Editor's note: If the seed industry is strong, the fishery will flourish. The report of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China pointed out that it is necessary to accelerate the construction of an agricultural power and implement the seed industry revitalization action in depth. On the occasion of the opening of the third China Aquatic Seed Industry Expo, Southern Rural News specially launched a special tour on the revitalization of the aquatic seed industry, sorting out the seed industry development and changes of my country's representative varieties, and exploring their characteristic development paths, in order to provide more thinking and reference for the high-quality development of fishery .
From rare and expensive food to dining tables in thousands of households; from "small body and expensive meat" to one of the most representative aquatic products in China. The path that the prawn industry has taken is just like the struggle and struggle of China's aquatic industry for decades.
In order to cultivate a good shrimp seedling, countless practitioners have worked hard and sweat from the 1950s to the present. Driven by the continuous upgrading of the seed industry, the shrimp industry has grown from nothing to something, from small to large, and has grown into a brilliant world-class industry.
A shrimp creates a world-class industry. Data picture
At present, China's shrimp industry has initially entered the era of intensive and standardization, leading the direction of China's aquatic industry with an efficient and environmentally friendly green production model. At the same time, the transformation and breaking of the shrimp seed industry have also become the focus of China's aquatic seed industry revitalization. In December 2022, the third China Aquatic Seed Industry Expo will be held soon, bringing together the wisdom of the entire industry to analyze and judge the future trend, and will also propose the latest development strategy for the shrimp seed industry.
Started in the 1950s
Creating the glory of China's shrimp industry
China's shrimp seedling breeding business originated in the 1950s. In 1959, scholars such as Zhao Fazhen cultivated the first batch of artificially bred shrimp (Chinese shrimp) seedlings in China. By 1960, through the joint efforts of many institutions such as , , and other institutions, a complete set of artificial seedling cultivation methods were launched. At that time, the survival rate of young shrimps reached more than 90%, or even 100%, which created basic conditions for large-scale artificial cultivation of shrimp in my country.
At that time, shrimp was a very rare and expensive food. The "Shrimp Breeding Knowledge" published in 1960 recorded that a ton of fresh shrimp could be exchanged for more than ten tons of steel. Cultivating shrimp was one of the causes that supported the country's construction and development. Since then, in order to promote more shrimp farming, the industry has been working hard to advance into large-scale artificial seedling cultivation technology.
In 1980, the State Administration of Fisheries 1 issued the "Research on Shrimp Factory Seedling Technology" national key project, which was undertaken by the Huanghai Fisheries Research Institute of the State Administration of Fisheries, the Institute of Marine Research of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Shandong Ocean University, and the Shandong Maritime Aquaculture Research Institute. This technology has formulated the operating procedures for planted shrimps and has been fully promoted and applied in coastal provinces and cities across the country, making China the country with the highest amount of artificial seedlings for marine aquatic animals in the world. The advancement of
seedling cultivation technology has effectively promoted China's shrimp farming industry and quickly became the pillar industry of China's seawater farming. With this promotion, the national shrimp farming output soared from 450 tons in 1978 to more than 220,000 tons in 1991. Since then, shrimp seedlings can be produced in a high-efficiency, stable, and planned large-scale mass production fundamentally changed the situation of China's long-term reliance on fishing natural shrimp seedlings, making China the world's largest shrimp farming country with the highest artificial shrimp cultivation and breeding output.
At present, shrimp farming has spread all over my country's coastal areas, helping countless farmers get rich.
Since the 1990s, white spot syndrome that harms shrimp farming around the world has become popular on a large scale, and the shrimp farming production has dropped sharply. Traditional Chinese farmed shrimps - Chinese prawns, squid shrimps , Japanese prawns , long-haired prawns , and Moji prawns all suffered severe blows. Since 1993, the national output has been less than 100,000 tons for several consecutive years, with direct economic losses of more than 10 billion yuan. It was at this node that South American white shrimp (hereinafter referred to as "white shrimp"), which was resistant to white spot virus, began to appear and gradually reached its peak, which also led to the second wave of seawater aquaculture in China. According to the "China Fisheries Statistical Yearbook", by 2021, China's annual production of white shrimps has reached nearly 2 million tons, accounting for more than 40% of the world's white shrimp production.
species industry promotes the vigorous development of shrimp farming
The "bottleneck" among aquatic products is the most prominent in
In 1988, Zhang Weiquan, a researcher at the Institute of Oceanography of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, introduced white shrimp from the United States and broke through the difficulty of artificial insemination of white shrimp in 1989. However, until the 1990s, the key technologies for industrialized seedling cultivation of white shrimps at home and abroad were unable to overcome the key technologies for industrialized seedling cultivation of white shrimps for a long time.
In 1999, Zhang Naiyu, a researcher at the Institute of Oceanography of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, transported the white shrimps to Hainan. After hard research, he overcame many difficulties and finally successfully achieved industrialized white shrimp seedling cultivation in 2000. The project won the second prize of the National Science and Technology Progress Award, which played a key role in saving the shrimp farming industry plagued by diseases. Subsequently, with the joint efforts of the industry, a number of technologies such as white shrimp resistance, high-density breeding, intensive breeding and disease prevention, freshwater breeding, and parent shrimp seed protection were gradually completed. In 2001, my country's shrimp production returned to the world's first place. In 2004, China's white shrimp production accounted for more than half of the world, thus starting the glorious journey of China's shrimp industry in nearly 20 years.
Entering the 21st century, China's shrimp seedling industry has flourished, and a large number of enterprises have appeared in Hainan, Guangdong, Fujian and Guangxi provinces. At this time, the white prawn industry was growing in an almost barbaric state. There were expensive generation of brand shrimp fryings, as well as "earth-cannon" shrimp fryings with various origins. The price per 10,000 shrimp fryings ranged from a few dozen to a few hundred yuan, which can be said to be a mixture of fish and dragons.
Driven by high-quality shrimp seedlings, the shrimp farming industry has developed rapidly.
While the industry is booming rapidly, the advantages of high-quality shrimp fry are gradually emerging. The most typical of them is the shrimp fry from Thailand. From the beginning of this century to around 2016, the shrimp fry became the ceiling of the Chinese shrimp fry industry at that time with its absolute advantage, and it can even be sold in bundled feed for shrimp fry. During that period, the American SIS company also dominated the Chinese market. As a shrimp brand that entered China earlier, it occupied 90% of the shrimp market in China at its peak, controlling the source of most shrimp seedling companies in China.
For a considerable period, most domestic companies that make first-generation shrimps have used foreign shrimps as their source of production. In the map of Chinese white shrimps, they are also occupied by Thailand's Charoenix and the United States SIS. On the other hand, the competition between these two major companies has also promoted the development of high-quality shrimps. The market has expanded from South China to the north and inland, with increasing influence, and shrimp farmers' awareness of breeding of good varieties has also been continuously improving.
white prawns are introduced varieties. China lacks enough natural groups. In addition, many reasons such as late research and weak foundation have led to the emergence of new white prawns with independent intellectual property rights in my country since 2010, both quality and output are far from competing with foreign brands. The phenomenon of "bottleneck" in germplasm resource is becoming more and more obvious. Between 2012 and 2014, Zhanjiang Shrimp Seed Association negotiated shrimp prices and quality issues with SIS many times, and wrote articles twice in 2013 and 2014 for reporting. During the many negotiations, although it is difficult for us to substantially influence foreign companies, it demonstrates the power of the organization and conveys positive energy to the whole society to unite seed industry.
At present, white shrimp is still one of the most severely restricted species in aquaculture in my country. By 2021, China's annual output of white shrimp seedlings will be nearly 1.28 trillion yuan. According to Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs , the National Shrimp and Crab Industry Technology System and other data, about 70% of my country's high-quality white shrimp shrimp resources rely on imports, and the import value reached more than 100 million US dollars in 2020 alone. The best-quality shrimps are still controlled in the hands of a few companies in the United States and Thailand. There is still a big gap in the performance of my country's independent breeding shrimps and imported shrimps.
A high-level pond in a coastal area in Hainan, the yield per mu of shrimp farming can exceed 10,000 kilograms.
From following to running
China's shrimp seed industry accelerated its breakthrough
In 2021, the " seed industry revitalization action plan " was released. This is a milestone event in the development of my country's seed industry since the new era.
As early as 2003, the National 863 Plan "Seawater Aquaculture Seed Project" started the exploration of the white shrimp seed industry. The project Southern base was built in Hengxing, Guangdong, and a new variety "Zhongxing No. 1" was cultivated. It is one of the first batch of white shrimp varieties with independent intellectual property rights in my country.
In recent years, the development of the aquatic seed industry has accelerated significantly, and more and more new varieties have been launched, and the transformation and quality improvement of the white shrimp seed industry is also accelerating. Haimao Seed Technology Group Co., Ltd. has joined hands with other domestic companies to acquire the American Primo shrimp planting company, setting a precedent for Chinese companies to acquire foreign shrimp planting resources for the first time. Subsequently, Haimao was the first in the industry to promote high-resistance shrimp seedlings on a large scale, opening up a new direction for Chinese white shrimp breeding research.
In 2017, Bangpu Seed Technology Co., Ltd., the first white shrimp joint breeding platform in China, was established. The company is organized and implemented by National Aquatic Product Technology Promotion Station . With the Huanghai Aquatic Products Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Fisheries Sciences as technical support, it has joined hands with leading enterprises in the industry such as Hengxing , Haida , and Haimao to gather strength to solve the problem of "bottleneck" of white shrimp germplasm resources.
In 2021, Haixing Agriculture Group Co., Ltd. sold more than 35 billion shrimp seedlings, becoming the single brand shrimp seedlings with the largest sales volume in China.
In 2022, the three new white shrimp varieties of "Bohai No. 1", "Haimao No. 1" and "Haixingnong No. 3" passed the approval. There are 12 new white shrimp varieties in my country, and the number of shrimp families has gradually increased, and the seed source reserves have been further enriched.
my country's first white shrimp species to adapt to the high salinity seawater aquaculture environment "Bohai No. 1". Data picture
Currently, from the perspective of the overall aquatic seed industry, my country has achieved a leading position from following to side by side, and the echelon of leading enterprises has been initially formed. In the white shrimp seed industry, a group of seed companies with independent intellectual property rights (with core technologies and high-quality seedling products) stood out. Under its leadership, the entire Chinese shrimp seed industry has vigorously developed new breeding and production technologies based on the characteristics of its own market, and the overall level continues to improve.
At present, China is the world's largest shrimp breeding and consumer of shrimp. With the progress of the times, the shrimp seedling industry is more segmented. Domestic companies are constantly developing shrimp seedlings with better adaptability and safer breeding. Faced with the gradual improvement of competitiveness of foreign brands, we believe that in the near future, China's shrimp seed industry will not only solve the "bottleneck" problem, but also win and become the main force of the world's shrimp seed industry.
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