After the founding of New China, my country has stepped up its national defense construction. There is an artillery that has gone through Zhenbao Island and shelled Kinmen. It has a great counterattack against Vietnam.
6 85mm cannon
For a long time, our army's artillery system imitated the "artilleryism" idea of the former Soviet Union and emphasized the concentrated use of artillery. large-caliber artillery is mainly concentrated in the reserve artillery division and military artillery regiments under the military region. The firepower of the artillery troops under the infantry division as the basic combat unit is not strong.
It was not until the reform of the synthesis of the troops in 1985 that there was any change.
Before 1985, the equipment of the ordinary infantry division's artillery regiment was relatively simple, and the cannon was responsible for anti-tank tasks.
In the 1950s, China had just experienced Resist U.S. aggression and aid Korea . We deeply realize how big the gap is for our country.
Therefore, we have purchased from the Soviet Union many times in a row and are actively seeking the localization of modern weapons.
Among them, ground artillery is a key project for technology introduction.
Soviet ZIS-3 type 76mm cannon is a medium caliber cannon introduced by my country. After the introduction, it was also domestically produced and later established as a Type 54 76mm cannon.
54 76mm cannon was used as the division's artillery firepower equipment division's artillery battalion, which was basically the same as the Soviet army's organization.
Although we equipped the Type 54 76mm cannon, we also found some problems during use.
Because although it is light and easy to operate, the design of is relatively old after all, is already a weapon equipped in during the period in World War II.
is not advanced enough in terms of range, power and anti-armor capability, and cannot meet the needs of modern combat.
Therefore, introducing new models of field cannons has become the top priority for the update of my country's national defense and military equipment.
Soon, my country introduced the Su-215-3 type cannon replacement product - D-44 type 85mm cannon. After the domestic production and shaping, the cannon was named the 1956 type 85mm cannon, replacing the already old Type 54 76mm cannon. After the
56 type 85mm cannon is finalized and mass-produced, it is equipped in the Agricultural Cannon Battalion of the Artillery Regiment of the People's Liberation Army Infantry Division.
Take the relatively typical artillery organization of the Army Infantry Division in the late 1970s as an example. At that time, each infantry division was under an artillery regiment and had two 122mm howitzer battalions.
Each battalion has three four artillery companies, equipped with
can be seen. Type 56 85mm cannon was the only cannon equipped by the division's artillery. It was also the main force of the infantry division directly under the anti-tank cannon , which was responsible for very important combat tasks.
. At the military level, there is a 152mm howitzer battalion under the military artillery regiment, equipped with 12 Type 66 152mm howitzer: a 122mm cannon battalion, equipped with 12
In the first-class artillery of the army, the Type 56 85mm cannon also accounts for a considerable proportion, and it assumes the role of the anti-tank reserve team.
In the 1960s and 1970s, the PLA Army's army was quite large in scale, so it can be imagined that the 56-type 85mm cannon was equipped with a wide range of equipment.
After the shelling of Kinmen on August 23, 1958, the anti-tank artillery company changed from 4 doors to 6 doors.
Each regiment has 24 anti- tank guns.
With the significant increase in the number of 85 pluses, the anti-tank capabilities of the PLA artillery have made rapid progress.
85 plus production plan in 1959 alone was 500 doors.
1962 Anti-tank gunners began to use 85 plus as their main equipment.
A division consists of 1 57 anti-tank gun regiment and 2 85 gun regiments.
The anti-tank artillery battalion in the military artillery regiment has more types of equipment, including 57 defense, 76 plus and 85 plus.
But at this time, 57 defense and 76 plus began to retire from active service.
The latter became the heavy equipment of the militia.
1969 Zhenbao Island Incident , the People's Liberation Army's anti-tank artillery division only organized 3 85-cannon artillery regiments, with 2 battalions of each regiment, 3 companies of each battalion, and 6 85-cannon artillery regiments.
A anti-tank gunner has a total of 85 plus 108 gates.
1961, 247 state-owned factories mainly produce 85 plus production, with a total of 9,557 people and 1,201 machines and equipment.
1972, 85 plus entered the stage of production suspension, and output decreased year by year.
State-owned 247 factory is already developing its alternative products, 100mm smoothbore gun . The power of a cannon like
is greater than 85 plus.
In 1976, the anti-tank artillery division was abolished, and the major military regions retained several independent anti-tank regiments, each regiment had 3 battalions and 9 companies, with a total of 85 plus 54 gates.
73 100mm smoothbore gun began to be tried in the army, and the anti-tank artillery battalions in the military artillery regiments and division artillery regiments began to be replaced in large quantities of 85 plus.
At that time, the 85-game was the only cannon of the artillery unit of the infantry division, and it was also its main anti-tank equipment, and it undertakes very important combat tasks.
And among the first-class artillery of the army, 85 plus also accounts for a considerable proportion, and assumes the role of anti-tank reserve team.
With the Type 73 100mm low-combusted smoothbore gun and Type 86 100mm high-combusted smoothbore gun, Red Arrow 73 Anti-tank missile has been successively equipped with troops, and 85G gradually retired from the front-line army troops.
Its partially intact artillery mandates the artillery units of the local garrison division.
In the militia, this kind of artillery also replaces 76 plus as the main equipment.
performed well in three battles
1958 "Eight 23" Kinmen Cannon Battle is also the first time that the domestic 56-year 85mm cannon participated in the actual combat.
In the artillery battle, our army concentrated 598 artillery pieces and shelled Kinmen from multiple directions.
In fact, 85 added in terms of power and range are not considered the best weapons in the cannons involved in the war.
In terms of the killing effect of enemy fortifications, 85 plus is only slightly stronger than 76.2 plus, which is not the same as heavy artillery such as 160 force, 130 plus, 152 plus, etc. The first advantage of
85 plus is that it has a low line of fire, which is convenient for concealed combat, accurate direct aiming and shooting, and also has considerable effect on enemy ships shooting.
Secondly, the 85-plus fire rate is higher, the burst rate can reach 20 rounds per minute, and 50 rounds of shells are allowed to be fired within 10 minutes. At that time, our army's artillery above 122 mm cannons could only fire no more than 35 rounds of shells within 10 minutes, and the 160-plus fire rate is only 18 rounds per minute.
Kingmen and Xiamen are only one water away, and the distance between the two places is less than 10 kilometers.
Our army deployed 85,000 troops and two artillery units with a total of 31st battalions on Xiamen Island , equipped with 380 ground guns with caliber or above 75 mm, anti-aircraft guns
Therefore, our army in advance ambushed several 85 artillery battalions on the large island near Kinmen (less than 9,000 meters away from Kinmen), which were used to shell the enemy's command posts, block the docks, airports and cut off the enemy's maritime transportation lines.
According to the recalls of the participants at that time, the 85-plus position located in Dalianyangtang Village was an open area near the beach, lacking terrain and landscaping, so the troops first needed to build fortifications.
It rained almost every day in Xiamen in July, and the newly dug sand pit was filled with mud and water in a blink of an eye.
In response to these unfavorable situations, our army commanders and soldiers worked hard in light rain, and they worked hard in heavy rain. They often had soldiers suddenly fall asleep while standing and lying in the mud and water.
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On the one hand, our army maintains concealment and restraint, resolutely not expose its strength, and further strengthens the fortifications on the other hand.
On July 28, Liu Peishan, deputy political commissar of Fujian Military Region, and Zhang Yixiang, deputy commander of the military region, led the deputy commander of the military region artillery, and waited for the Lianhe artillery group to inspect the Lianhe artillery group that was pre-expanded by our army. They found that some positions could not resist the direct fire of 155 howitzers, and immediately asked all departments to further strengthen the structural efforts to ensure that the fortifications were not destroyed when they were directly bombed.
htmlOn August 3, the enemy troops in Kinmen suddenly opened fire on Dahao Island, Maicheng and other places, causing more than 20 innocent people to be injured and killed. The officers and soldiers of our army participated in the war were filled with righteous indignation and demanded that the fire be opened as soon as possible to strike the enemy's arrogance.From August 23, from Zhenhai in the west to Weitou in the east, our army's two artillery groups that stretched for more than 200 kilometers were all ready.
7 at 17:30, Xiamen Gentingyan Command Post issued a fire order, and in an instant hundreds of shells flew toward Kinmen Island .
According to Sun Jizheng, deputy commander of the Fujian Military Region artillery, the "first" fired in the artillery battle was 85. It turned out that an 85-game deployed on Daxing Island accidentally fired during loading, and fired 5 seconds earlier than the scheduled firing time and command command of the command.
But the fire accident did not affect the power of the 85. The port and airport of the Liuluowan calibrated in advance were shrouded in smoke under the rapid shooting of our army.
Later I learned that I accurately hit the enemy's "Taisheng" transport ship in the first round of volleys and knocked it to the dock.
Due to continuous shooting, the 85-plus barrel was red.
Our army's sudden artillery bombardment destroyed six major artillery positions on Kinmen Island in one fell swoop, but the enemy still relied on its remaining combat power to launch a zero-aircraft attack on our army, with the main focus on the nearest Big Leech, Small Tremlin and Corner Islands.
Based on this, our army on Daha Island also adopted the flexible tactics of concentrated artillery battles during the day and guerrilla warfare at night.
During the day, the distance measurement of the airport and docks in Kinmen were carried out, and suddenly fired at night, making enemy planes afraid to take off and land day and night, ships could not enter the port, and even did not dare to load and unload and transport at night at will.
Due to the huge threat to the enemy, in mid-September, the Kuomintang army concentrated dozens of artillery pieces and thousands of shells to launch artillery attacks on our artillery positions in Yangtang, Shangcuo and other places for more than half an hour.
Although our army has built relatively strong fortifications in advance, facing the continuous shooting of the enemy's 155mm heavy artillery, the steel plate top covers of some fortifications were bent, but this has no effect on the 85 plus a huge deterrent effect on the enemy.
In the Zhenbao Island self-defense counterattack in March 1969, 85 plus and 75 were not together. As the main anti-tank weapon of our front-line troops, it fought a head-on battle with the most advanced armored force in the world at that time.
On March 2, the two sides had a firefight at border defense forces.
The Soviet army began to enter a state of combat readiness, and our army also began to mobilize infantry equipped with
And the two 85 overtime squads of a certain regiment of our artillery are hidden in the 209 highland of the river bank on our side of the Ussuri River, and are ready to reach the river bank through pre-digged traffic trenches to directly aim and shoot enemy armored targets.
At 8:02 on March 15, gunshots sounded again on Zhenbao Island. Our island guards were brave and tenacious, flexibly responded to the battle, and used infantry anti-tank weapons to repel two enemy joint attacks in four hours.
At 13:55, the enemy suffered continuous setbacks and many tanks and armored vehicles were destroyed and injured, and they violently bombarded the river bank on our side and various important targets within a depth of 7 kilometers behind us with large-caliber artillery, and sent air troops to attack our army.
At the same time, tanks and armored vehicles were gathered again to launch an attack on our island guarding troops.
14:00, our commander will be sentenced to the judgment based on the enemy's firepower and mobilization situation. The new enemy will inevitably launch a large-scale counterattack and decisively decided to transfer 85 to join the war.
I 85 Overtime shifts After a brief political mobilization, I quickly advanced to the 209 Highland at 14:20, led by the instructor and deputy company commander.
209 Although the highland can overlook Zhenbao Island, the trees are high and dense, and it is not suitable for direct aiming cannons to promote firepower.
In order to more advantageously support the island guarding troops, our army arranged the 85-plus position near the relatively open highway.
Because our artillery found that it was difficult to effectively destroy the enemy's new tanks from the front in the previous battle; both squads selected the target as the enemy armored vehicle .
After a while, the enemy's pilot vehicle was hit by our shells and caught fire.
At that time, because of trees blocking, Ships 4 and Ships 6 were unable to gather fires, so we changed our target and concentrated on firing at the rear of the enemy's car body, and beat them to paralyze in one fell swoop.
After the paralysis, the target could not move, and we fired four more bombs in a row, completely destroying the enemy's armored vehicles.
Because several enemy armored vehicles were shot and caught fire, it was difficult to observe visually in the smoke, so we changed to a rapid shooting of the enemy armored vehicles group.
Under the joint attack of our island guarding troops and the 85-plus troops, the enemy no longer dares to blindly impact simply by relying on their number and equipment advantages.
85 Overtime squad uses the gap between the enemy's temporary stop attack to check the artillery and replenish ammunition.
As expected, the enemy tank was actually covered by a shallow ditch, approaching near my position little by little, and suddenly opened fire on our army.
Our army's two squads gathered fire, aimed at the weak side of the enemy tank and shot fiercely, and beat him to paralyze him in one fell swoop.
Then another armored vehicle drove out of the woods. Six squads with quick eyes and quick hands shot continuously. Two of the five shells hit the rear of the vehicle body, and the enemy armored vehicle fled in panic.
While my two 85-squads of artillery squads approached for support, our army's artillery 85-squads arranged on the river bank concentrated on the 85-squads of multiple battalions to strike the enemy's follow-up troops and artillery positions near the river bank.
This battle I 85 plus consumed more than 1,500 rounds of ammunition. In just over an hour of battle, the two squads in the 209 Highlands achieved major results in destroying one tank, four armored vehicles, and two armored vehicles.
Compared with the battle of Zhenbao Island, in the 1979 self-defense counterattack against Vietnam, the main targets of our army's 85-partnered attacks were enemy artillery positions and fortifications.
As the most accurate direct aiming firepower of the front-line troops at that time, 85 plus plays a hidden and precise feature in combat, it boldly arranged forward and played an amazing effect in supporting infantry operations.
According to the recalls of the officers and soldiers participating in the war, the Vietnamese army built an ant-hole-like fortification system on Xiao Cao and the high ground on both sides.
On the high grounds of No. 45 to 48, the Vietnamese army arranged recoilless cannons , mortars and anti-aircraft machine guns positions, trenches and firepower points on the front of the defense zone and near the highways, and even castles in private houses and banana forests.
The Vietnamese army clamored that with its "impure" fortifications, our army could make a regiment suffer casualties.
Faced with the arrogance of the Vietnamese army, our army was determined to use small forces to penetrate the Vietnamese highlands No. 1, 2, 3 and 20 with small forces, control key points of defense, cut off the connection between Banfei and Old Street, and ensure that our main force in the Xiaocao area make a comprehensive breakthrough and eliminate Banfei and Old Street enemies along Highway 7.
Equipment 85 plus I was ordered to be assigned to a certain infantry regiment to participate in the battle. It was first responsible for supporting the first and sixth companies of the infantry to capture and hold highlands 1, 2 and 20. After that, the main force of the regiment broke through the Xiao Cao enemy's defense line with direct aiming and shooting, and covered the Zhouqiao team to build a bridge on the Nanxi River.
The morale of the Vietnamese army dropped sharply under the coordinated attack of our infantry and artillery, and began to use trenches to play hide-and-seek with our army, trying to avoid us from shooting at 85 plus straight aim.
The Eighth Company of the Cannon changed straight aiming to follow-up aiming shooting, and ordered the third squad to load ammunition in advance. After the enemy on the high ground of
22 attacked me and fired me on the left side of the trench, he moved to the right side. When my third squad of artillery was waiting for the enemy's body and machine gun to poke out of the trench, he suddenly opened fire. The shells fell into the enemy group and blew the enemy up to the point of flesh and blood. Two machine guns were also destroyed.
With the accurate fire support of our artillery, our infantry companies 8th and 9th successfully captured Highland No. 22.
16:30, our Zhouqiao team began to build bridges on the Nanxi River.
The Vietnamese army used the cover of postal and telecommunications stations and banana forests to shoot at our army.
Under the command of the company commander, our eighth artillery company fired 30 shells continuously at the enemy fire point less than 250 meters away from our artillery position, destroying 2 enemy fire points, 3 castles, 6 hidden fortifications, and 1 enemy machine gun.
Infantry finally successfully seized Xiao Cao and the nearby commanding heights.
In this battle, our eighth artillery company successfully supported the main force to break through Xiao Cao, and there were no casualties under the enemy artillery fire.
After the war, the Party Committee of the Army specially recorded the collective first-class merit for the Eighth Company of Cannon .
As a heroic force that won the honorable title of "A hundred shots" in the War of Liberation, this unit boldly arranged 85 pluses on a position only 200 meters or even 150 meters away from the enemy's frontier in the war against Vietnam, making the first shot and making military achievements.
heroes of the defense nation
In shelling Kinmen, defending Zhenbao Island and self-defense counterattack against Vietnam , the 56-type 85mm cannon all played a huge role. To put it simply, heroes of the defense nation deserve it.
Reference materials:
"Heroic officials of the Defence Kingdom—China's 1956 Type 85mm Cannon"
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