text/Mei Xingwu
Shortly after the founding of New China, Mao Zedong proposed the strategic concept of building the Three Gorges Water Conservancy Hub and managing the Yangtze River flood, drawing a grand blueprint of "cutting off the clouds and rain in Wushan, and high gorges emerge from the flat lake". Mao Zedong's "HTM5 Three Gorges Dream" was not fulfilled in his lifetime, but his Three Gorges complex was deeply rooted in his heart and laid a solid foundation for the successful construction of Three Gorges Project later.
"How about repairing this Three Gorges Reservoir first"
Mao Zedong paid attention to the Three Gorges, which began in the early 1950s.
February 16, 1953, the third day of the Lunar New Year. Mao Zedong braved the heavy snow and came to Wuhan by train. On February 19, after Mao Zedong conducted on-site inspection of the construction and site selection of the Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge, he boarded the Navy's "Yangtze River" ship from Wuhan Pass and began to march towards Nanjing downstream. Mao Zedong specially "pointed" Lin Yishan to accompany him.
In the 1930s, Lin Yishan, who studied in the Department of Geography of Peking Normal University, joined the army and participated in the revolution. He served as secretary of the Liaonan Provincial Party Committee. After the founding of New China, he served as director of the Yangtze River Water Conservancy Committee and engaged in the Yangtze River Water Conservancy Work. He was praised by Mao Zedong as the "King of the Yangtze River".
The section from Zhicheng, Hubei to Chenglingji, Hunan, is called Jingjiang , and is known as the "tofu waist" of Yangtze River Basin. During the flood season, the water level of the Yangtze River is often more than 10 meters higher than the embankment. Once the embankment breaks, the head of more than 10 meters pours down, and countless lives and property are swallowed by the flood. There is a folk proverb: The Yangtze River is thousands of miles long, and the dangerous section is in Jingjiang. In October 1950, Lin Yishan proposed a plan to build the Jingjiang flood diversion project. Mao Zedong personally reviewed the design book and approved the construction of the project immediately. On April 5, 1952, the Jingjiang flood diversion project was fully started. Mao Zedong wrote an inscription: "For the interests of the general public, strive for the victory of the Jingjiang flood diversion project!" 300,000 soldiers and civilians worked hard, and the project originally planned to be completed in 100 days was completed in 75 days.
Standing on the deck of the "Yangtze River" ship, Mao Zedong looked at the surging river water and said to Lin Yishan: "The Yangtze River is the largest river of our Chinese nation. Its temper is of great importance to the interests of the country and the whole people. You must not be careless!"
On the way, Mao Zedong and Lin Yishan had extensive conversations on issues such as the planning of the Yangtze River Basin and the South-to-North Water Diversion. He asked Lin Yishan how to solve the disaster of the Yangtze River flood? How can we promote profit and eliminate harm?
◆In 1952, Mao Zedong listened to Lin Yishan's report on the Yangtze River ship.
Lin Yishan launched the "Sketch of Comprehensive Utilization Plan for Water Conservancy Resources in the Yangtze River Basin" to report the preliminary concept of flood control in the Yangtze River. He pointed to the large and small reservoirs on the map and said that it is planned to gradually build a series of cascade reservoirs on the main stream of the Yangtze River and its main tributaries to intercept flood storage and comprehensive utilization, and fundamentally eliminate the flood threat.
Mao Zedong's eyes slowly moved on the planning map, from the source of the Yangtze River in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau , Jinsha River , Dadu River , Minjiang , Jialing River , Wujiang , Wujiang , Xiangjiang Hanjiang , Ganjiang , Ganjiang , , Ganjiang , , , Ganjiang , , , , , lit the exit of the Three Gorges with red pencil, and asked: "You have built so many reservoirs upstream, can you reach the Three Gorges one?"
Lin Yishan answered affirmatively: "All of them can't match the effect of a reservoir in the Three Gorges."
Mao Zedong asked again: "Then why not get stuck in this general hole and make a contribution to the first battle? How about building this Three Gorges Reservoir first?" He stared into the distance and said: "Mr. Sun Yat-sen mentioned the construction of the Three Gorges Project in his "State of Founding of the Country". My old rival Chiang Kai-shek also invited Americans to help build the Three Gorges, but he didn't really want to build the Three Gorges. All his thoughts were about how to eat me, Mao Zedong and of the Communist Party of China. So, he was destined to fail."
Although Mao Zedong believed that the Three Gorges Project had an irreplaceable main role in eradicating the floods of the Yangtze River, he only proposed the idea of the Three Gorges Project at that time and had no intention of implementing it immediately. He asked Lin Yishan to study the Three Gorges Project carefully after returning, and specifically told him not to tell him, and if there were any results, he would first report to him.
Mao Zedong had great expectations for Lin Yishan: "China is an agricultural power, agriculture is the foundation of the national economy, and water conservancy is the lifeblood of agriculture. Only when water conservancy is well can agriculture develop in the long term. Only when agriculture develops can it better support industry. The burden on your shoulders is not light!"
After Lin Yishan returned to Wuhan, he immediately organized personnel to survey the Three Gorges and select the dam site. In the "Report on the Basic Plan for the River Governance Plan", the preliminary idea that the Three Gorges Dam site is planned to be selected at Huangling Temple , Sandouping , Maoping and other places.
"The Three Gorges Project must be included in the plan"
In the summer of 1954, a rare flood disaster occurred in the Yangtze River Basin. Although the Jingjiang flood diversion project played an important role, the disaster was still serious. 123 counties in the five provinces in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River were affected, with 48 million mu of arable land flooded, with more than 18 million victims. The Beijing-Guangzhou Railway will not be opened to traffic for 6,100 days.
This severe flood caused serious uneasiness to Mao Zedong. He looked at the south country from afar and stood for a long time, strengthening his determination to build the Three Gorges Reservoir and fundamentally curb the floods of the Yangtze River. He planned to put the issue of building the Three Gorges Project on the agenda of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee.
In mid-November 1954, the Central Committee held a working meeting in Guangzhou to discuss the draft country's first five-year plan. Mao Zedong said that the Three Gorges Project should be included in the plan, but according to our current material and financial resources, it cannot be included in the five-year plan, and can only be included in the long-term plan. He also told a young cadre present that I will die in the future. After the three Gorges Dam is completed, you can write a tribute and tell me. This shows that Mao Zedong has been determined to formally carry out planning work in the Yangtze River Basin and build the Three Gorges Dam when conditions are ripe.
On November 26, Mao Zedong's special train arrived at Hankou Station on his way back to Beijing. Lin Yishan got on the train as notified and reported the Three Gorges project problem of the Yangtze River Three Gorges project. Liu Shaoqi and Zhou Enlai were present. The special train continued to head north, and Mao Zedong carefully inquired Lin Yishan about the relevant information on the preliminary research on the construction of the Three Gorges Dam.
Due to Mao Zedong's attention, since 1955, the State Council has organized relevant departments to work together to comprehensively carry out the Yangtze River Basin planning and the survey, scientific research, design and demonstration of the Three Gorges Project. In order to strengthen the technical strength of the Three Gorges Project research, Mao Zedong personally negotiated with Khrushchev to send Soviet experts to China to assist in the planning and design of the Yangtze River Basin.
◆ Chairman Mao Zedong's " Water Tune Ge Tou Swimming ": "More up the stone wall of the Xijiang River, cut off the clouds and rain in Wushan, and the high gorges emerge from the flat lake." He is fascinated by the beautiful scenery of the Three Gorges Project in the future and full of passion.
In June 1955, the first batch of Soviet experts arrived in Wuhan. After field surveys, Soviet experts attached importance to the benefits of power generation and advocated that the dam site was selected in Maoer Gorge, 40 kilometers upstream of Chongqing. This is a big gap with the flood control benefits envisioned by Mao Zedong. In December, Zhou Enlai personally came out to do the work of Soviet experts, pointing out that the Yangtze River flood control was urgent and important, and the upstream hub could not control floods. Three Gorges Hub has a unique role of "can regulate and compensate for the upper and lower", and is the main body of the Yangtze River Basin planning. Soviet experts were convinced and agreed with China's opinions, and played a great role in preparing the Yangtze River Basin Planning, the Three Gorges Project Design, and the construction of professional teams.
Mao Zedong was very pleased after hearing the news.
1956 On May 31, Mao Zedong flew from Changsha to Wuhan by plane. After inspecting the construction site of the Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge on a boat, he swam the Yangtze River with great interest, looking at the sky, thinking about the Three Gorges, and the grand plan is in his heart. At the Donghu Hotel where I stayed, the grand blueprint for managing the Yangtze River and building the Three Gorges Dam was unfolded under his huge pen:
further up the stone wall of the Xijiang River,
cut off the clouds and rains of Wushan, and
high gorges out of flat lake.
Goddess should be safe,
should be shocked by the world.
This is not only the poet's romantic fantasy, but also the affirmative conclusion of the great man's mind about the construction of the dam of the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River.
"Let both of them talk at the meeting"
Regarding the construction of the Three Gorges Dam project, Mao Zedong always adhered to the spirit of scientific and practicality, and was both yearning for and cautious.
In January 1958, during the Nanning meeting, Mao Zedong specially arranged several days to study the Three Gorges Project issues. He proposed to link Lin Yishan to give a comprehensive introduction to the situation of the Three Gorges Project.Vice Premier Bo Yibo suggested that Li Rui of the Ministry of Electric Power had different opinions. Lin and Li had published articles with opposing views in professional publications, and the debate was fierce. Should he be invited to come too? Mao Zedong immediately stated: "Okay, invite them all and let them both talk at the meeting."
So, an aircraft carried Li Rui, director of the State Administration of Hydropower of the Ministry of Electric Power, and took Lin Yishan to Nanning when he was staying in Wuhan.
In the conference room, everyone sat around the table. Lin Yishan and Li Rui, who had two different opinions on the construction of the Three Gorges Project, were arranged to sit directly opposite Mao Zedong. Mao Zedong asked them to express their opinions and talk openly. He first asked Lin Yishan: "How much time do you want to talk about?" Lin Yishan replied: "It takes two hours." He asked Li Rui again: "How many hours do you want?" Li Rui said: "I only need half an hour."
Lin Yishan said first. He started from the Yangtze River flood disaster and emphasized the key role of the Three Gorges Project in solving flood control, and listed the huge benefits of the Three Gorges Project in flood control, power generation, shipping, etc., and then estimated and analyzed the total investment of the Three Gorges Project.
Li Rui said it more concisely. He believed that the construction of the Three Gorges Reservoir involves immigration issues. For example, the dam is 200 meters high, and it is estimated that at least 1.05 million immigrants will be required, which is extremely difficult. Flood control can protect the Jingjiang Dike, but it has a small effect on Wuhan; the main thing is to build a large hydropower station, but the national power generation was 19 billion kWh in 1957, and the Three Gorges is a large power station that can generate 100 billion kWh of electricity. China may not have this need decades later; there are also national defense issues, which may become the target of the enemy's key attack.
After the two of them finished speaking, Mao Zedong said, "It doesn't count if you say it. You each write an article and hand in the paper for three days. Come and have the Three Gorges Meeting again on the third night."
On the third night, he was still in the same place. Lin Yishan’s article is full of more than 20,000 words, and Li Rui’s article is 8,000 words. All participants read the article and made brief speeches.
After listening to everyone's opinions, Mao Zedong said: "The central government has not decided to build the Three Gorges immediately. I am still interested in the Three Gorges." While affirming the construction of the Three Gorges Project, he also fully absorbed the reasonable part of the objection and proposed that the construction of the Three Gorges Project should adhere to the policy of "active preparation and full reliability", advocated "less installation, less investment, and first build dams to prevent floods", and put the use of Yangtze River hydropower resources to generate electricity in the second place.
◆In 1958, Zhou Enlai led more than 100 responsible cadres and scientific and technological experts to survey the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River.
Mao Zedong turned around and said to Zhou En: "You should take care of the Three Gorges problem!" Zhou Enlai said humbly: "If you want the Chairman to take care of such a big matter." Mao Zedong: "I am so busy, how can I have so much time to take care of it? You should take care of it." He stretched out four fingers and "catch it four times a year."
Shortly after the Nanning meeting, from February 26 to March 5, Zhou Enlai led more than 100 relevant responsible cadres and scientific and technological experts to survey the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River and discuss the Three Gorges Project. Those who were traveling with them were Li Fuchun and Li Xiannian. After inspecting the Nanjinguan dam site, on the afternoon of March 1, Zhou Enlai and his party arrived at the Sandopingba site by boat. Zhou Enlai and his party went to Zhongbao Island to conduct on-site inspection. He picked up a piece of geological drilling core and watched it repeatedly, saying, "Take a piece of rock core to Chairman Mao."
htmlOn March 3, Zhou Enlai presided over the discussion on the ship, the theme was: Is it necessary to build the Three Gorges Dam, whether the Three Gorges Dam can be built, and whether to strive to build this project in advance. Lin Yishan and Li Rui once again expressed their respective opinions. Zhou Enlai asked Qian Zhengying, deputy minister of the Ministry of Water Resources and expert on water conservancy and hydropower, to talk. Qian Zhengying agreed to build the Three Gorges Project. Zhou Enlai attached great importance to different opinions. He pointed out: "As long as the argument does not hinder the work and is beneficial to the work, it should be encouraged and encouraged; the Three Gorges is a millennium plan, and only develops the problem, it is easy to go to the opposite side. To make the Three Gorges better, you can still argue." "In future work, opposition opinions are also allowed. This is the superiority of our socialism.""I want to take a boat to the Yangtze River to see the Three Gorges"
On March 8, 1958, the central government held a meeting in Chengdu. In his speech, Mao Zedong talked about the construction of the Three Gorges Project and suggested that "the Three Gorges problem should be solved here."Zhou Enlai delivered a report on the planning of the Three Gorges Water Conservancy Hub and the Yangtze River Basin at the meeting. When reviewing Zhou Enlai's report, Mao Zedong added a sentence to the first item: "From the consideration of the country's long-term economic development and technical conditions, the Three Gorges Water Conservancy Hub needs to be built and may be built." In the fifth item, a relationship between "power generation and electricity use (i.e., sales channels)" was added to the six relationships in the planning work of the Yangtze River Basin.
On April 5, the Political Bureau of the Central Committee approved Zhou Enlai's report and passed the "Opinions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on the Planning of the Three Gorges Water Conservancy Hub and the Yangtze River Basin", which is the first "red-headed document" of the Central Committee on the Three Gorges Project. The document clearly states: "From the consideration of the country's long-term economic development and technical conditions, the Three Gorges Water Conservancy Hub needs to be built and may be built; but finally made up its mind to determine the construction and when to start construction, and only after the preparations in all important aspects can be made before a decision can be made. It is estimated that the entire survey, design and construction of the Three Gorges Project will take about 15 to 20 years. Now we should adopt an active preparation and sufficient and reliable policy to carry out various related work."
At this Chengdu meeting, some resolutions were more or less affected by the "Great Leap Forward" thought, but the "Opinions on the Planning of the Three Gorges Project and the Planning of the Yangtze River Basin" is an exception. Because Mao Zedong insisted on following scientific laws on the issue of the Three Gorges Project, carefully investigated and studied, and widely listened to the opinions of experts from all walks of life, the opinions on the Three Gorges Project reflected the strict scientific spirit.
◆This is in March 1958, when Mao Zedong took the "Jiangxia" ship from Chongqing to Wuhan to watch the materials introducing the Three Gorges.
After the Chengdu meeting ended, Mao Zedong clearly stated: "I want to take a boat to the Yangtze River and see the Three Gorges." In the early morning of March 29, 1958, Mao Zedong took the "River Gorge" ship from Chongqing to the east. In the afternoon, the "Jiangxia" ship stopped at Wanxian Port.
On March 30, the "Jiangxia" ship sailed to the Three Gorges by wind and waves. When the "Jiangxia" ship entered the Xilingxia , Mao Zedong stood in the cab and looked ahead and said to the crew next to him: "Some waterways are still not good. Build a large sluice in the Three Gorges, which is both flood control and convenient for shipping, and can generate electricity. Do you agree?" The crew members replied happily: "I agree too much! Once the sluice is built, navigation will be more convenient."
On the ship, Mao Zedong asked Ren Baige, the first secretary of the Chongqing Municipal Party Committee, and Yan Hanmin, the secretary of the Wanxian Prefectural Party Committee, about the construction of the Three Gorges Dam: "You are all parents in the Three Gorges area. You need to build a dam in the Three Gorges area, which not only prevents flood control, generates electricity and raises fish, okay?"
Ren and Yan said that it is good. If you really build the dam, it means that there will be more submerged land. Yan Hanmin even frankly expressed his doubts, "How to resettle a large number of immigrants after flooding a large area of land is a big problem!" Because he had a deep understanding of this issue in his actual work. A few years ago, Chongqing City built a large hydropower station in Shizitan, Changshou County, Changshou County and immigrated to Liangping County, Wanxian District. The remaining various production and life problems have not been solved yet.
Mao Zedong fell into deep thought. He seemed to have considered this issue very deeply and far, and then said seriously: "Yes! Let nearly one million people move out of their homes. This is a heavy dedication made by a generation for national construction. A large number of immigrants must produce, dress and eat, and their children must be educated. These things must be properly arranged in the future." After the "Jiangxia" ship passed the dam of Xilingxia Zhongxintan, Xuetan and Konglingtan, , the river surface suddenly became clear, and a small island covered with green shade suddenly appeared on the river. It is Zhongbao Island, which is to be selected as the dam site of the Three Gorges Project. The "Jiangxia" ship approached Zhongbao Island and turned around and stabilized in the middle of the river. Mao Zedong walked to the side of the boat and raised his telescope to observe this magical island that had been introduced many times from different angles for a long time. Although it was almost evening, the entire island was still clearly visible in the telescope. This ship-shaped island divides the Yangtze River into two: , small river, , is in the south, about 200 meters wide; the river is in the north, about 700-800 meters wide. He put down his telescope and listened carefully to the introductions of the experts around him.
◆On March 30, 1958, Mao Zedong visited the Three Gorges on a boat.
Lin Yishan said: "In the future, the central axis of the Three Gorges Dam will pass through this small island. This will be the center of the Three Gorges Water Conservancy Hub."
Mao Zedong nodded with satisfaction and continued to listen to other experts' introductions, "The Three Gorges Dam on Zhongbao Island is to implement the Meiren Tuo Dam we proposed. This is the revision of the Nanjin Pass dam plan proposed by American expert Savanci in 1944 and was recognized by Soviet experts not long ago. Premier Zhou personally inspected Nanjin Pass and affirmed the opinions of our experts. Nanjin Pass is a karst limestone area and is a taboo in building a large dam, while Sandouping is granite, which is just right for building a large dam."
Mao Zedong nodded frequently, praising the ambition of Chinese experts.
Experts continued: "Building a large dam on Zhongbao Island has natural advantages. You can take advantage of the favorable geographical conditions of the big and small rivers. It is constructed in two phases. There is no need to set up another spillway when the big river intercepts."
Mao Zedong became happier the more he heard it. Seeing the unique geological and geomorphological conditions of Zhongbao Island have increased his confidence in building the Three Gorges Dam. He clenched his big hand into a fist and decisively pounded the ship's railings, as if it was a final statement: Zhongbao Island is an ideal place to "cut off the clouds and rain in Wushan, and the high gorges out of the flat lake."
"Promise for the construction of this dam"
Mao Zedong's consideration of the Three Gorges Project is gradually deepening, and some key issues have always lingered in his mind: First, whether the national strength can bear such a large investment; second, how to solve the problem of silt and sand accumulation; third, how to solve the air defense problem, especially the prevention of atomic bomb . In short, when building the Three Gorges Project, the benefits must be maximized and the disadvantages must be minimized. Therefore, after the policy of "actively preparing and fully reliable" in the construction of the Three Gorges Project, he added four more words: "There are pros and no disadvantages." How to maximize the "pros and no disadvantages"? The relevant departments organized repeated research and demonstration of the Three Gorges Project. The length of time, the number of experts participated in, and the wide range of problems involved were the only ones seen in large-scale construction projects in New China. Mao Zedong also personally arranged the research on major issues involving the Three Gorges Project. He personally approved the construction of the Three Gorges Project Test Dam in Puqi (now Chibi) Hubei, Hubei, to conduct experiments for the design and operation of large-scale water conservancy and hydropower projects in my country, to study the silt silt problem of large reservoirs, and to provide theoretical and technical support for the extension of the use period of the Three Gorges Dam. Chemical explosion simulation test was conducted at the Guanting Reservoir in Beijing, and nuclear explosion simulation test was conducted at the Xinjiang nuclear experimental base. The most resistant dam design was adopted to prevent the Three Gorges Dam from becoming a weakness of national defense and security.
The Three Gorges Project has been "actively preparing", and has been arguing, and has been moving forward in the debate. In March 1966, Lin Yishan wrote a report to the Party Central Committee and Mao Zedong on the construction of the Three Gorges Dam of the Yangtze River. The report said: "The Yangtze River Planning and the Three Gorges Project Research are carried out in accordance with the policy of "active preparation, full reliability" and "profit or no disadvantage" instructed by the Chairman. In recent years, according to the instructions of the Chairman, we have focused on three issues such as building protection, reservoir siltation and phased construction, and further realized that phased construction is more in line with the policy of "profit or no disadvantage" and greatly increased the possibility of the construction of the Three Gorges Project in the near future. According to the current national economic development, the Three Gorges Project should be sooner rather than later. It is recommended that the central government list this project as a construction project during the third and fourth five-year plans."
Mao Zedong's instructions after reading: "I have read. A negative report is needed." He did not oppose the construction of the Three Gorges Dam, but believed that the decision-making of such a major project requires special caution and pay attention to listening to different voices to avoid decision-making mistakes.
1969, the Ministry of Water Resources and Electricity proposed to the central government to build the Three Gorges Project. Due to a border conflict between China and the Soviet Union that spring, Mao Zedong believed that it was necessary to prepare for war and made a clear statement: "This is not suitable for thinking during the current preparation period." In October, Zhang Tixue, deputy director of the Hubei Provincial Revolutionary Committee (formerly governor), made a statement to Mao Zedong who was inspecting Hubei: In order to alleviate the tense situation of flood disaster in Jingjiang, improve the power supply in the third line and the shipping conditions of Sichuan and rivers, he requested the construction of the Three Gorges Project.Mao Zedong said seriously and humorously: "Now you need to prepare for a war. Are you afraid of 20 billion cubic meters of water on your head?"
Under this circumstance, Wuhan Military Region , Hubei Province, and the Ministry of Hydropower proposed to the central government to build the three-grilling project, Gezhouba Water Conservancy Hub . But Lin Yishan opposed the launch of the Gezhouba project. In November, the Political Bureau of the Central Committee approved the suggestions of the Wuhan Military Region, Hubei Province, and the Ministry of Water and Power in principle. Zhou Enlai submitted the central draft and Lin's written opinions to Mao Zedong. Mao Zedong believed that starting to build the Gezhouba project first can conduct an experiment and exploration for the preparation for the construction of the Three Gorges project, which can lay the foundation for the Three Gorges project.
◆In May 1979, when presiding over the selection meeting of the Three Gorges Project in Wuchang, Lin Yishan (fourth from the front) and the meeting representatives visited the Three Gorges on the spot.
On December 26, 1970, Mao Zedong issued an instruction on his 77th birthday: "It is a matter of supporting the construction of this dam. Now the document concept is one thing, and there will be some difficult problems that you would not expect during the construction process, and that is another matter. At that time, you must prepare to modify the design."
On the fourth day after Mao Zedong's instructions were issued, on December 30, 1970, the Gezhouba project was launched hastily before the design was completed. Tens of thousands of builders shouted the slogans of "survey, design, and construction" and "10,000 people design and review" and opened the construction site. The Gezhouba project is code-named "Project 330" to commemorate Mao Zedong's inspection of the Three Gorges on March 30, 1958.
Due to insufficient preparation, the project progress has become more and more passive, and serious construction quality accidents and traffic jams in the main channel of the Yangtze River have occurred. In November 1972, the State Council stopped the Gezhouba project. According to Mao Zedong's instructions, the Gezhouba Engineering Technical Committee with Lin Yishan as its director was established, which was responsible for formulating design plans and solving various technical problems in construction. Zhou Enlai told Lin Yishan: "First build Gezhouba to make an experiment and make practical preparations for the Three Gorges. The problems that arise here will also appear in the Three Gorges. If Gezhouba is done well, it will be the greatest success."
Lin Yishan organized first-class talents and well-known dam experts in the water conservancy industry in China to "modify the design". It took two years to come up with the technical design that usually takes 5 to 6 years to complete, and investigated and resolved the complex technical problems in the Gezhouba project, which finally officially resumed work in October 1974. In January 1981, the Yangtze River interception was achieved. Unit No. 1 was connected to the grid to generate power, and was successfully completed in 1990.
Construction of the Gezhouba Project not only accumulated a large amount of valuable experience and technical information for the Three Gorges Project, but also created a well-trained dam engineering technical team.
"High Gorges Out of Flat Lake"
Mao Zedong's Three Gorges Project, which he was dreaming of, was finally put into implementation after the reform and opening up.
On April 3, 1992, the Fifth Session of the Seventh National People's Congress voted for the "Resolution on the Construction of the Three Gorges Project of the Yangtze River". This is the first time that the National People's Congress has made a voting decision on a key project. The voting result was 1767 votes in favor, 177 votes against, 664 abstentions, and 25 people failed to follow the voting machine, and the resolution was passed.
In 1993, the Three Gorges Construction Committee of the State Council was established, and Premier Li Peng served as the director. On July 26, 1993, the second meeting of the Three Gorges Construction Committee of the State Council reviewed and approved the preliminary design report of the Three Gorges Water Conservancy Hub in the Yangtze River, marking the entry of the Three Gorges Project into the formal construction preparation stage.
On December 14, 1994, the start-up ceremony of the Three Gorges Project of the Yangtze River was held at Sandoping, the site of the Three Gorges Dam. Li Peng announced that the Three Gorges Project was officially started. Mao Zedong's Three Gorges Dream opened the curtain of becoming reality on the Three Gorges Zhongbao Island that he had personally paid attention to.
◆On December 14, 1994, the start-up ceremony of the Three Gorges Project of the Yangtze River was held in Sandoping, Yichang City, Hubei Province.
From 4 a.m. on May 19, 2006, the last warehouse of concrete pouring of the Three Gorges Dam began, and the pouring was completed on the afternoon of the 20th. So far, the Three Gorges Dam, which is 2,309 meters long and has an altitude of 185 meters, locked the rushing water of the Yangtze River. This marks the basic completion of the Three Gorges Dam, the most core building of the Three Gorges Project, and is a milestone event in the construction of the Three Gorges Project.
Now, the stone wall of the Xijiang River stands, the clouds and rain in Wushan are cut off, Gaoxia Pinghu appears, the goddess is safe and the people are healthy, Mao Zedong's great dream of "high gorges come out of Pinghu" has become a reality.
Regrettably, Mao Zedong failed to see the spectacular scene of "high gorges out of flat lakes" in his lifetime, but the glory he created for the Three Gorges Project, which he had been working hard for a long time, is enough to comfort the great man: in terms of flood control, the Three Gorges Project suffered three major floods in 2010, 2012 and 2016, and the peak flow rate exceeded the maximum peak flow rate of the flood in 1998. The Three Gorges Project successfully played the role of flood control and peak reduction, thus effectively alleviating the flood control pressure in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and ensuring the peace and stability of the Yangtze River. In terms of power generation, the Three Gorges Power Station generated 97.6 billion kilowatt-hours in 2017, exceeding the Itap Hydropower Station jointly owned by Brazilian and Paraguay , setting the largest annual power generation of a single hydropower station in the world.
Other aspects, such as environmental impact within a controllable range. Bai Haode, director of policy at International River Organization, wrote in the Huffington Post in 2011: " Dujiangyan reflects China's Taoist philosophy of adapting to nature, and the dam on the Yangtze River is a symbol of Maoism's conquest of nature. The Three Gorges Dam is regarded as a global dam construction model."
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