Translation | Tang Yichen
Science, 21 JUNE 2019, VOL 364, ISSUE 6446
"Science 5"June 21, 2019, No. 6446, Vol. 364
RuminantGenomes
Large-scale ruminantgenome sequencing provides insights into their evolution and distinct traits
Large-scale ruminant genome sequencing provides a new perspective for studying the evolution and characteristics of this animal
Authors: Lei Chen, QiangQiu, Yu Jiang, Wen Wang, etal
Link:
https://science.sciencemag.org/content/364/6446/eaav6202
Abstract:
ruminants are a group of highly successful and diverse mammals that are important to agriculture, nature conservation and biomedicine. Ruminants include many well-known domesticated and wild taxa, such as cattle, goat, reindeer, and giraffe.
They inhabit most of the earth, including the dark and cold Arctic tundra. However, the evolutionary origins of these ruminants and the content of genetics that cause their unique traits are still relatively unknown.
This study assembled the genomes of 44 ruminants, which contain all 6 ruminant families, and this dataset contains more than 40 trillion base pairs.
researchers used relevant genetic data to create a time-calibrated phylogenetic tree of animals in this group, which can analyze the evolutionary history of many ruminant genera.
Interestingly, these results revealed that nearly 100,000 years ago, the ruminant population experienced a significant decline. These population reductions match the time when humans migrate outside Africa, or evidence of the influence of early humans on various species.
Abstract t
The ruminants are one of the most successful mammalian lines, exhibiting morphological and habitat diversity and containing several key livestock species. To better understand their evolution, we generated and analyzed de novo assembled genomes of 44 ruminant species, representing all six Ruminantia families. We used these genomes to create a time-calibrated phylogeny to resolve topological controversies, overcoming the challenges of incomplete lineage sorting. Population dynamic analysis shows that population declines commenced between 100,000 and 50,000 years ago, which is concomitant with expansion in human populations. We also reveal genes and regulatory elements that may contribute to the evolution of the dietive system, cranial appendages, immuno system, metabolism, bodysize, cursorial locomotion, and dentation of the ruminants.
Biological adaptations in the Arctic cervid, the reindeer (Rangifer tarandus)
Biological adaptations of Arctic reindeer
Author: Zeshan Lin, LeiChen, Xianqing Chen, Wen Wang, Zhipeng Li, etal
Link:
https://science.sciencemag.org/content/364/6446/eaav6312
Abstract:
Reindeer is the only species in the genus Reindeer, mainly distributed in the tundra, mountain and forest areas north of 48 degrees north latitude of Eurasia, , and the North American continent. It is a typical representative of the large ruminant fauna in the Arctic and sub-Arctic regions.
But the reindeer's perseverance character, adapting to the extreme environment of the Arctic and the molecular genetic mechanism of female long horns, was not known before.
This study analyzed the genetic mechanisms of reindeer adapting to the Arctic and docile traits. It was found that the core regulatory gene (PER2) in the rhythm pathway of the reindeer had a specific mutation, which was unable to bind to another rhythm core gene.
This makes the reindeer lose the circadian molecular clock, so that it can adapt to the environment of Arctic polar day and polar night .
study also found that a key gene for growth of reindeer horns has been added upstream of CCND1, a key gene for horn growth in reindeer, which may allow reindeer to contribute to female reindeer growth at lower androgen levels.
In addition, several genes related to vitamin D metabolism and meekness in reindeer also undergo unique mutations and/or are under positive selection.
Abstract t
The reindeer is an Arctic species that exhibits distinctive biological characteristics, for which the underlying genetic basis remains largely unknown. We compared the genomes of reindeer against those of other ruminants and nonruminant mammals to reveal the genetic basis of light arrhythmicity, high vitamin D metabolic efficiency, the antler growth trait of females, and docility. We validate that two reindeer vitamin Dmetabolic genes (CYP27B1 and POR) show signs of positive selection and exhibition higher catalytic activity than those of other ruminants. A mutation upstream of the reindeer CCND1 gene endows an extra functional binding motif of the and rogen receptor and thereby may result in female antlers. Further, a mutation (proline-1172→threonine) in reindeer PER2results in loss of binding ability with CRY1, which may explain circadian arrhythmicity in reindeer.
Genetic basis of ruminantheadgear and rapid antler regeneration
Genetic basis of ruminant animals and its genetic basis for rapid regeneration
Authors: Yu Wang, ChenzhouZhang, Nini Wang, Wen Wang, Qiang Qiu, etal
link:
https://science.sciencemag.org/content/364/6446/eaav6335
Abstract:
ruminants have bone horns. Although these horns have the same composition and are in the skull, their formation and function are different among several ruminant families. For example, those deer grow their antlers quickly (up to 2.5 cm a day) and regenerative biology is particularly interested in it.
By comparing the genomes of 221 transcript groups from the ruminant family of long horns with convergent loss horns with genome backgrounds, the study found that the horns of bovine animals share similar genetic and cytologic roots with the antlers of deere animals. But the regeneration performance of horn tissue is possible through the unique utilization of cancer-related signaling pathways and the high expression of tumor suppressor genes. These results provide clues for researchers to find genes and regulatory sequences that allow tissues to regenerate but do not grow cancer.
Abstractt
Ruminants are the only extant mammalian group possessing bony (osseous) headgear. We obtained 221 transcriptomes from boys and cervids and sequenced three genomes representing the only two pecoran lines that convergently lack headgear. Comparative analysis reveal that bovid horns and cervid antlers share similar gene expression profiles and a common cellular basis developed from neural crest stem cells. The rapid regenerated properties of antler tissue involve exploitation of oncogenetic pathways, and at the same time some tumor suppressor genes are under strong selection in deer. These results provide insights into the evolutionary origin of ruminant headgear as well as mammalian organization regeneration and oncogenesis.
Biology
The glycan CA19-9 promotes pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer in mice
Glycan CA19-9 promotes the occurrence of pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer in mice and
Author: Dannielle D. Engle, Hervé Tiriac, David A. Tuveson, etal
Link:
https://science.sciencemag.org/content/364/6446/1156
Abstract:
CA19-9 is a glycan carbohydrate antigen that appears on many proteins and is usually expressed at low levels in the pancreas. However, patients with pancreatic disease, including pancreatic cancer, often experience increased blood concentrations of this antibody.
Therefore, it becomes one of the few biomarkers of this type of disease, but how CA19-9 is associated with the pathology of the disease is still not very clear. Since mice themselves do not express CA19-9, there has been no suitable mouse model for studying this relationship.
This study developed transgenic mouse models, which replicate the increased CA19-9 observed in human pancreatic cancer patients.
researchers demonstrated that expression of CA19-9 in mice leads to severe pancreatitis and hyperactivation of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling, a known driver of pancreatic cancer. Although CA19-9-mediated pancreatic cancer can be reversed by CA19-9 antibody, pancreatic cancer occurs in transgenic mice that also contain a certain tumor gene.
Abstract tml2
Glycosylation alterations are indicator of tissue inflammation and neoplasia, but whether these alterations contribute to disease pathogenesis is largely unknown. To study the role of glycan changes in pancreatic disease, we inducibly expressed human fucosyl transferase 3 andβ1,3-galactosyl transferase 5 in mice, reconstituting the glycan sialyl-Lewisa, also known as carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9). Notably, CA19-9 expression in mice resulted in rapid and severe pancreatitis with hyperactivation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling. Mechanistically, CA19-9 modification of the matricel luminprotein fibulin-3 increased its interaction with EGFR, and blockade off ibulin-3, EGFR ligands, or CA19-9 prevented EGFR hyperactivation in organizations. CA19-9–mediated pancreatitis was reversible and could be suppressed with CA19-9 antibodies. CA19-9 also cooperated with the KrasG12Doncogene to produce aggressive pancreatic cancer. These findings implicate CA19-9 in the etology of pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer and nominate CA19-9 as a therapeutic target.
Akkermansia muciniphila induces interesting adaptive immune responses during homeostasish
Akkermansia muciniphila can cause intestinal adaptive immune responses during homeostasis
Author: Eduard Ansaldo, Leianna C. Slayden, Gregory M. Barton, etal
Link:
https://science.sciencemag.org/content/364/6446/1179
Abstract:
Intestinal adaptive immune response affects host health, but currently only a few intestinal bacteria can induce homologous adaptive immune responses during homeostasis.
Here, the study demonstrates that Akkermansia muciniphila (a gut bacteria associated with host metabolism and PD-1 checkpoint immunotherapy) can induce immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) antibody and antigen-specific T cell responses in mice.
In a sterile environment, T cells' response to Akkermansia muciniphila is limited by T follicle helper cells.
However, in traditional mouse models, Akkermansia muciniphila specific responses are environment-dependent and other changes occur. These findings suggest that in homeostasis, environmental signals affect T cells’ response to the microbiota and regulate host immune function.
Abstract tml2
Intestinal adaptive immune responses influence host health, yet only a few intense bacteria species that induce cognate adaptive immune responses during homeostasis have been identified. Here, we show that Akkermansia muciniphila, an intense bacteria associated with systemic effects onhost metabolism and PD-1 checkpoint immunotherapy, induces immunoglobulin G1(IgG1) antibodies and antigen-specific T cell responses in mice. Unlike previously characterized mucosal responses, T cell responses toA. muciniphilaare limited to T fellicular helper cells in a gnotobiotic setting, without appreciated induction of other T helper fates or migration to the lamina propria. However,A. muciniphila–specific responses are context dependent and adopt other fates in conventional mice. These findings suggest that, during homeostasis, contextual signals influence T cell responses to the microbiota and modulate host immunoe function.
Marineanimal
The small world of global marine fisheries: The cross-boundary consequences of larval dispersal
The small world of global marine fisheries: The transnational impact of the spread of juvenile fish
Author: Nandini Ramesh, JamesA. Rising, Kimberly L. Oremus
Link:
https://science.sciencemag.org/content/364/6446/1192
Abstract:
Abstract:
Many countries have very limited management of their fish and regard fish resources as resources within independent, international exclusive economic zones. However, fish are not limited by this arbitrary division, and the connections between fish schools usually go far beyond administrative boundaries.
This is especially true for its mobile juvenile fish. People do not understand the impact of the cross-border connection of juvenile fish on the fishery.
This study conducted a global analysis of the international connectivity and economic contribution of more than 700 commercially caught fish species around the world, and the results revealed a trans-ocean "small world" network within the global fishing grounds.
researchers used ocean dynamic modeling, network analysis and life history data of 747 fish species to determine the spread of juvenile fish in the international exclusive economic range.
results show that the international flow of juvenile fish may explain a considerable number of fish harvests (perhaps valued at over $10 billion per year). It is precisely because of this holistic fishery interdependence that forms a single, global network characterized by tight interconnections and particularly important centers of productivity.
Abstract tml2
Fish stocks are managed within national boundaries and by regional organizations, but the interdependence of stocks between these jurisdictions, especially as a result of larval dispersal, remains poorly explored. We examined the international connectivity of 747 commercially fished taxonomic groups by building a global network of fishlarval dispersal. We found that the world’s fisheries are highly interconnected, forming a small-world network, emphasizing the need for international cooperation. We quantify each country’s dependence on its neighbors in terms of landed value, food security, and jobs. We estimate that more than $10 billion in annual catch from 2005 to 2014 is attributable to these international flows of larvae. The economic risks associated with these dependencies is greatest in the tropics.
Demographic dynamics of the smallest marine vertebrates fuel coral reef ecosystem functioning
Population dynamics of the smallest marine vertebrates provide fuel for coral reef ecosystem functions
Author: Simon J. Brandl, Luke Tornabene, Christopher H. R. Goatley, etal
link:
https://science.sciencemag.org/content/364/6446/1189
Abstract:
For centuries, how coral reefs, as an oasis of life, survive in low-productivity oceans has been plaguing scientists. The answer may lie in the nutritional circulation inside the reef and/or input to the ocean area.
This study has a comprehensive meta-analysis, field data and population models and found that the smallest vertebrate in the ocean, coral reef fish, can promote the production of internal biomass of reef fish by supplying juvenile fish from a large amount of juvenile fish from the ocean environment. Specifically, although adult reef fish have limited reproductive capacity, the juvenile fish of this fish accounts for 2/3 of the juvenile fish in the near reef sea area.
This amazing number of reef fish juveniles fuels the trophic dynamics of coral reefs through rapid growth and extreme mortality. Although, they are often overlooked, their unique population dynamics may make them the cornerstone of the functioning of modern coral reef ecosystems.
Abstract t
How coral reefs survive as oases of life in low-productivity oceans has puzzled scientists for centuries. The answer maylie in internal nutrient cycling and/or input from the pelagic zone. Integrating meta-analysis, field data, and population modeling, we show that the ocean’s smallest vertebrates, cryptobenthic reef fishes, promote internal reef fish biomass production Through extensive larval supply from the pelagic environment.
Specifically, cryptobenthics account for two-thirds of reef fish larvae in the near-reef pelagic zone despite limited adult reproductive outputs. This overwhelming abundance of cryptobenthic larvae fuels reef tropho dynamics via rapid growth and extreme mortality, producing almost 60% of consumed reef fish biomass. Although cryptobinthics are often overlooked, their distinctive demographic dynamics may make them a cornerstone of ecosystem functioning on modern coral reefs.
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