Ming and Qing Furniture Research Society
Hong Kong Dalu, Zhongding Mountain Forest, Ding Food and Bells, what kind of connection does the bell have with the ancients? Let me tell you in detail.
Copper tire cloisonné enamel chime ornaments. The study and collection of
clock and ritual instrument
clock was first used as the percussion instrument 6 used by the aristocratic class. As recorded in " Shuowen ", "clock, music clock" is flat and round and hollow, made of metals such as copper, and sounds when knocking.
Early was popular in the Shang and Zhou dynasties. reached its peak in the Warring States Period and , and gradually declined after the late Warring States Period and .
Warring States Period Chi-patterned clock
Spring and Autumn Hou Zhong
When several clocks of different sizes are hung in sequence on wooden racks and formed into groups or groups, and the pitch of each clock is different, it forms chime . Every time the palace celebrations and ceremonies are performed with chimes.
"The Book of Songs·Zhou Song·Zhi Jing" records "The bells and drums are hung, and the chimes are the generals, and blessings are brought to you" , which describes the prosperous scenes of chimes and other instruments playing rituals and music.
han Gilded Bell
Chimes have been unearthed in many places in my country, with different shapes. Among them, the largest set of chimes in the shape of comes from the tomb of Zeng Hou Yi in Suizhou, Hubei, and is the treasure of the Hubei Provincial Museum . Its number, scale, accuracy of rhythm and wide range are very rare, and it is well preserved and can still be played today.
Zeng Houyi chimes. In addition to being a musical instrument, the bell is also an important symbol of hierarchy and power. For example, according to the "Book of Zhou", there are rigid regulations on the number of chimes and how to place the chimes.
Qing Kangxi Alloy Double Dragon New Cloud Dragon Pattern Chime Bell-Beying Bell
When the emperor enjoys it, chime bells can reach up to three layers and are placed on all sides, called " Palace Hanging "; when the princes use it, they do not slant the south, but only place them on the other three sides, called "Xuanhang" or " Curved " ; when the emperor and the doctor are placed on both sides, they are called "Judge Hanging" ; when the scholars are placed on one side, they are called "Special Hanging" .
is the so-called "the position of the righteous and joy hanging: the palace is hanging, the princes hanging, the ministers and officials judges hanging, and the special scholars hanging" , so that can intuitively distinguish the status of different people , and it is also the strengthening of hierarchy concepts by .
Qing Dynasty Qianlong Golden Chime Bells Collection of the Palace Museum
Han Cloud-patterned Chime Bells
Bells and magic tools
With the widespread spread of Buddhism, clocks have gradually become an indispensable religious magic tool in temples, or " Brahma Bell ", which is generally hung in the bell tower.
Compared with the music clock, its volume is much larger than that of , and its shape is also very different. It is conical, small at the top, large at the bottom, arc-shaped, buttons are set on the top of the clock, and the cross-section of the bottom mouth is a perfect circle. Most of the outer periphery of the clock have patterns, inscriptions or Buddhist scriptures .
Dayun Temple bronze bell
In the temple, the clock is mainly used as sound transmission , which can be regarded as a "signal clock", such as "Where you hear the bell, you must start" . For example, the daily morning bell evening drums ring when the hour is ringing, and the monks gather in the Buddhist temple;
or when encountering major ceremonies, the bell will also ring. It reflects the solemnity and dignity of the Buddhist temple, and the rules and regulations.
Tanzhe Temple Bell
Next, bell sounds thick and melodious , intertwined with the monks' chanting scriptures and knocking on wooden fish, and adds to the mysterious and solemn atmosphere of Buddhism.
Furthermore, Zhongsheng also has the use of alertness . As the saying goes, "The bell shakes and rings in all living beings, and its sounds spread throughout the infinite soils in all directions" , and like "If the bell is big, all sufferings in the evil realms will stop."
Wanshansi Zhong
In addition, Zhong also is an important data carrier . is manifested as the diversity of inscriptions , and there is record , which is used to record the time and process of temple construction, etc., such as Baomingsi Zhong , the body of the bell is full of the names of the bells who donated money to cast it;
has worshipped , and generally records Buddha's name, Buddhist scriptures and mantras, such as Fahua Temple bell , which is cast on Fahua Temple bell ; there are also prayers for blessings , which are cast in order to pray for something, mostly for the ruling class's wishes of "peace of the country and peace, good weather and good weather".
inscription on Baoming Temple bell
Heart Sutra on Fahua Temple bell
clocks and decorations
clocks As ritual and music instruments, 's solemn and atmospheric shapes are deeply rooted in people's hearts, and naturally they have become one of the style sources of daily decorations . The more common ones are bell-shaped inkstone and chime ordinates .
qing Bell-shaped Chengni Inkstone
Bell-shaped Inkstone is a type of imitation-shaped inkstone , and its shape is close to the common large bells in ancient temples. Inkstones are made in the shape of bells, and the layout of inkstone halls and inkstone pools is in compliance with the layout, with round and smooth lines. Some are painted with inscriptions. is both practical and ornamental.
was produced from Sui and Tang to Ming and Qing dynasties. The shape of Duan inkstone recorded in the Song Dynasty "Duanxi Inkstone Book" has "clock style" .
Song Chengnie effectively Jian'anwa bell inkstone
. In "Xiqing Inkstone Book", several square chime-shaped Duan inkstone were recorded in , "Song Chengnie Lian Jian'anwa bell inkstone" in Volume 5, "Old Chengnie Inkstone" in Volume 6, "Old Duanshi Pankui Bell Inkstone" in Volume 17, "Old Duanshi Cloud Thunder Chime- Inkstone" in Volume 19, and "Songhua Stone Cuiyun Inkstone" in Volume 22, all of which have the emperor's inscriptions .
Early in the early days Zhuzhuanming bell-shaped inkstone
In addition to inkstones, many ornamental pieces also imitated the form of the bell, making various methods, including light painting, cloisonné enamel, etc., such as the blue and white arhat picture bell in the collection of the Palace Museum, imitating the copper bell style, depicting the eighteen arhat pictures on the white and moist glaze surface, which is vivid and vivid.
Tomorrow revelation Blue and white Arhat map clock Collection of the Palace Museum
Qing Cloisonné enamel animal face pattern clock
So, why is the form of widely used in ? This has a lot of meaning.
first of all, it is caused by ritual optimism . As an ancient percussion instrument, chimes were an important carrier in governing the country with "rituals and music". In ancient times, various dynasties attached great importance to "rituals and music", and regarded it as an important measure to stabilize the national order, so it was highly respected.
Secondly, fits the elegance of literati . The music played by the bell is solemn and exquisite, so the application of the bell form is undoubtedly an "chorus" with artistic taste.
Golden jewelry for descendants. Anhui Museum has
clock and literature
In addition to being design elements in the instrument industry, clock is also a crucial carrier in the literary world .
qing Golden Bell and Jade Chime The Palace Museum contains
Those catchy idioms are "iron proof ", such as Bells and Dings and Dings, which describes the family of dignitaries playing bells and music, and eating with a cauldron, which is luxurious and luxurious; Old and Dings , which describes the old and weak body, and the movement is not flexible;
, and the family of Bells and Dings , which refers to the wealthy and noble families; there are also 0,000 bells , missing bells , etc.
Qing Qing Qing jade cicada pattern dragon button clock The Palace Museum
clock is also an important inspiration to inspire poetry imagination . The bell sounds melodiously, giving literati, especially those on the trip, to infinite imagination, literati are inspired by their feelings, and they all sing.
ming Qingyu milk-breasted bell collection of the Palace Museum
such as Tang Dynasty Zhang Ji wrote in " Night Mooring of Fengqiao " that " Hanshan Temple outside Gusu City , the bell rings at the passenger ship in the middle of the night"; Qing people Wang Shizhen has "Ten years of Old Testament Dream in Jiangnan, listen to Hanshan midnight clock alone", etc., all of which are the expressions of the clear and distant artistic conception and complex feelings during the journey.
also has "All sounds are silent, but the sounds of the bells and chimes are heard", "The bamboo forest temple is vast and the bells are gone" and "The sound of the bells and flowers are gone outside, and the willows are dark in the rain" and so on.
Ming Bell-style mirror The Palace Museum has
. The stars are moving, and the clock is hidden in the long river of history with ritual instruments, furnishings and literature. Only in the temples, you can still hear the sound of the thick bell, and feel the solemn atmosphere.
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