When Mu Xin was a child, he learned the poems of Du Fu's from his mother. Under his mother's explanation, he only felt that the writing was very good, and he sighed in front of his relatives:
"Write poetry? At least you have to be as good as Du Fu to say that writing poetry."
made relatives and elders burst into laughter.
Later, Mu Xin grew older and understood Du Fu's greatness even more. He said:
"If Du Fu's works were removed, will a full Tang poem look like it collapse?"
There is no shortage of good poems in the Tang poems, and many people have passed down through the ages. For example, Li Bai , who is a few years older than Du Fu, was half of the prosperous Tang Dynasty when he spitted his mouth.
, like Du Fu, he lives in dire straits and is worried about the country and the people, but there is no one.
When he was a teenager, Du Fu was in his heart. When he was young, he was concerned about his family. However, in his later years, what he pretended was no longer one person and one family, but everyone in the world. Even if he was poor, he did not complain about his unluckyness, but was worried about the poor people in the world like him.
What Du Fu left us is not only a beautiful chapter, but also an indelible spirit. He is like a pillar, standing there, supporting the sky for the word "man".
01
More than a thousand years ago, when Du Fu was born (712), Tang Dynasty had not yet declined, and the glory of the prosperous Tang Dynasty still shone on the Du family's door.
Du Fu spent most of his life in a downturn. He also wrote about his own embarrassing life. Do you think he was born in a poor family?
is not actually the case. Du Fu was born in a famous family. His ancestors included generals, poets, and officials. His grandfather Du Shenyan . He was a famous literati at that time or an official of the court.
Although my father was not at a high level, he at least took the salary from the court and ate imperial grain, which exceeded 90% of the scholars.
was born in such a family, which was Du Fu's luck. He didn't have to suffer for his livelihood in his early years, and he could have a good educational environment. Unfortunately, his mother passed away not long after he was born, and Du Fu lived with his aunt for a long time.
html When he was 36 years old, he had the opportunity to watch Gongsun Da Niang 's sword dance , which was very impressive.
html When he was 39 years old, he began to copy Yu Shinan 's calligraphy and became accustomed to writing large characters.
12 years old, I had the opportunity to listen to the singing of Li Guinian many times.
In addition to studying, he is also very naughty like many children.
Recalling his childhood, he said:
8 months before the courtyard pear dates ripening, and climbing trees in a day can make you thousands of times.
But no matter how naughty it is, Du Fu is also very talented and young, but his poems are as eye-catching as ripe dates. When they saw it, they were amazed by it, saying that Du Fu was the rebirth of Bangu .
At this time, Du Fu was still a handsome young man, studying hard locally, The Tang Dynasty is still a prosperous era, Li Bai has already visited many famous mountains with his sword.
02
Read thousands of books and travel thousands of miles. At the age of 20, Du Fu also started traveling.
He went to Jiangnan . In Jiangnan where the osmanthus and lotus flowers in three autumns, he like other literati and scholars, enjoying the beautiful scenery and writing poetry when his poetry is flourishing.
He saw the Vimalakirti mural of Gu Kaizhi , who was still safe after the baptism of time, visited the grave of King Wu Helu , and visited the sword pool of Tiger Hill, and caught up with the lotus blooming Changzhouyuan .
He also wanted to take a boat to visit the legendary "Fusang", and also went to see Li Bai's sleepwalking Tianmu Mountain .
Stop and stop, he also saw the changes in the world. Many of the wealthy families in the past declined in time, leaving only the feelings of future generations.
But a boy is a boy. Although he has feelings, he will not feel disappointed. After playing for a few years, Du Fu went home to take the scientific exam, but he failed the exam.
Although it was not good for the master, Du Fu did not lose confidence. He believed that he would definitely pass the exam. He had this talent and was not afraid that his family would not be able to afford the travel expenses for the exam. He also despises the vulgarity of the world and looked down on people who were eager for fame and wealth. After failing the
, he traveled everywhere, singing on Congtai in Handan in spring, and hunting on Qingqiu in Qingzhou in winter.
He was like this, hunting, singing, writing poetry, riding a Hu horse, drawing a long bow, and making arrows.
He climbed Taishan , and his heart inspired infinite poetry and chanted casually:
How is Dai Zongfu? Qilu Qing is still alive.
Creation of the clock is full of gods, and yin and yang are divided into darkness.
The old clouds are born, and the birds return to their eyes are dying.
will be the top , and will look at all the mountains of small .
As he walked, Du Fu was at the age of thirty, and he still achieved nothing except Bo Youyou’s reputation in poetry.
Every life was originally so free and unrestrained. Later, when I had concerns and things I cared about, I had burdens on my body and my steps became heavy.
03
In 744 AD, Li Bai had become famous all over the world. After the highlights of his life of the imperial concubine polishing ink and the strong man taking off his boots, he "laughed to the sky and went out". When he arrived in Luoyang, he met a little fan, Du Fu.
More than ten years ago, when Du Fu was traveling in Jiangnan, his idol Li Bai was wandering on the Qilu land.
A few years ago, Du Fu played in Qilu, and Li Bai went to Jiangnan again.
The two always pass by like this and have no chance to meet at first sight.
It was not until Du Fu was 33 that he met his idol in Luoyang.
Du Fu at this time was already a talented person, but in front of the great poet Li Bai, he was just a younger brother. When he saw Li Bai, Du Fu was very excited and became a "little follower" around Li Bai, playing with Li Bai.
Although Du Fu was playing around, he was still a down-to-earth realist. He wanted to get fame and honor his ancestors, but after seeing Li Bai, Du Fu went astray.
Li Bai is a ranger, carrying a sword, seeking immortality and seeking the Tao.
So, Du Fu also followed the search for immortality and seeking the Tao. He also made an agreement with Li Bai to go to Liangzhou to pick the legendary fairy grass - Yaocao.
fan Du Fu followed Li Bai to visit famous mountains and rivers.
After swimming for a long time, Du Fu gradually felt that it was wrong. This was not his dream. Although this kind of life was very pleasant, it was always not right for him, because he also wanted to do something for the people and the country.
Li Bai pursues personal freedom and pursues personal liberation. He cannot bow his head and serves the powerful and noble. He lives like a gust of wind, and is so free that no one can keep it.
But Du Fu couldn't do it. Du Fu always turned his eyes to the world, looking at the living lives and things full of fireworks in the world.
After seeking immortality and seeking Taoism for a while, Du Fu did not want to continue. He wanted to return to "reality", go to Chang'an , and find his career.
A free life that makes people like it, but those who turn their eyes to the world and pity the sufferings of all living beings are respected.
04
When I first arrived in Chang'an, Du Fu's passion did not retreat.
That year, he was still cheering with people in a hotel in Chang'an and gambling games.
In his career, Du Fu was not very lucky. He was determined to devote himself to the career. However, the politics of the Tang Dynasty was no longer clear and corrupt. The wise and powerful emperor of Xuanzong was loved by three thousand people, and was addicted to sensory enjoyment.
The upper beam is not straight, the lower beam is crooked, the politics is becoming more and more corrupt, the treacherous ministers of the court are in power, Li Linfu has great power, and those who really do things for the country are tragically suppressed, while those who can flatter, have smooth roads.
Du Fu was in Chang'an and had no chance to become an official. He was unwilling to accept his wish to return home. He envied Li Bai's lifestyle, but had to say goodbye to such a life.
The longer you are in Chang'an, the more painful the reality you see, the harder the people's lives are, but the nobles enjoy the joy and feelings.
Du Fu once again took the imperial examination and failed the exam again. That year, he was already 36 years old.
Once upon a time, his life was supported by his father, but now his father has passed away again. Without his father as his backing, his life is getting worse and worse, and he even wanders around. His day is not as good as his day. In order to maintain his life, he humbled and became a "literati" in his mansion, specializing in writing poetry for the powerful to have fun. Du Fu doesn't like a life like
.
He wrote:
Tomorrow, and follow the fat horse dust in the evening. The remaining cups and cold roasts are filled with sorrow everywhere.
He also began to see the reality of society and had to sigh:
The playboy will not starve to death, and the Confucian champion will ruin his body.
And Du Fu is a Confucian champion who lives humbly in Chang'an.
In order to get a job, Du Fu even wrote poems and essays to flatter Emperor Xuanzong, and wrote three fu poems that praised Emperor Xuanyuan, Taimiao and Heaven and Earth.
Xuanzong read it and he really appreciated it. But after all, he was so confused that he actually asked Li Linfu to supervise Du Fu's exam. How could Li Linfu make Du Fu get his wish?
was praised by Xuanzong. Although Du Fu became famous, he could only sigh in his attempt.
He said desperately that there is not much hope in the career, so he should write poetry well in the future.
But he still struggled for a while and wrote two more essays, writing about life very poorly and writing about himself very motivatedly, hoping to be appointed.
He also wrote poems to those in power, not only praising them, but also expresses his expectations.
Many people appreciate him, but no one is willing to promote him.
Unsatisfied in the career, but what a tragic scene he saw:
You have never heard of the Han family in Shandong, and the thorns and twigs grow in thousands of villages. Even if a healthy woman holds a hoe and plow, the crops grow in the fields and there is nothing to do.
There is no man, not only does a group of women plant the ground in a mess, but what is even more tragic is:
Don’t you see Qinghai, and no one has harvested white bones since ancient times. The new ghost is annoyed by the old ghosts and cried, and the sky is cloudy and rainy.
He saw that behind the luxurious lives of many people, the blood and tears of the people, and he was painful and unbearable, so he wrote " Beauty Walk " to accuse these people of shameless behavior.
He himself was already very hard, but what he saw was not his own suffering, but the suffering of the world, the suffering of the people.
His eyes turned from the individual to the people. He did not complain about his birth at the wrong time, but was heartbroken for the tragic situation of the people.
05
Du Fu waited in Chang'an for ten years, but he didn't wait for a chance. When he reached middle age, he achieved nothing, but he understood the sufferings of the world more and more.
In the most difficult time, he led the government's relief food.
At first, he was alone in Chang'an, but later the whole family came to Chang'an, and Du Fu lived even more embarrassing.
html When he was 344 years old, the court asked him to be a minor official, but Du Fu refused because he had to whip the people as a minor official. He felt cruel. Instead of whipping others to make himself feel more comfortable, it is better to be hungry.
Later, Du Fu joined the army, and his mission was to guard the weapons and weapons and manage the access control keys.
Before taking office, he went to visit Zai Fengxian's wife.
Along the way, the people were displaced and hungry in the wild, while the nobles only care about enjoyment.
He said sadly and angryly:
The wine and meat smell bad, and the road is frozen to death.
After he arrived home, he discovered that his youngest son, who was less than one year old, had starved to death.
The deep sorrow filled Du Fu's heart, from his own way to others, he suddenly thought that he still had some privileges, no need to serve in the military or pay taxes, and his life was like this, what about others? Wouldn't they be even more bitter!
He is sad for his own experience and even more sad for the people.
He starved his son to death. He understood the sorrow of his relatives starving to death. He sympathized with those in dire straits. He sympathized with the whole world.
returned to Chang'an to work for a while, An Lushan hit Luoyang, and Du Fu was forced to flee.
He was among the refugees, and was over-exhausted, and he couldn't walk anymore. His companions who fled together turned around and could not see Du Fu. They turned around and found Du Fu and lent his horse to Du Fu, which saved Du Fu's life.
At the beginning, they ran away alone. After finding their wife, the family ran away, picking up wild fruits to satisfy their hunger. The daughter was so hungry that she cried loudly. On thunderstorms and the road was muddy, but they didn’t even have an umbrella.
has nothing to eat. When you meet friends, you rely on friends to help you with a few meals. If you don’t meet friends, you will be hungry all the way.
Life is too hard, and the poems you write are also bitter.
In " Sorrow Chen Tao ", he said:
In the winter, the blood is made of Chen Taoze's water.
0 The wilderness is clear and there is no sound of war, and 40,000 rebels died on the same day.
In " Sorrowful Qingshang " said:
Mountains, snow rivers, ice and wilderness, green is the white bones of war.
How can I attach a letter to our army? I will not die in a hurry next year.
At this time, his poems are history, and the history he experienced is poetry.
He lamented for the fate of the people of this country in the midst of suffering.
If you have suffered yourself, you will understand the suffering of others better. People who have been abused by life yearn for light and hope more.
06
Zhang Ailing said: "People in troubled times have no real home, they can only take one step at a time."
For Du Fu, it is really a step-by-step calculation.
During the escape, he encountered Hu people pursuing him, and he would die at any time.
He lamented:
Who should report to death? Returning began to pity himself.
Survival today, the tragedy is temporarily a person.
A year later, he was still shocked:
This Tao was surrendered in the past, and Hu Zhengfan of the western suburbs.
is still unlucky, and he should not have been summoned!
When he fled to Fengxiang to pay homage to the emperor, Du Fu wore two hemp shoes , and his clothes were torn so that his elbows were exposed, which was no different from beggars. When he met the emperor, he got the position of a left-handed official.
The official position of Zuoshi Yi is just a sesame-sized official, but Du Fu is an official and does not waste his life. When he learns something unfair, he will speak out.
soon aroused the emperor's anger and sent Yan Zhenqing and others to interrogate Du Fu. After
, he was acquitted after being rescued by some people.
But as soon as he saw the people suffer and the country fall, Du Fu was very sad and angry. When he was sad and angry, he deeply reminded the emperor that he should work hard to govern. Du Fu like
really couldn't make the emperor happy. Zuo Shiyi was not an important position. He was not upset, so the emperor simply sent Du Fu home.
There was no horse, no car, and there was not even a good piece of clothes. He went home on foot and saw either wounded soldiers or poor people along the way.
It took me a long time to finally get home. When my wife saw him, she said:
My wife blamed me for being there, and she was shocked and wiped her tears.
When the child saw him, he said:
The sweetheart kept leaving his knees, and he was afraid that I would go back.
Early the next morning, the neighbor came to see him with wine, pouring wine and saying:
Don't dice the wine tastes thin, no one cultivated the millet field.
0 The soldiers have not yet stopped, and the children have all gone to the East Expedition.
Prosperity, the people suffer, the people die, and the people suffer.
He felt sorry for the world, but he was unable to turn the world around, so he could only write the grief in his heart into a poem, which he left for future generations.
07
757 At the end of the year, Du Fu returned to Chang'an again as a Zuoshi Yi, and went in and out side by side with Wang Wei, Cen Shen and others, writing poems and singing together, complimenting each other.
But in just half a year, he was exiled to Huazhou to join the army.
From then on, I never returned to Chang'an.
left Chang'an again, and he entered the people again, and entered the great era when he was powerless.
He passed through Xin'an, Shihao, and Tongguan . All he saw were the elderly, weak, sick and disabled, and all the people in dire straits. He wrote the tragedy he saw, heard, and personally experienced into " Xin'an Literary ", " Shihao Literary ", " Tongguan Literary ", " Newly Married ", " Old Literary ", and " Homeless Literary ".
He wrote the people into his poems and wrote the sufferings of history into his poems.
Du Fu suffered and also saw the most miserable life in the world, but he did not complain. He had hope, and he turned the sufferings he saw into compassion in his heart, and at the same time he hoped that his country would get better and better.
759 In the summer of 2019, there was a severe drought in the pass. Du Fu saw officials treating the people cruelly. He began to feel disappointed with politics. He felt that it was meaningless to be a military officer, so he resigned.
is unwilling to be an official, but he always cares about state affairs and the future and destiny of the country.
He was in Qinzhou and planned to build a cottage to live in forever, but because of his poverty, he could not afford it.
At this time, Du Fu was so poor that he couldn't even eat.
He made a living by selling herbs, but his income was not enough and his body became weaker and weaker. Malaria began to rage again, and every other day, he had high cold and heat.
Wang Guowei said:
days to achieve success.
Du Fu is getting harder and harder, but his poetry is becoming more and more vigorous. In more than half a year, there are 120 poems he has passed down.
08
After the Anshi Rebellion , Du Fu spent most of his time wandering and lived in Qinzhou for less than four months, without a thatched house and unable to support himself in food and clothing, so he went to Chengdu.
As soon as he arrived in Chengdu, he lived in a temple, then found a piece of wasteland and started to build a thatched house under a big tree.
My cousin sent him the construction fee, and he started to build it, otherwise he would not be able to afford it.
A few months later, the cottage was completed. He ended his long wandering and had a place of his own, so he could enjoy life quietly.
He looked at the flowers, plants and trees and spit out cute sentences:
Willow branches are weak, loquat pairs of fragrance. ——" Field "
The fish are coming out in the drizzle, and the swallows are slanted in the breeze. ——"One of the Heart of the Water Threshold"
The clouds cover the first crescent moon, and the fragrance spreads to the flowers of the small trees. ——"Scandal of Thoughts"
When others write about rain, they are either sad or sad. When they write about rain, they are still writing about family, country and the world.
sneaks into the night with the wind, moistening things silently.
One day, a strong wind was blowing, lightning and thunder were roaring, and it rained heavily. The trees beside the cottage had broken branches, and the thatched on the roof was blown away by the wind, and the house was filled with rain.
Du Fu was wrapped in a quilt and shivered in the rain, but even so, he still thought:
How can he have thousands of buildings to shelter all the poor people in the world to be happy, and the wind and rain remain as peaceful as a mountain.
In Chengdu, he planted herbs with his own hands, like all farmers, carefully caring for his herbs and cultivating his food with all his heart. Although he was not rich, he at least didn’t have to go into exile to survive.
However, under the influence of the general environment, Du Fu's stable life did not last long, and Chengdu was in chaos, and Du Fu fled again.
He gradually saw through a truth:
The thief is the king's minister.——"Five Thoughts: Three"
Many so-called thieves are forced and helpless people, and those people are also subjects of the emperor.
Du Fu was in exile, and had no food and clothing. When the rich heard about his talent and reputation, they enthusiastically invited him to eat and give him some money.
days have been maintained like this.
In this world, most people are powerless to resist their great era. They can only go with the flow in the trend of the times, or be beaten by the waves of the times. After escaping, Du Fu returned to the cottage again, intending to continue his own farming and lived his life, but soon he was elected as a member of the Ministry of Works of the .
But he didn't do it for long, and once again started a wandering and helpless life.
He was poor and destitute. For more than a year, he could only spend most of his time on the boat. Because he had no money, he could not afford to live in a house. The boat was floating on the water, and it was desolate.
770, Du Fu lived a sad and poor life on a small boat.
Can't live in a house, can't afford to eat, and spend all day with quinoa soup, and the clothes are covered with patches.
Not only that, he was also very ill and sweated after taking the medicine.
He felt that his death was coming soon.
However, he still did not forget the disaster of the country, nor did he forget the suffering people:
The blood flows still, and the military voices are still moving.
That winter, cold, cold, cold.
Du Fu at that time was 59 years old.
is on that boat, and Du Fu died quietly.
After Du Fu's death, his family was unable to bury him, so he had to put his coffin in Yuezhou.
43 years later, his grandson took great efforts to transport Du Fu's body back to Shouyang Mountain from Yuezhou for burial.
Du Fu's most admired ancestors Du Yu and Du Shenyan were both buried here.
On the way back to Du Fu, he met the great poet Yuan Zhen . Yuan Zhen wrote an epitaph for Du Fu. He said:
Since there were poets, there has been no such great as Du Fu.
10
Du Fu visited many places, wandered in many places, and also went into exile in many places.
Many years after Du Fu's death, some people drew Du Fu's life travel and exile routes into a map.
Through the map, it is easy to find that Du Fu visited many places throughout his life, but except for those places he visited when he was a teenager, almost all the places he went to were remote and poor places in the Tang Dynasty.
In order to avoid the war, he ran to wherever he was far away.
This is completely different from Li Bai.
Although Li Bai has been traveling all his life, the places he visits are all rich places and famous places.
Compared with Du Fu, Li Bai was very lucky. When he was in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, there was no war and no need to escape.
Du Fu was relatively unfortunate. He was born at the tail of the prosperous Tang Dynasty. When he was seeking fame and fortune, his politics had already declined. When he was middle-aged, there was war again.
After the age of forty, most of his life was only one word, hard.
But Du Fu has transcended this personal suffering and has reached others. After suffering through it, he has become more sympathetic to all living beings.
Qian Mu When talking about Du Fu, he said:
When we read his poems, we will be invisibly inspired by his extremely high personality. His poems do not talk about loyalty and filial piety, nor morality, but only put their daily life into it. However, there is no sentence that is not loyalty and filial piety, no sentence that is not moral, and no sentence that is not the highest level of life ideals.
Behind his poems is him.
11
Today, when there are exquisite egoists everywhere, we should read more Du Zimei. He will tell us that the greatest thing about human nature lies in its mercy on all living beings.
Du Fu's life was comfortable in youth and free in youth, but after middle age, he was suffering, and it was so painful.
His child starved to death, and he went into exile everywhere and almost died. He suffered, but there were countless people who were exiled like him. They were like him, and they had suffered by themselves, and they could empathize with the sufferings of others. This is sympathy.
He wanted to live a better life, but he did not just think about himself, but about the people of the world. So he hoped that the country would become better and that overall environment would change. He did not think about keeping himself alone, otherwise with his talent, his son would not starve to death.
He always thinks about it is not just himself.
His vision transcends himself and falls on sentient beings. All living beings suffer. Even if they live in a high temple, they suffer. All living beings are happy. Even if they live in a broken hut, they are happy.
One person considers himself, this is human nature. People are in trouble and want to get rid of suffering. This is human nature, but when they are suffering in a personal way, they think of people who suffer the same kind of suffering as themselves. This is love.
This kind of love transcends the selfish nature and it is easy to think about yourself, but if everyone only thinks about themselves and only thinks about their own small family, the world will become more and more indifferent and selfish, and there will be no lofty emotions.
Nowadays, exquisite egoists are everywhere, so we should read Du Fu, whose noble feelings can purify some selfish things in human nature.
text | Not interesting soul
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