two flat plates issued by the school. The environment on the campus is very clean, with big slogans such as "Snow Armor no Shame", "Fighting Shame Education", "Strengthening Charts" and "The front line of national defense is on the enemy's coast".
In the difficult environment of the War of Resistance Against Japan, the Tongzi Naval Academy sent hundreds of junior naval commanders to the Anti-Japanese War. Many of the students who went out from the Tongzi Naval Academy participated in the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression and made great contributions and sacrifices.
The Hang 7 and Hang 8 Baozhen Teams of the Naval Academy are a combination of students from the Tongzi (Mawei) Naval Academy (seventh) and the (eighth) Navigation Class. In July 1941, the students from the Baozhen Team went to Hunan. The mine-laying team and the guerrilla team in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River performed well. They attacked several times and inflicted heavy losses on the enemy. In the second, third and fourth battles in Hubei, they planted thousands of mines and blocked the Hujiang, preventing Japanese ships from going upstream. , Made positive contributions to the victory of the second and third Hubei battles. The student Zhu Xingzhuang was shot and killed by the Japanese army when he was laying mines behind enemy lines in 1942. Student Gan Min was shot by the Japanese army while laying mines in the enemy area. He was shot in the throat. He went in and left. He didn't feel at the time. He ran forward until he vomited blood and fell to the ground. He was rescued by his teammates and sent to Jinhua Hospital. heal. The larynx was shot, and the organs, such as the tongue, trachea, and esophagus were not damaged, which is a miracle. Practitioner Li Yaohua was sent to serve in the mine-laying team in Yuanjiang, Hunan, but unfortunately died in the line of duty due to an explosion during mine clearance. [A brief history of the naval academy's Hang VII and Hang VIII (Baozhen team)]
after the victory of the War of Resistance Against Japan, all units of the Nationalist Government moved back to Nanjing one after another, the naval school was also ordered to move east. The teachers and students of the
Naval Academy arrived in Chongqing from Tongzi on the vehicles of the Chenxi Mine Institute and temporarily stationed at the site of the Shandong Naval Headquarters. In January 1947, the Naval Academy moved from Chongqing Cave to Qingdao, and merged with the Naval Officer School established in Shanghai at that time. The site was located in Qingdao. The history of the Naval Academy has thus come to an end. The
naval academy has run 12 sessions (classes) in the eight years since it was run in Tongzi. More than 290 people have studied here. In response to the call of the Communist Party of China to establish an anti-Japanese national united front, some of the naval academy’s teachers and students left the school voluntarily. Go to the Anti-Japanese Front Line or to Yan'an, the holy place of revolution, and embark on the revolutionary road.
On February 25, 1949, Deng Zhaoxiang, the captain of the largest cruiser Chongqing of the Republic of China, and Liu Ronglin, the deputy captain, led an uprising with 574 officers and soldiers. On April 23, 1949, Lin Zun (Captain of the Baozhen Squadron of the Naval Academy and Commander of the Second Coastal Defence Fleet) led 9 warships, 21 small boats, and 1,271 officers and soldiers. He decided to "not leave" on the surface of the Badoushan River in Nanjing and went to Xinxin regime. On May 1, 1949, Guo Chengsen, deputy captain of the "Changzhi" [Mawei (Tongzi) Naval Academy, graduate of the eighth driving course, was selected by the Kuomintang naval authorities to study in the United Kingdom and the United States in 1943. After completing his major, he and The other 19 Chinese naval officers were sent by the British to various fleets to participate in war practice on the European battlefield, and participated in the "World War II" Atlantic Battle and the Normandy Landing Campaign. Under the instigation of 】, his student, "Yongxing" navigator Chen Wanbang, led some officers and soldiers to suddenly launch the "Yongxing" uprising on the Yangtze River Liuhekou. However, due to lack of experience and lack of vigilance, he was resisted by anti-insurgent groups on the way to the liberated area. After a bloody struggle, Chen Wanbang sacrificed. After the 7 main insurgents shot the last bullet, they were forced to retreat to the telecom room and resolutely refused to surrender. Until the warship arrived in Shanghai, the Kuomintang authorities cruelly injected poison gas into the cabin, killing the uprising warriors alive. This was the "'Yongxing' ship uprising incident" that shocked the country.
Guo Chengsen evacuated the "Changzhi" ship under the cover of the underground party until the liberation of Shanghai...
结 yu
Jinjialou todayThere is no longer the old dilapidated old, neat streets at the door, and a lot of shops, all silently showing the prosperity and vitality of today's society; the rebuilt and reconstructed small buildings, the unique architectural style and the houses clustered around her are comparable to each other. . Standing in front of the corridor on the third floor, the reporter seemed to be a sea school student and boarded the command deck of the warship. The scenery in front of him and the mountains in the distance faded away. What appeared before him was a vast ocean. Fighting with the enemy on the warships, blood is spilled on the ocean...
statement
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